Longifolene

(+)-Longifolene
Names
	IUPAC name (1R,2S,7S,9S)- 3,3,7-trimethyl- 8-methylenetricyclo- [5.4.0.02,9]undecane
Identifiers
CAS Number	(+): 475-20-7 ; (−): 16846-09-6;
3D model (JSmol)	(+): Interactive image; (−): Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	5731712 2044263 4663756
ChEBI	(+): CHEBI:49282 ; (−): CHEBI:49286;
ChemSpider	(+): 16739255 ; (−): 1013315;
ECHA InfoCard	100.006.812
EC Number	(+): 207-491-2;
PubChem CID	(+): 1796220; (−): 1201520;
UNII	(+): 3YXH7YY8WM;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	(+): DTXSID9047045 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H24/c1-10-11-6-7-12-13(11)14(2,3)8-5-9-15(10,12)4/h11-13H,1,5-9H2,2-4H3/t11-,12-,13+,15-/m1/s1 Key: PDSNLYSELAIEBU-GUIRCDHDSA-N ;
	SMILES (+): C[C@]12CCCC([C@@H]3[C@H]1CC[C@@H]3C2=C)(C)C; (−): C[C@@]12CCCC([C@H]3[C@@H]1CC[C@H]3C2=C)(C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H24
Molar mass	204.36 g/mol
Density	0.928 g/cm3
Boiling point	254 °C (489 °F; 527 K) (706 mm Hg)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H304, H317, H410
Precautionary statements	P261, P272, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P321, P331, P333+P313, P363, P391, P405, P501
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Longifolene is the common (or trivial) chemical name of a naturally occurring, oily liquid hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. The name is derived from that of a pine species from which the compound was isolated,^[1] Chemically, longifolene is a tricyclic sesquiterpene. This molecule is chiral, and the enantiomer commonly found in pines and other higher plants exhibits a positive optical rotation of +42.73°. The other enantiomer (optical rotation −42.73°) is found in small amounts in certain fungi and liverworts.

Longifolene is also one of two most abundant aroma constituents of lapsang souchong tea, because the tea is smoked over pinewood fires.^[2]

Occurrence and syntheses edit

Terpentine obtained from Pinus longifolia (obsolete name for Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) contains as much as 20% of longifolene.^[3]

The laboratory synthesis of longifolene has attracted much syntheses.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Longifolene total synthesis by Corey.svg
Longifolene total synthesis by Corey.svg

Biosynthesis edit

The biosynthesis of longifolene begins with farnesyl diphosphate (1) (also called farnesyl pyrophosphate) by means of a cationic polycyclization cascade. Loss of the pyrophosphate group and cyclization by the distal alkene gives intermediate 3, which by means of a 1,3-hydride shift gives intermediate 4. After two additional cyclizations, intermediate 6 produces longifolene by a 1,2-alkyl migration.

The biosynthesis of Longifolene

Reactions edit

It reacts with borane to give the derivative dilongifolylborane, which is a chiral hydroborating agent.^[11]

References edit

^ Naffa, P.; Ourisson, G. Bulletin de la Société chimique de France, 1954, 1410.
^ Shan-Shan Yao； Wen-Fei Guo； YI Lu； Yuan-Xun Jiang, "Flavor Characteristics of Lapsang Souchong and Smoked Lapsang Souchong,a Special Chinese Black Tea with Pine Smoking Process", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 53, No.22, (2005)^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Gscheidmeier, Manfred; Fleig, Helmut (2000). "Turpentines". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_267. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Corey, E. J.; Ohno, Masaji.; Mitra, Rajat B.; Vatakencherry, Paul A. (February 1964). "Total Synthesis of Longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 86 (3): 478–485. doi:10.1021/ja01057a039.
^ McMurry, John E.; Isser, Stephen J. (October 1972). "Total synthesis of longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (20): 7132–7137. doi:10.1021/ja00775a044.
^ Volkmann, Robert A.; Andrews, Glenn C.; Johnson, William S. (August 1975). "Novel Synthesis of Longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (16): 4777–4779. doi:10.1021/ja00849a062.
^ Oppolzer, Wolfgang; Godel, Thierry (April 1978). "A New and Efficient Total Synthesis of (.+-.)-longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (8): 2583–2584. doi:10.1021/ja00476a071.
^ Schultz, Arthur G.; Puig, Salvador (March 1985). "The Intramolecular Diene-Carbene Cycloaddition Equivalence and an Enantioselective Birch Reduction-Alkylation by the Chiral Auxiliary Approach. Total Synthesis of (.+-.)- and (−)-Longifolene". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 50 (6): 915–916. doi:10.1021/jo00206a049.
^ Bo, Lei; Fallis, Alex G. (May 1990). "Direct total synthesis of (+)-longifolene via an intramolecular Diels-Alder strategy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 112 (11): 4609–4610. doi:10.1021/ja00167a105.
^ Ho, Gregory J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 5139 -5143.
^ Dev, Sukh (1981). "Aspects of Longifolene chemistry. An example of another Facet of natural products chemistry". Accounts of Chemical Research. 14 (3): 82–88. doi:10.1021/ar00063a004.

External links edit

Longifolene Total Syntheses @ SynArchive.com

[1] Naffa, P.; Ourisson, G. Bulletin de la Société chimique de France, 1954, 1410.

[2] Shan-Shan Yao； Wen-Fei Guo； YI Lu； Yuan-Xun Jiang, "Flavor Characteristics of Lapsang Souchong and Smoked Lapsang Souchong,a Special Chinese Black Tea with Pine Smoking Process", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 53, No.22, (2005)^{[permanent dead link]}

[3] Gscheidmeier, Manfred; Fleig, Helmut (2000). "Turpentines". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_267. ISBN 978-3527306732.

[4] Corey, E. J.; Ohno, Masaji.; Mitra, Rajat B.; Vatakencherry, Paul A. (February 1964). "Total Synthesis of Longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 86 (3): 478–485. doi:10.1021/ja01057a039.

[5] McMurry, John E.; Isser, Stephen J. (October 1972). "Total synthesis of longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (20): 7132–7137. doi:10.1021/ja00775a044.

[6] Volkmann, Robert A.; Andrews, Glenn C.; Johnson, William S. (August 1975). "Novel Synthesis of Longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (16): 4777–4779. doi:10.1021/ja00849a062.

[7] Oppolzer, Wolfgang; Godel, Thierry (April 1978). "A New and Efficient Total Synthesis of (.+-.)-longifolene". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (8): 2583–2584. doi:10.1021/ja00476a071.

[8] Schultz, Arthur G.; Puig, Salvador (March 1985). "The Intramolecular Diene-Carbene Cycloaddition Equivalence and an Enantioselective Birch Reduction-Alkylation by the Chiral Auxiliary Approach. Total Synthesis of (.+-.)- and (−)-Longifolene". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 50 (6): 915–916. doi:10.1021/jo00206a049.

[9] Bo, Lei; Fallis, Alex G. (May 1990). "Direct total synthesis of (+)-longifolene via an intramolecular Diels-Alder strategy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 112 (11): 4609–4610. doi:10.1021/ja00167a105.

[10] Ho, Gregory J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 5139 -5143.

[11] Dev, Sukh (1981). "Aspects of Longifolene chemistry. An example of another Facet of natural products chemistry". Accounts of Chemical Research. 14 (3): 82–88. doi:10.1021/ar00063a004.

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