List of sovereign states in 1500

Sovereign states

A

• Abazinia – Abazinia
• Aceh – Aceh Sultanate
  Capital: Kutaraja
• Adal – Adal Sultanate
  Capital: Dakkar
• Ahmadnagar – Ahmadnagar Sultanate
  Capital: Ahmadnagar
• Ahom – Ahom Kingdom
• Airgíalla
• Ailech
• Aïr – Terene Sultanate of Aïr (to 1500)
  Capital: Agadez
• Ajuran – Ajuran Sultanate
  Capital: Mareeg
• Ağ Qoyunlu – Ağ Qoyunlu Confederation
  Capital: Tabriz
• Alodia – Alodia
  Capital: Soba
• Andorra – Principality of Andorra
  Capital: Andorra la Vella
• Aragon – Kingdom of Aragon
  Capital: Zaragoza
• Astrakhan – Khanate of Astrakhan
  Capital: Xacitarxan
• Ava – Kingdom of Ava
  Capital: Ava
• Avar – Avar Khanate
  Capital: Khunzah
• Ayutthaya – Ayutthaya Kingdom
  Capital: Ayutthaya (city)
• Aztec – Aztec Empire
  Capital: Tenochtitlan
  • Tenochtitlan
  • Texcoco
  • Tlacopan

B

• Bamum – Kingdom of Bamum
  Capital: Fumban
• Banu Sulaym
• Bahmani – Bahmani Sultanate (undergoing breakup)
  Capital: Bidar
• Bastar – Bastar State
  Capital: Jagdalpur
• Benin – Benin Empire
  Capital: Edo
• Bengal – Sultanate of Bengal
  Capital: Gaur
• Berar – Berar Sultanate
  Capital: Ellichpur
• Bidar – Bidar Sultanate
  Capital: Bidar
• Bijapur – Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate
  Capital: Bijapur
• Bikaner
  Capital: Bikaner
• Bonoman
  Capital: Begho
• Borgu – Kingdom of Borgu
  Capital: New Bussa
• Bornu – Bornu Empire
  Capital: Ngazargamu
• Brunei – Bruneian Sultanate
  Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
• Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
  Capital: Mengo
• Bundi – Bundi State
• Butua – Kingdom of Butua
  Capital: Khami
• Butuan – Rajahnate of Butuan
  Capital: Butuan
• Bunyoro – Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara

C

• Caboloan
  Capital: Binalatongan
• Cambodia
  Capital: Chaktomuk
• Chamba – Chamba State
  Capital: Chamba
• Champa – Chăm Pa
  Capital: Panduranga
• China – Empire of the Great Ming
  Capital: Nanjing
  Capital: Jingshi
• Chutiya – Chutiya Kingdom
  Capital: Sadiya
• Circassia
  Capital: Sochi
• Clandeboye
• Cospaia - Republic of Cospaia
  Capital: Cospaia
• Cutch – Cutch State
  Capital: Lakhiarviro

D

• Damot – Kingdom of Damot
• Đại Việt
  Capital: Dong Kinh
• Dawro – Kingdom of Dawro
• Delhi – Delhi Sultanate
  Capital: Delhi
• Demak – Sultanate of Demak
  Capital: Bintara
• Denkyira
  Capital: Dunkwa-on-Offin
• Desmond – Kingdom of Desmond
  Capital: Cahersiveen
• Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
  Capital: Copenhagen
• Dizak – Principality of Dizak
• Dulkadirids – Beylik of Dulkadir
  Capital: Maraş

E

• England – Kingdom of England
  Capital: London
• Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire

F

• Fermanagh
  Capital: Lisnaskea
• France – Kingdom of France
  Capital: Paris

G

• Gajapati – Gajapati dynasty, Odisha
  Capital: Cuttack
• Garhwal – Kingdom of Garhwal
  Capital: Devalgarh
• Genoa – Republic of Genoa
  Capital: Genoa
• Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
  Capital: Sungguminasa
• Great Fulo – Empire of Great Fulo
  Capital: Anyam-Godo
• Golden Horde – Golden Horde
  Capital: Sarai Batu
• Gujarat – Gujarat Sultanate
  Capital: Muhammadabad

H

• Hanthawaddy – Hanthawaddy Kingdom
  Capital: Hanthawaddy
• Hausa Kingdoms
• Hawwara
• Holy Roman Empire (high decentralized limited elective monarchy)
• Hungary – Kingdom of Hungary
  Capital: Buda

I

• Igala – Kingdom of Igala
  Capital: Idah
• Imereti – Kingdom of Imereti
  Capital: Kutaisi
• Inca – Inca Empire
  Capital: Cusco
• Iroquois – Iroquois Confederacy
  Capital: Onondaga

J

• Jaffna – Kingdom of Jaffna
  Capital: Nallur
• Jailolo – Sultanate of Jailolo
  Capital: Jailolo
• Jaintia – Kingdom of Jaintia
  Capital: Jaintia Rajbari
• Jaisalmer – Kingdom of Jaisalmer
  Capital: Jaisalmer
• Janjero – Kingdom of Janjero
  Capital: Fofa
• Japan – Ashikaga Shogunate
  Capital: Kyoto
• Jolof – Jolof Empire
  Capital: Linguère
• Joseon – Kingdom of Great Joseon
  Capital: Hanseong
• Jumla – Kingdom of Jumla

K

• Kabardia – Princedom of Kabardia
  Capital: Nalchik
• Kachari – Kingdom of Kachari
  Capital: Maibang
• Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
  Capital: Anderaccha
• Kakheti – Kingdom of Kakheti
  Capital: Gremi
• Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo
  Capital: Kinguele
• Kalahandi – Kalahandi State
  Capital: Bhawanipatna
• Kamata – Kingdom of Kamata
• Kandy – Kingdom of Kandy
  Capital: Kandy
• Kangleipak – Kangleipak State
• Kangra – Kingdom of Kangra
• Kanker – Kanker State
  Capital: Kanker
• Kartli – Kingdom of Kartli
  Capital: Tbilisi
• Kashmir – Shah Mir Dynasty of Kashmir
• Kazakh – Kazakh Khanate
  Capital: Turkistan
• Kazan – Khanate of Kazan
  Capital: Kazan
• Khachen – Principality of Khachen
  Capital: Haterk
• Kilwa – Kilwa Sultanate
• Knights Hospitaller – Order of Saint John
  Capital: Rhodes
• Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
  Capital: M'banza-Kongo
• Kotte – Kingdom of Kotte
  Capital: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
• Kumaon – Kingdom of Kumaon
  Capital: Champawat
• Kutai – Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
  Capital: Pemarangan
• Kwararafa – Kwararafa Confederacy
  Capital: Wukari

L

• Ladakh – Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh
• Lan Na – Lanna Kingdom
  Capital: Chiang Mai
• Lan Xang
  Capital: Luang Prabang
• Lithuania – Grand Duchy of Lithuania
  Capital: Vilnius
• Luwu – Kingdom of Luwu
  Capital: Wara

M

• Madja-as – Confederation of Madja-as
  Capital: Irong-Irong
• Magh Luirg
• Majapahit – Majapahit Empire
  Capital: Majapahit
• Malacca – The Malay Sultanate of Malacca
  Capital: Malacca
• Maldives – Sultanate of the Maldives
  Capital: Malé
• Mali – Mali Empire
  Capital: Niani village
• Malwa – Malwa Sultanate
  Capital: Mandu
• Mamluk – Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo
  Capital: Cairo
• Mandara – Kingdom of Mandara
• Mankessim – Kingdom of Mankessim
  Capital: Mankessim
• Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi
  Capital: Manthimba
• Marwar – Kingdom of Marwar
  Capital: Jodhpur
• Mayas – Maya civilization
• Maynila – Kingdom of Maynila
• Medri Bahri – Land of the Sea
  Capital: Debarwa
• Mewar – Mewar Kingdom
  Capital: Chittor
• Mewat – Mewat State
  Capital: Alwar
• Moghulistan
  Capital: Almaliq
• Morocco – Wattasid dynasty of Morocco
  Capital: Fes
• Mossi Kingdoms
• Mrauk U – Kingdom of Mrauk U
  Capital: Mrauk U
• Muisca Confederation
• Muscovy – Grand Duchy of Muscovy
  Capital: Moscow
• Mustang – Kingdom of Mustang
  Capital: Lo Manthang
• Mutapa – Kingdom of Mutapa
  Capital: Zvongombe

N

• Namayan - Kingdom of Namayan
  Capital: Sapa
• Naples – Kingdom of Naples
  Capital: Naples
• Navarre – Kingdom of Navarre
  Capital: Pamplona
• Nepal – Malla dynasty of Nepal (divided into three kingdoms since 1482)
• Nogai – Nogai Horde
  Capital: Saray-Jük
• Noli – Republic of Noli
  Capital: Noli
• Nri – Kingdom of Nri
  Capital: Igbo-Ukwu
• Nupe – Kingdom of Nupe
  Capital: Bida

O

• Oirat – Four Oirat
• Oman – Imamate of Oman
  Capital: Nizwa
• Osraige
  Capital: Kilkenny
• Ottoman Empire
  Capital: Constantinople
• Oyo – Oyo Empire
  Capital: Oyo-Ile

P

• Pagaruyung – Kingdom of Pagaruyung
  Capital: Pagaruyung
• Papal States
  Capital: Rome
• Patna – Patna State
  Capital: Balangir
• Poland – Kingdom of Poland
  Capital: Kraków
• Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
  Capital: Lisbon
• Prome – Kingdom of Prome
  Capital: Pyay
• Pskov – Republic of Pskov
  Capital: Pskov

R

• Ragusa – Republic of Ragusa
  Capital: Ragusa
• Ramazanids – Emirate of Ramadan
  Capital: Adana
• Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
  Capital: Te Peu
• Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
  Capital: Nyanza
• Ryazan – Principality of Ryazan
  Capital: Ryazan
• Ryukyu – Ryukyu Kingdom
  Capital: Shuri

S

• Saloum – Kingdom of Saloum
  Capital: Kahone
• Samtskhe – Samtskhe Atabegate
  Capital: Akhaltsikhe
• Samudera Pasai – Samudera Pasai Sultanate
  Capital: Pasai
• San Marino – Republic of San Marino
  Capital: City of San Marino
• Saudeleur – Saudeleur dynasty
  Capital: Nan Madol
• Scotland – Kingdom of Scotland
  Capital: Edinburgh
• Senarica – Senarica Republic
  Capital: Senarica
• Shan States (minor kingdoms of Burma)
• Shewa – Sultanate of Shewa
  Capital: Tegulat
• Shaybanid Uzbek State (Khanate of Bukhara)
  Capital: Samarkand
• Shilluk – Shilluk Kingdom
• Sibir – Khanate of Sibir
  Capital: Qashliq
• Sindh – Samma dynasty of Sindh
  Capital: Thatta
• Songhai – Songhai Empire
  Capital: Gao
• Suket – Suket State
  Capital: Sundar Nagar
• Sunda – Kingdom of Sunda
  Capital: Pakuan Pajajaran
• Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
  Capital: Stockholm

T

• Tarascan state
  Capital: Tzintzuntzan (Mesoamerican site)
• Ternate – Sultanate of Ternate
  Capital: Ternate
• Teutonic Knights – State of the Teutonic Order
  Capital: Königsberg
• Thomond – Kingdom of Thomond
• Tibet, Phagmodrupa – Phagmodrupa dynasty of Tibet
  Capital: Nêdong
• Tibet, Rinpungpa – Rinpungpa dynasty of Tibet
  Capital: Shigatse
• Tidore – Sultanate of Tidore
  Capital: Tidore
• Timurid Empire
  Capital: Herat
• Tlaxcala – Confederacy of Tlaxcala
  Capital: Tlaxcala
• Tlemcen – Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen
  Capital: Tlemcen
• Tondo – Tundun
  Capital: Tondo
• Tonga – Tu'i Tonga Empire
  Capital: Mu'a (Tongatapu)
• Tunjurs – Tunjur Kingdom
  Capital: Uri
• Tunis – Sultanate of Tunis
  Capital: Tunis
• Tyrconnell
  Capital: Kilmacrennan
  Capital: Donegal Castle
• Tyrone
• Twipra – Kingdom of Twipra
  Capital: Khorongma

U

• Uí Maine
• Usfurids – Usfurid dynasty

V

• Venice – Most Serene Republic of Venice
  Capital: Venice
• Vijayanagara – Vijayanagara Empire
  Capital: Vijayanagara

W

• Warsangali – Warsangali Sultanate
  Capital: Las Khorey
• Wehali – Sultanate of Wehali
• Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta

Y

• Yemen – Tahirid dynasty of Yemen
  Capital: Zabid
• Yuan – Northern Yuan

Z

• Zapotec – Zapotec Empire
  Capital: Mitla

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized collection of polities. A comprehensive list of all of its anachronistic components has been made at List of states in the Holy Roman Empire, and would be much too large to fit here.

• Austria – Archduchy of Austria
  Capital: Vienna
• Bavaria – Duchy of Bavaria
  Capital: Regensburg
• Bohemia – Kingdom of Bohemia
  Capital: Prague
• Brandenburg – Margraviate of Brandenburg
  Capital: Berlin
• Electoral Palatinate – County Palatine of the Rhine
  Capital: Heidelberg
• Florence – Republic of Florence
  Capital: Florence
• Lorraine – Duchy of Lorraine
  Capital: Nancy
• Savoy – Duchy of Savoy
  Capital: Chambéry
• Saxony – Electorate of Saxony
  Capital: Wittenberg
• Switzerland – Swiss Confederacy

Crowns and Unions

Crowns were composite monarchies composed of multiple countries under one ruler.

• Kalmar Union

• Kingdom of Denmark
• Norway
• Kingdom of Sweden

• Polish–Lithuanian union (federal union)

• Kingdom of Poland
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania

• Spain (dynastic union)
  • Aragon – Crown of Aragon

• Kingdom of Aragon
• Principality of Catalonia
• Kingdom of Majorca
• Kingdom of Sardinia
• Kingdom of Sicily

• Castile – Crown of Castile

• Kingdom of Castile
• Kingdom of Leon

Non-Sovereign Territories

England

• Wales (client state) – Principality of Wales
  Capital: Cardiff

Gujarat

• Khandesh – Faruqi dynasty of the Khandesh Sultanate (vassal)
  Capital: Burhanpur

Imereti

• Guria (client state) – Principality of Guria
  Capital: Ozurgeti
• Svaneti (subject) – Principality of Svaneti

Ottoman Empire

• Crimean Khanate – Crimean Khanate (vassal)
  Capital: Bakhchysarai
• Wallachia – Principality of Wallachia (vassal)
  Capital: Târgoviște

Poland

• Moldavia – Principality of Moldavia (fief)
  Capital: Suceava

Portugal

• Azores (possession)
• Brazil (colony)
• Ceuta (possession; Moroccan city captured in 1415)
• Portuguese Gold Coast (colony)
  Capital: São Jorge da Mina
• Portuguese Mozambique (colony)
  Capital: Lourenço Marques
• Príncipe (colony)
• São Tomé (colony)
• Tangier (possession)

Spain (Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon)

• Canary Islands – Kingdom of the Canary Islands
  Capital: Teguise (municipality)
• Mellila – Mellila (Moroccan city seized in 1497)

Sunda

• Cirebon – Sultanate of Cirebon (vassal)
  Capital: Cirebon

Vijayanagara

• Calicut – Kingdom of Kozhikode (vassal)
  Capital: Kozhikode
• Mysore – Kingdom of Mysore (vassal)
  Capital: Mysore