List of wars involving Thailand

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Thailand, its predecessor states, and by Siamese people, from antiquity to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Thailand by Thailand military.

  Thai victory
  Thai defeat
  Another result
  Ongoing conflict

Sukhothai Kingdom edit

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Sukhothai-Champa War (1313)[1]

Location:Champa

 
The Sukhothai Kingdom at its greatest extent during the late 13th century under the reign of King Ram Khamhaeng
Sukhothai Kingdom Kingdom of Champa

Trần dynasty

Champa defensive victory

Ayutthaya Kingdom edit

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Ayutthaya–Lan Na War
(1441–1474)[2]

Location: Northern Ayutthaya, Southern Lan Na[3][full citation needed]

 
Places listed in the Thai epic Yuan Phai, chronicling the conflict during c. 1474/75
  Ayutthaya Kingdom[4][full citation needed]   Kingdom of Lanna[4][5] Stalemate[5]
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)

Location: Upper Tenessarim coast, western and central Siam

 
Painting by Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs, depicting Queen Suriyothai (center) on her elephant putting herself between King Maha Chakkraphat (right) and the Viceroy of Prome (left).
  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Siamese defensive victory
  • The Burmese command decided to withdraw
  • Burma claims to regain Upper Tenasserim down to Tavoy (Dawei)
Burmese–Siamese War (1563–1564)

Location: Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, Sukhothai

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty
Vassal Lan Na
Vassal Sukhothai
Burmese victory
  • Ayutthaya becomes a Burmese vassal state
Burmese–Siamese War (1568–1569)

Location: Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet and Lan Xang

  Ayutthaya Kingdom
Kingdom of Lan Xang
  Toungoo dynasty
Vassal Sukhothai
Burmese victory
  • Ayutthaya remains a Burmese vassal state
Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)

Location: Ayutthaya Kingdom and lower Tanintharyi Region

 
Elephant duel between Naresuan and Mingyi Swa during the Battle of Nong Sarai as wall murals in Phra Ubosot, Wat Suwan Dararam, Ayutthaya, Thailand.
  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Siamese victory
Siamese–Cambodian War
(1591–1594)

Location: Cambodia

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Cambodia Kingdom Siamese victory
  • Siamese sack of Longvek (3 Jan 1594)
Burmese–Siamese War (1593–1600)

Location: Southern and central Burma

 
King Naresuan entered Pegu, mural painting by Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam, Ayutthaya.
Ayutthaya - Spain war (1596) 10 Spain died in the fighting www.ayutthaya-history.com
  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1609–1622)

Location: upper Tenasserim coast and Lan Na

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Burmese victory
Spanish-Siam War

(1624–1636)[6][7][8]

  Siam

  Dutch East India Company

  Iberian Union Siam victory
  • Dutch hegemony on Southeast AsiaAyutthaya Japan - Spain War Spain died in the war 150
Burmese–Siamese War (1662–1664)

Location: Northern Siam and Tenasserim coast

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Inconclusive
  • Burma defends upper Burma
  • Status quo ante bellum
Burmese–Siamese War
(1675–76)

Location: Tenasserim coast

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Military stalemate
Anglo-Siamese War
(1687–1688)

Location: Mergui and Coromandel coast

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   England
  East India Company
Inconclusive
  • East India Company fails to blockade the port of Mergui
  • The ports of Siam were closed to East India Company vessels until 1708
  • The East India had resumed trade using foreign-flagged vessels as early as 1705
Siege of Bangkok
(June 1688 - November 13, 1688)

Location: Bangkok, Thailand

 
Siege of the French fortress in Bangkok by the Siamese revolutionary forces of Phetracha in 1688.
  Ayutthaya Kingdom
Supported by:
:  Dutch East India Company
  Kingdom of France
  French East India Company
Decisive Siamese victory
  • French negotiated retreat
Burmese–Siamese War
(1700–1701)

Location: Ayutthaya Kingdom

  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Toungoo dynasty Siamese defensive victory
  • Siam defeats Burmese invasion
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1717)[9][10]

Location: Cambodia

  Ayutthaya Kingdom Nguyễn lords Siamese victory
  • Siam gains suzerainty of Cambodia
  • Vietnam annexes several border provinces of Cambodia
Burmese–Siamese War (1759–1760)

Location: Tenasserim, Siam

 
Siege of the French fortress in Bangkok by the Siamese revolutionary forces of Phetracha in 1688.
  Ayutthaya Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Inconclusive
  • Burma captures the Tennasserim coast down to TavoyMergui frontier
Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)

Location: Tenasserim coast, Gulf of Siam coast, Suphanburi, Ayutthaya

  Ayutthaya Kingdom  Konbaung dynasty Burmese victory

Thonburi Kingdom edit

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Thonburi reunification of Siam
(1767–1771)[11][12]

Location: Siam

  State of Thonburi (Thonburi Kingdom) State of Phimai
State of Phitsanulok
State of Sawangburi
State of Nakhon Si Thammarat
Principality of Banteay Mas
  Konbaung dynasty (Burma)
Thonburi victory
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773)[13][14]

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

 
Map of Indochina in 1760
  Thonburi Kingdom Nguyễn Lords
  Cambodia
Hà Tiên polity
Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776)

Location: Northern and central Siam, Lan Na

  Thonburi Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779)

Location: Khorat Plateau

  Thonburi Kingdom
  Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
  Cambodia
  Kingdom of Vientiane
  Kingdom of Champasak
Siamese victory
  • Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak came under Siamese suzerainty.

Rattanakosin Kingdom edit

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1784–1785)

Location: Rạch Gầm River and Xoài Mút River, Southern Vietnam

  Rattanakosin Kingdom
  Cambodia
Nguyễn lords
Hà Tiên Protectorate
Tây Sơn Decisive Tây Sơn Victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)

Location: Western Siam

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Tavoy campaign (1788)

Location:Tenasserim Coast

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Burmese defensive victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1792–1794)

Location:Tenasserim Coast

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Burmese defensive victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1797–1798)

Location: Lanna Kingdom, Northern Thailand

  Rattanakosin Kingdom
Lanna Kingdom
  Kingdom of Vientiane
  Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)

Location: Lanna Kingdom, Northern Thailand

  Rattanakosin Kingdom
Lanna Kingdom
  Kingdom of Vientiane
  Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812)

Location: Phuket

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Siamese victory
Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

  Cambodian pro-Siamese faction
  Rattanakosin Kingdom
  Cambodian pro-Vietnamese faction
Nguyễn dynasty
Cambodian pro-Vietnamese faction victory

Vietnamese forces restore Ang Chan to the Cambodian throne

Siamese invasion of Kedah
(1821)

Location: Kedah

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Kedah Sultanate Siamese victory
  • Exile of Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II[15]
  • Imposition of direct Siamese rule on Kedah
  • Start of the Kedahan resistance[16]
First Anglo-Burmese War
(1824-1826)

Location: Burma, East Bengal, Manipur

 
The storming of one of the principal stockades, near Yangon (Rangoon), 8 July 1824
  British Empire   Konbaung dynasty
Siamese-allied victory
Lao rebellion (1826–1828)

Location: Central Laos

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Kingdom of Vientiane
  Kingdom of Champasak
Military support:
Nguyễn dynasty[a]
Siamese victory
Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1835)

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

 
  Rattanakosin Kingdom Nguyễn dynasty Vietnamese victory
  • Cambodia becomes a vassal state of Vietnam
Cambodian rebellion (1840)

Location: Cambodia, Cochinchina

  Khmer anti-Vietnamese rebels
Support:
  Rattanakosin Kingdom
Nguyễn dynasty Siamese-allied Victory

Siamese intervention
Cambodia independence from Vietnam
Cambodia came under joint Siamese-Vietnamese suzerainty

Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)

Location: Cambodia, Southern Vietnam

 
A map showing the movement of Vietnamese troops (from June to December 1845) in Vietnam-Siamese War (1841–1845).
  Rattanakosin Kingdom
  Khmer anti-Vietnamese rebels
Nguyễn dynasty Stalemate
Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855)

Location: Kengtung, Trans-Salween region

  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Konbaung dynasty Burmese defensive victory
Haw wars
(1865–1890)

Location: Eastern Cambodia,

 
A Siamese army during Haw wars in 1865
  Rattanakosin Kingdom   Haw Kingdom (Red flag and Striped flag bands) Siamese victory
Franco-Siamese conflict
(1893)

Location: French Indochina, Siam

 
French ships Inconstant and Comète under fire in the Paknam incident, 13 July 1893
  Kingdom of Siam   French Republic French victory;
Ngiao rebellion(1902)

Location: Phrae 

  Rattanakosin Kingdom Shan (Ngiao) rebels Siamese victory
World War I
(1917-1918)

Location: Europe

 
(Clockwise from the top)
* The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme * Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line * HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles * A British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme * Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11
Allied Powers:
Central Powers: Siamese-allied victory

After 1932 revolution edit

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Franco-Thai War
(1940-1941)

Location: French Indochina

 
French Indochina
  Thailand   Vichy France Indecisive[19]
Japanese invasion of Thailand
(1941)

Location:Thailand

 
Map of the Japanese invasion of Thailand, December 8, 1941
  Thailand   Japan Ceasefire
  • Thai alliance with Japan
  • Thailand declares war on the Allied Powers.
World War II
(1941-1945)

Location: Southeast Asia

 
(clockwise from top left)
Axis Powers:
Allied Powers:

Allied victory
Malayan Emergency
(1948-1960)

Location: Malay Peninsula, Southeast Asia

 
Australian Avro Lincoln bomber dropping 500lb bombs on communist rebels in the Malayan jungle (c. 1950)
Commonwealth forces:
  United Kingdom

  Australia
  New Zealand
Supported by:
  Thailand
(Thai–Malaysian border)

Communist forces:
  Malayan Communist Party

Supported by:
  China[21][22][23]
  Viet Minh
(until 1954)
  North Vietnam
(from 1954)[24][25][26]
  Soviet Union[23][27]
  Indonesia[22][23]

Thailand-allied victory
Korean War
(1950-1953)

Location: Korean Peninsula, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Korea Strait, China–North Korea border

 
Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir • UN landing at Incheon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Incheon • Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M46 Patton tank • U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon • F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft
  South Korea

  United Nations[b]

Medical support
Other support
Medical support
Other support
Military stalemate
Vietnam War
(1955-1975)

Location: South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand

 
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in Ia Đrăng, ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tết Offensive, two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre.
Supported by:
Supported by:
North Vietnamese and National Liberation Front victory
Laotian Civil War
(1959-1975)

Location: Kingdom of Laos

 
Laos
  Kingdom of Laos
Forces Armées Neutralistes
(from 1962)
  United States
  South Vietnam
  Thailand
Supported by:
  Pathet Lao
Forces Armées Neutralistes
(1960–1962)
Patriotic Neutralists
(from 1963)
  North Vietnam
Supported by:
Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory
Communist insurgency in Thailand
(1965–1983)

Location: Thailand (primarily East Thailand)

 
Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels.
  Thailand

Supported by:

  Taiwan (until July 1981)

  United States[citation needed]

  Communist Party of Thailand

  Pathet Lao[citation needed]

Supported By:

  Khmer Rouge (until 1982)[citation needed]
  Vietnam
  China (from 1979)
  Soviet Union

Thai government victory
  • Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government
  • Order 66/2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda
  • Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1984
Cambodian Civil War
(1968-1975)

Location: Cambodia

 
US tanks entering a town in Cambodia in 1970.
  Cambodia
(1967–1970)
  Khmer Republic
(1970–1975)
  United States
  South Vietnam
Other support:
  GRUNK (1970–1975)

  North Vietnam
  Việt Cộng

Other support:
Khmer Rouge victory
Communist insurgency in Malaysia
(1968-1989)

Location: Malaysian Peninsular and Sarawak

 
Sarawak Rangers (present-day part of the Malaysian Rangers) consisting of Ibans leap from a Royal Australian Air Force Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter to guard the Malay–Thai border from potential Communist attacks in 1965, two years before the war starting in 1968.
Anti-communist forces:
  Malaysia[43]
  Thailand[44][45]

Supported by:
  United Kingdom[46]
  Australia
  New Zealand[47]
  United States
  South Vietnam (until 1975)

Communist forces:

  Malayan Communist Party[48]

  Communist Party of Thailand (until 1983)
Supported by:
  China[49][21]
  Soviet Union[49]
  Vietnam (until late 1970s)
  North Kalimantan Communist Party

Peace agreement reached
Third Indochina War
(1975-1991)

Location: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, China

  China
  Democratic Kampuchea

  Lao royalists
Hmong insurgents
  FULRO
  Thailand
Supported by:
  United States
  North Korea[52]

  Vietnam
  Laos
  People's Republic of Kampuchea
  Communist Party of Thailand
  • Pak Mai

Supported by:
  Warsaw Pact countries (until 1991)[52]

Vietnam-allied victory
Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
(1979–1989)

Location: Thai–Cambodian border, Gulf of Thailand

  Thailand
  CGDK[53]

Supported by:
  United States
  China

  Vietnam
  People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–89)
  State of Cambodia (1989)
Supported by:
  Soviet Union
  Poland[54]
  Czechoslovakia[55]
  East Germany[56]
Vietnamese withdrew
  • Destruction of numerous guerrilla bases and refugee camps along the Thai–Cambodian border
  • Isolated outbreaks of open hostility between Vietnamese and Thai troops
  • Withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from the border in 1989
Thai–Laotian Border War
(1987-1988)

Location: Chat Trakan District, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand
Botene District, Sainyabuli Province, Lao PDR

 
Noen 1428 (Hill 1428), the battlefield of Thai–Laotian Border War of 1988, view from Phu Soidao National Park, Chat Trakan, Phitsanulok.
  Thailand   Laos
  Vietnam
Peace talks in Bangkok
Gulf War
(1990–1991)

Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and
the Persian Gulf

  Kuwait
  United States
  United Kingdom
  Saudi Arabia
  Egypt
  France
  Syria
  Morocco
  Oman
  Pakistan
  Canada
  United Arab Emirates
  Qatar
  Thailand
  Bangladesh
  Italy
  Australia
  Netherlands
  Niger
  Philippines
  Sweden
  Argentina
  Senegal
  Spain
  Bahrain
  Belgium
  Poland
  South Korea
  Singapore
  Norway
  Czechoslovakia
  Greece
  Denmark
  New Zealand
  Hungary
  Iraq Thailand-allied victory
  • Iraqi forces expelled from Kuwait
  • Kuwaiti independence restored
  • Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure
1999 East Timorese crisis
(1999-2002)

Location: East Timor

 
Destroyed houses in Dili
  East Timor

International Force:

  •   Australia – 5,500
  •   New Zealand – 1,200
  •   Thailand – 1,600
  •   Brazil 
  •   Canada 
  •   Fiji 
  •   France 
  •   Germany 
  •   Ireland 
  •   Italy 
  •   Jordan 
  •   Kenya 
  •   Malaysia 
  •   Norway 
  •   Pakistan 
  •   Philippines 
  •   Portugal 
  •   Singapore 
  •   South Korea 
  •   United Kingdom 
  •   United States [57]
Insurgents: Conflict ended
  • Defeat of pro-Indonesian militia
  • Stabilisation of East Timor
Iraq War (2003–2004)
Location: Iraq
 
Iraq War montage
Invasion phase (2003)
  United States
  United Kingdom
  Australia
  Poland
  Peshmerga
INC
Supported by:
  Denmark[58]
  Netherlands[59]
  Italy[60]
  Spain[61]
Post-invasion
(2003–11)

  Iraq
  United States
  United Kingdom

  MNF–I
(2003–09)
  Awakening Council

Supported by:
  Iran[62][63]


  Iraqi Kurdistan

Invasion phase (2003)
  Iraq
  Ansar al-Islam[c][64]
Post-invasion (2003–11)
  Ba'ath loyalists

  Sunni insurgents


  Shia insurgents

Supported by:
  Iran

Thailand-allied victory
South Thailand insurgency
(2004–present)
Location: Southern Thailand (Songkhla, Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat)
 
Souththailandmap
  Thailand
  RTARF
  RTP
VDC
  BRN
RKK
GMIP
BIPP
  PULO
  Jemaah Islamiyah[87]
Former support:
  •   Aceh (until 2005)[88]
  • Mayaki Cartel (financial support)[89]

  Islamic State


Oil smugglers[95][96][97]


Pirates[98]

Ongoing
Cambodian–Thai border dispute
(2008–2011)

Location: Thai–Cambodian border

 
Phraviharngopura
  Thailand   Cambodia Conflict ended
  • ICJ decision awards promontory of Preah Vihear to Cambodia[99]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Vietnamese observers totaled 80-100.[citation needed]
  2. ^ On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were: US: 70.4%, ROK: 23.3% other UNC: 6.3%[28]
  3. ^ against both Iraq and the United States

References edit

  1. ^ Taylor, p. 144
  2. ^ *Jumsai, Manich (1976). "King Tilokarat (1441–1485)". Popular History of Thailand. Bangkok,Thailand: Claremint. p. 54. ASIN B002DXA1MO.
  3. ^ Jumsai 1976, pp. 54–57.
  4. ^ a b Jumsai 1976, p. 54.
  5. ^ a b Jumsai 1976, pp. 58–61.
  6. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Foreign Settlements - Portuguese Settlement". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  7. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Essays - Spain". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  8. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Historical Events - Timeline 1600-1649". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
  9. ^ Tucker, p. 13.
  10. ^ Tucker (2009), p. 722.
  11. ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand Third Edition (p. 307). (Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition.)
  12. ^ Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand : A Short History (2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 974957544X.
  13. ^ Kohn, p. 447.
  14. ^ Dupuy, p. 768.
  15. ^ "Siam, Cambodia, and Laos 1800-1950 by Sanderson Beck".
  16. ^ Stearn, Duncan (25 March 2019). Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy. Proglen Trading Co.
  17. ^ Wood, W.A.R. (1924). A History of Siam. London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. pp. 276–277. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  18. ^ Van Roy, Edward (2010). "Safe Haven: Mon Refugees at the Capitals of Siam from the 1500s to the 1800s" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 98: 172–173.
  19. ^ Tucker, World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection p. 649
  20. ^ Fall, p. 22. "On the seas, one old French cruiser sank one-third of the whole Thai fleet ... Japan, seeing that the war was turning against its pupil and ally, imposed its 'mediation' between the two parties."
  21. ^ a b John W. Garver (1 December 2015). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-0-19-026106-1.
  22. ^ a b A. Dahana (2002). "China Role's in Indonesia's "Crush Malaysia" Campaign". MAKARA of Social Sciences and Humanities Series. Universitas Indonesia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
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  29. ^ Young, Sam Ma (2010). "Israel's Role in the UN during the Korean War" (PDF). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 4 (3): 81–89. doi:10.1080/23739770.2010.11446616. S2CID 219293462. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015.
  30. ^ "Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.
  31. ^ Edles, Laura Desfor (1998). Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: the transition to democracy after Franco. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0521628853.
  32. ^ a b Edwards, Paul M. (2006). Korean War Almanac. Almanacs of American wars. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 528. ISBN 978-0816074679.
  33. ^ Kocsis, Piroska (2005). "Magyar orvosok Koreában (1950–1957)" [Hungarian physicians in Korea (1950–1957)]. ArchivNet: XX. századi történeti források (in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Országos Levéltár. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
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  35. ^ Stueck, William Whitney (1995). The Korean War: An International History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0691037677.
  36. ^ Millett, Allan Reed, ed. (2001). The Korean War, Volume 3. Korea Institute of Military History. U of Nebraska Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0803277960. Retrieved 18 September 2015. India could not be considered neutral.
  37. ^ Birtle, Andrew J. (2000). The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 34. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
  38. ^ Weil, Thomas E. et al. Area Handbook for Brazil (1975), p. 293
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  40. ^ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-9832220268. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  41. ^ "Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?". HistoryNet. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  42. ^ "Sweden announces support to Viet Cong". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 20 July 2016. In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.
  43. ^ Nazar bin Talib, pp.16–22
  44. ^ Chin Peng, pp.479–80
  45. ^ NIE report
  46. ^ A Navaratnam, p. 10
  47. ^ A. Navaratnam, p.10
  48. ^ a b A. Navaratnam, pp.3–5
  49. ^ a b Leszek Buszynski (13 September 2013). Soviet Foreign Policy and Southeast Asia (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-1-134-48085-2.
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