The list of shipwrecks in 1978 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 1978.
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | |
May | Jun | Jul | Aug | |
Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
Unknown date | ||||
References |
January
edit5 January
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Chandragupta | India | The supercarrier Chandragupta sank in a January storm in the Pacific Ocean. 68 crewmembers died with the ship, which left an enormous trail of wreckage in the water, scattered over a 36-mile (58 km) area.[1] Researchers ascribed the cause of an incident to an encounter with a rogue wave.[2] This is one of the 22 supercarriers believed to have been sunk by rogue waves from 1968 to 1995, and the incident associated with the greatest loss of life. |
7 January
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Bolero | Honduras | Sank in the Black Sea off Kilyos, Turkey.[3] |
12 January
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Function | United Kingdom | The vessel grounded on the quayside at Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk due to surge tide.[4] The ship was cut up for scrap later that month.[5] |
Gloriosa | Cyprus | The cargo ship foundered off the coast of Norfolk, United Kingdom. Five crew were killed.[4] |
Holmar | Netherlands | The coaster capsized and sank 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) north east of Flamborough Head, Yorkshire with the loss of five crew.[4] |
Sea Diamond | Greece | The cargo ship foundered off Lowestoft, Suffolk with the loss of seven crew.[4] |
13 January
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Duperré | French Navy | The destroyer was driven ashore on the coast of Brittany, France. A total of 233 crew were removed by a French coast guard helicopter. A French tug refloated the ship.[6] |
26 January
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
USS Ross | United States Navy | The Fletcher-class destroyer was sunk as a target off Puerto Rico. |
February
edit2 February
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Orion | United Kingdom | The oil rig, being towed on a barge, ran aground at Guernsey, Channel Islands, when the tow broke in a storm. Her crew were rescued by the St. Peter Port Lifeboat and Royal Navy helicopters.[7] |
3 February
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Maria Dormio | Italy | The Tudor Queen-class coaster sprang a leak and sank in the Tyrrhenian Sea 56 nautical miles (104 km; 64 mi) southwest of Cape Miseno, Italy. She was on a voyage from "Baia" to Porto Empedocle, Sicily.[8] |
7 February
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Can Do | United States | Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978: The 42-foot (13 m) pilot boat capsized and sank off Marblehead, Massachusetts, during a blizzard with the loss of all five people on board. She was refloated in 1981, repaired, and returned to service as a towing vessel with the name Grampus.[9][10] |
Peter Stuyvesant | United States | Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978: The 1,129-gross register ton motor vessel — a former passenger ship in use as a floating function hall and waiting area for the restaurant Anthony's Pier 4 in Boston, Massachusetts — broke free of her permanent docking cradle during a blizzard and sank without loss of life in 20 feet (6.1 m) of water in Boston Harbor beside the west side of Pier 4 at 42°21′12″N 071°02′30″W / 42.35333°N 71.04167°W. Her wreck was removed in February 2017 and scrapped.[11][12] |
10 February
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Eastern Saturn | United Kingdom | The cargo ship sprang a leak and sank whilst on a voyage from Bangkok, Thailand to Apapa, Nigeria.[13] |
23 February
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
USS Rowe | United States Navy | The Fletcher-class destroyer was sunk as a target off Puerto Rico. |
March
edit10 March
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Mastro Costas | Greece | The cargo ship, which had been abandoned at Monrovia, Liberia following an engine breakdown, was beached between Monrovia and the Lofa River.[14] |
16 March
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Amoco Cadiz | France | The tanker ran aground on Portsall Rocks, three nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) off the coast of Brittany, and was wrecked. She was loaded with 255,000 tonnes of crude oil. |
19 March
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Glacier Queen | United States | The fishing vessel sank in Hinchinbrook Entrance (60°18′20″N 146°54′15″W / 60.30556°N 146.90417°W) off Zaikof Point (60°18′12″N 146°55′42″W / 60.30333°N 146.92833°W) near Schooner Rock (60°18′20″N 146°54′20″W / 60.3056°N 146.9056°W) on the south-central coast of Alaska. The fishing vessel Lone Fisherman ( United States) rescued her crew.[15] |
23 March
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Kronos | Greece | The Near-Warrior type tug was struck by the cruise ship Romanza ( Panama) whilst berthed at Piraeus and was severely damaged. She was declared a constructive total loss and consequently scrapped.[16] |
April
edit1 April
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Federal St Laurent | Liberia | The vessel was in a collision with Chimo and grounded at Grondines, Quebec, Canada. The ship was refloated on 4 April and returned to service.[17] |
Two unknown vessels | Kampuchea | The vessels, possibly "Swift" boats or auxiliary patrol boats, were sunk by a Vietnamese Navy vessel north east of Hon Doc Island.[18] |
7 April
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Astron | Panama | The cargo ship ran aground at Punta Cana, Dominican Republic and was wrecked.[19] |
14 April
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Henrietta B | Denmark | The coaster foundered 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) off The Lizard, Cornwall. All thirteen crew were rescued by a French warship.[20] |
May
edit2 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Miss Belle | United States | Under tow by the fishing vessel Pacific Sea ( United States) after drifting for three days after her engine failed, the double-ended fishing vessel capsized and sank on the west side of Cape Suckling (59°59′30″N 143°53′00″W / 59.99167°N 143.88333°W) on the south-central coast of Alaska after a huge wave struck her broadside. Pacific Sea rescued her crew of two.[21] |
6 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Eleni V | Greece | The tanker collided with the bulk carrier Roseline ( France) off the Norfolk coast and capsized, remaining afloat for a number of days afterwards.[22] The bow section was blown up and sunk on 1 June.[23] About 5,000 tonnes of heavy fuel oil were spilt.[24] |
12 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Zeehaan | South Africa | The motor vessel foundered in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Namibia at 20°42′S 12°46′E / 20.700°S 12.767°E.[25] |
19 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Unknown fishing vessels | Ethiopia | Eritrean War of Independence: An unknown number of fishing vessels were shelled and sunk by the Ethiopian Navy along the coast of the Eritrean part of the Ethiopian coast.[26] |
22 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Blind Faith | United States | The bowpicker was destroyed by fire and abandoned in the Copper River Flats near Pete Dahl Slough (60°23′N 145°27′W / 60.383°N 145.450°W) on the south-central coast of Alaska.[27] |
29 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Northern Dream | United States | The 21-foot (6.4 m) vessel was destroyed by fire on the east coast of Crooked Island (57°46′30″N 152°23′30″W / 57.77500°N 152.39167°W) in the Kodiak Archipelago near Kodiak, Alaska. A Kodiak Western Airlines Grumman Goose flying boat rescued her entire crew of three.[28] |
Rocket | United States | The troller sank in heavy seas off Cape Lynch (55°47′N 133°42′W / 55.783°N 133.700°W) on Prince of Wales Island in Southeast Alaska.[29] |
Senora Sue | United States | The 35-gross register ton motor vessel sank in Lituya Bay in Southeast Alaska.[30] |
30 May
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
R. I. P. | United States | The gillnetter sank off of “The Castle” (60°20′N 145°12′W / 60.333°N 145.200°W) on the Copper River Flats on the south-central coast of Alaska.[29] |
June
edit12 June
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Sonny Boy | United States | The 70-foot (21.3 m) vessel sank off the Aleutian Islands 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) from Dutch Harbor, Alaska. The vessels Cape Lynch and Crystal (both United States) rescued her crew.[30] |
13 June
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Yellowstone | United States | The bulk carrier collided with cargo ship Ibn Batouta ( Algeria) and sank off Gibraltar.[31] |
17 June
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Whippoorwill | United States | The tourist boat capsized on Pomona Lake in Franklin County, Kansas, after a tornado hit her. Sixteen of the 58 people on board drowned. |
25 June
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Chantal | Panama | The cargo ship sprang a leak off Cape Engaño, Dominican Republic and was beached. She was declared a total loss. |
28 June
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Margaret Smith | United Kingdom | The collier capsized off Cowes, Isle of Wight (52°42′N 1°28′W / 52.700°N 1.467°W) and was towed to Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. She sank the next day.[32][33] |
July
edit1 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Meteor | United States | The 30-foot (9.1 m) fishing vessel burned and sank in Whale Pass (57°56′N 152°50′W / 57.933°N 152.833°W) in the Kodiak Archipelago between Kodiak Island and Whale Island.[21] |
2 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Roberta Jean | United States | The fishing vessel sank in the Pacific Ocean with the loss of all hands. One body was recovered from the ocean off Bahia Tortugas, Mexico. |
5 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Sea Rooter | United States | The Bayliner Sport Cruiser ran aground in Strawberry Channel 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) from Point Bentinck (60°24′N 146°00′W / 60.400°N 146.000°W) off the south-central coast of Alaska and capsized in the surf. The only person on board died.[30] |
8 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
USS Sealion | United States Navy | The Balao-class submarine was sunk as a target in the Atlantic Ocean off Newport, Rhode Island. |
18 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Birgo | Norway | The bulk carrier was scuttled in Nedstrandfjorden by the ship owner in an insurance fraud scheme. |
23 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Jayawang | Singapore | The cargo ship sank off Bangkok, Thailand. She was raised in November 1979 and moved to a new anchorage but sank again.[34] |
30 July
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Locuste | French Navy | The Aloe-class net laying ship struck a reef in the Pacific Ocean off Cikobia Island, Fiji, and sank. |
August
edit3 August
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
SAS Transvaal | South African Navy | The Loch-class frigate was scuttled in Smitswinkel Bay. |
12 August
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Saint Paul | United States | The troller struck a rock and sank in Southeast Alaska near Elfin Cove and George Island northwest of Juneau.[30] |
18 August
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Itasca | United States | The 64-gross register ton, 64.6-foot (19.7 m) fishing vessel was destroyed by fire in Sakie Bay (55°04′N 133°14′W / 55.067°N 133.233°W) near Dall Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska.[35] |
24 August
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Jeffery Allen | United States | The 75-foot (22.9 m) vessel sank with the loss of one life southwest of Puale Bay (57°41′N 155°29′W / 57.683°N 155.483°W) on the coast of the Alaska Peninsula in Alaska. The vessel Cape Fairwell ( United States) rescued her three survivors. Jeffery Allen was salvaged in October 1979.[36] |
Mary Weston | United Kingdom | The coaster collided with Macasse ( Ivory Coast) and sank in the Seine 16 nautical miles (30 km) downstream of Rouen, France with the loss of four of her five crew.[37][38] |
27 August
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
USS Cree | United States Navy | The decommissioned Cherokee-class fleet tug was sunk as a target. |
September
edit1 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Jolly Azzuro | Panama | The cargo ship collided with Atlantico ( Spain) in the Strait of Gibraltar and sank. Atlantico sustained severe damage to her bows.[39] |
6 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Wild Dog | United States | The 18-gross register ton motor vessel sank off Ugak Bay, Alaska.[40] |
8 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Bandeirante | Norway | The tanker collided with the bulk carrier Maroudio ( Greece) and sank off Ouessant, France. The bulk carrier August Pacific ( United Kingdom) washed out her tanks in the area where the accident occurred. She was forced to stop by L'Alerte ( Marine Nationale) after ignoring demands from the dredger Baccarat ( France) to stop. Her captain was fined ₣50,000 (then £5,800) for illegally discharging the oil.[41] |
Two unidentified vessels | Kampuchea | The vessels, possibly Patrol Craft Fast or auxiliary patrol boats, were sunk by a Vietnamese People's Navy vessel near Hon Doc Island.[18] |
13 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
High Tide | United States | The fishing vessel sank off Spruce Cape (57°49′15″N 152°20′00″W / 57.82083°N 152.33333°W) on the coast of Kodiak Island in Alaska′s Kodiak Archipelago.[42] |
14 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Ibn al Qis | Libyan Navy | The landing ship was destroyed by fire while at sea during an amphibious landing exercise on the night of 14–15 September.[43] |
18 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Gertrude Ann | United States | The fishing vessel capsized and was lost off Sitkinak Island in Alaska′s Kodiak Archipelago.[15] |
20 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Angel | Japan | The cargo ship collided with Dignity ( Greece) 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) off Oporto, Portugal and sank with the loss of eleven of her 24 crew.[44] |
27 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Saint Augustine | United States | The 42-foot (12.8 m) vessel was stranded and sank in Danger Bay, also known as Kazakof Bay (58°06′N 152°55′W / 58.100°N 152.917°W) on the coast of Afognak in the Kodiak Archipelago off the coast of Alaska. The United States Coast Guard rescued her two-man crew.[30] |
29 September
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Puerto Princesa | Philippines | Typhoon Lola: The cargo ship drove into Fides Orient ( Singapore) at Manila and was damaged beyond economic repair. Subsequently scrapped.[45] |
Unknown date
editOctober
edit2 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Marion A | United States | The 37-gross register ton, 39-foot (11.9 m) crab-fishing vessel capsized and sank with the loss of two lives in Geese Channel (56°45′N 153°53′W / 56.750°N 153.883°W) off Aiaktalik Island (56°42′27″N 154°03′24″W / 56.7075°N 154.0568°W) in the Kodiak Archipelago off Alaska. The lone survivor was rescued from the island on 13 October by the fishing vessel Moonsong ( United States).[21] |
3 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
HMCS Kapuskasing | Canadian Forces Maritime Command | The Algerine-class minesweeper was sunk as a target. |
9 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Skreamin Deamon | United States | While under tow, the 27-foot (8.2 m) vessel sank without loss of life off Spruce Island in the Kodiak Archipelago near Monashka Bay on Kodiak Island.[30] |
12 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Christos Bitas | Greece | The tanker ran aground off the coast of Dyfed, Wales.[48] |
18 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
HMS Eagle | Royal Navy | The aircraft carrier ran aground at Loch Ryan on her way to the breaker's yard. Later refloated and scrapped.[49] |
USS Mackerel | United States Navy | The T-1-class submarine was sunk as a target off Puerto Rico. |
20 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
USCGC Cuyahoga | United States Coast Guard |
23 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Key West | United States | The crab-fishing vessel sank in the Bering Sea 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) north of Amak Island in the Aleutian Islands after her lazarette flooded during a storm.[50] |
Lorrinda G | United States | The fishing vessel sank in the Bering Sea.[51] |
30 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Kiowa | United States | The tug sank without loss of life in Herring Bay (57°07′N 134°22′W / 57.117°N 134.367°W) on Frederick Sound in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska after logs she was towing broke loose in heavy weather and tore her stern open. Another tug rescued her crew.[50][52] |
Nico Primo | Italy | The cargo ship sank in the Peloponnesus with the loss of eight of her nine crew.[53] |
31 October
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Christos Bitas | Greece | The tanker was scuttled 320 nautical miles (590 km) west of Fastnet Rock, United Kingdom.[54] |
November
edit3 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Devil Sea | United States | The 44-foot (13.4 m) vessel was wrecked on Igitkin Island in the Aleutian Islands. Wearing survival suits, her crew of four reached shore and was rescued by the seagoing buoy tender USCGC Ironwood ( United States Coast Guard).[55] |
Hawarden Bridge | United Kingdom | The coaster was scuttled as an artificial reef off Miami, Florida, United States.[56] |
4 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Epic | United States | The 137-gross register ton, 72.7-foot (22.2 m) crab-fishing vessel capsized and sank in the Gulf of Alaska off the south end of Alaska′s Kodiak Island with the loss of four lives. There was one survivor.[57] |
7 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Cora B | United States | After she struck a rock and flooded, the charter boat was towed to Bass Harbor (60°37′30″N 147°24′30″W / 60.62500°N 147.40833°W) on the coast of Naked Island (60°39′10″N 147°24′47″W / 60.6528°N 147.4130°W) in Prince William Sound on the south-central coast of Alaska, where she was stripped and burned.[58] |
8 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Glacier Queen | United States | The floating hotel sank at anchor in Seldovia Bay (59°25′39″N 151°43′30″W / 59.4274°N 151.7249°W) in Cook Inlet on the south-central coast of Alaska. Her wreck later was refloated and in January 1979 was scuttled in the Gulf of Alaska.[15][59][60][61][62] |
Ruth A | United States | The motor vessel sank in Alaska Native Brotherhood Harbor (57°03′N 135°20′W / 57.050°N 135.333°W) at Sitka, Alaska.[29] |
16 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Manureva | France | The sailboat disappeared along with her captain, Alain Colas, in the Atlantic Ocean near the Azores after Colas sent a final message on this date. |
20 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Crow | United States | While carrying a cargo of construction materials to a cannery, the 117-foot (35.7 m) former landing craft sank 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) off of Wide Bay (57°22′N 156°11′W / 57.367°N 156.183°W) on the south-central coast of Alaska. The United States Coast Guard rescued her crew of six from a life raft.[58] |
23 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Iwala | United States | The yacht was seized by the Kampuchean Navy for drug smuggling. She reportedly was scuttled and her two crewmen were executed by being burned alive.[63] |
30 November
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Heidi Marie | United States | The fishing vessel ran aground and sank in Terror Bay (57°46′N 153°12′W / 57.767°N 153.200°W) on the coast of Kodiak Island in Alaska′s Kodiak Archipelago.[42] |
Unknown date
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
HMS Undaunted | Royal Navy | The decommissioned U and V-class destroyer was sunk as a target in the Atlantic Ocean by an Exocet missile fired by the destroyer HMS Norfolk and a torpedo fired by the submarine HMS Swiftsure (both Royal Navy). |
December
edit1 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Zephyr | United States | The fishing vessel was destroyed by fire at Old Harbor, Alaska.[64] |
7 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Shapacy | United States | The 90-foot (27.4 m) crab-fishing vessel capsized and sank in Kachemak Bay 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) off of Homer Spit in Homer, Alaska, with the loss of two lives.[30] |
11 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Holoholo | United States | The motor vessel was overdue on a trip in Hawaii between Honolulu Harbor and Kawaihae Harbor and was presumed capsized and sunk in the Pacific Ocean.[65] |
12 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Beachboy | United States | The 58-foot (17.7 m) vessel sank in 120 feet (37 m) of water in Alaska′s Kodiak Archipelago near Two Headed Island (56°54′N 153°35′W / 56.900°N 153.583°W). Two survivors were rescued on 14 December.[27] |
SAS Good Hope | South African Navy | The decommissioned Loch-class frigate was scuttled to form an artificial reef in False Bay off the coast of South Africa. |
Kimon M. | Panama | The cargo ship was wrecked on Shab Abu Reef near the Straits of Gubal. The vessel Interusja (flag unknown) rescued her cew. Kimon M. slid off the reef and sank some days later.[66] |
13 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
München | West Germany | The motor ship sank in the Atlantic Ocean in a severe storm after being struck by a rogue wave. |
14 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Kiska | United States | The 34-foot (10.4 m) vessel was lost off Sitkalidak Island in Alaska′s Kodiak Archipelago.[50] |
22 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Four Sons | United States | The 72-foot (21.9 m) fishing vessel was wrecked on the coast of Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands. The vessel American Viking ( United States) rescued her entire crew.[67] |
30 December
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Ben Asdale | United Kingdom | The fishing trawler was wrecked in a blizzard off Falmouth, Cornwall. Three men drowned.[68] |
Oso | United States | The troller dragged her anchor during a storm, struck a rock, and sank off the west coast of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska near White Sulfur Hot Springs (57°48′25″N 136°20′45″W / 57.80694°N 136.34583°W). The only person aboard reached shore in a skiff; the fishing vessel Midnight Charger ( United States) rescued him five weeks later.[69] |
Unknown date
editShip | State | Description |
---|---|---|
Menoquet | United States | The 197-gross register ton, 106-foot (32.3 m) tug sank in Katlian Bay (57°09′N 135°23′W / 57.150°N 135.383°W) in Southeast Alaska sometime prior to 1979, i.e, in 1978 or earlier.[21] |
Pamela Joy | United Kingdom | The tug was severely damaged by fire. Declared a constructive total loss and consequently scrapped.[70] |
References
edit- ^ "No Trace Found of 74 Who Abandoned Vessel". The Los Angeles Times. 7 January 1978. p. I-3. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
The last report Thursday night was that the No. 1 hatch was gone, the ship was taking on water and they were abandoning it...
- ^ Kharif, Christian; Pelinovsky, Efim (2003). "Physical Mechanisms of the Rogue Wave Phenomenon". European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids. 22 (6): 603–634.
- ^ "Belgian Merchant P-Z" (PDF). Belgische Koopvaardij. Retrieved 1 December 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d "Storms wreak havoc". The Times. No. 60209. London. 13 January 1978. col C, p. 1.
- ^ "Three die after worst snow of winter". The Times. No. 60215. London. 20 January 1978. col D, E, p. 1.
- ^ "French Navy ship rescued in storm off Brittany". The Times. No. 60310. London. 14 January 1978. col B,C, p. 4.
- ^ Howarth, Patrick (1981). Lifeboat in Danger's Hour. London, New York, Sydney, Toronto: Hamlyn. p. 120. ISBN 0-600-34959-4.
- ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 220. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
- ^ "Can Do". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Grampus". tugboatinformation.com. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Peter Stuyvesant". Hunting New England Shipwrecks. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ "SS Stuyvesant, a casualty of the Blizzard of '78, finally leaves its watery grave". February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ "Laganbank". The Yard. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. pp. 31–32. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
- ^ a b c alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (G)
- ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 307. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
- ^ "Belgian Merchant A-G" (PDF). Belgische Koopvaardij. Retrieved 1 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Vietnamese Naval Battles (Vietnam War & later conflicts)". Sovietempire.com. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
- ^ "SS Astron (+1978)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Brittany oil coaster sinks off The Lizard". The Times. No. 60277. London. 15 April 1978. col A, p. 1.
- ^ a b c d alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (M)
- ^ "Difficulty of ship control in N Sea". The Times. No. 60296. London. 9 May 1978. col G, p. 6.
- ^ "Navy had no intention of destroying Eleni V hulk". The Times. No. 60317. London. 2 June 1978. col G, p. 4.
- ^ Eleni V
- ^ "Belgian Merchant H-O" (PDF). Belgische Koopvaardij. Retrieved 31 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Soviet and Ethiopian Navy in Eritrea (1988-1991)(updated)". Soviet empire. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
- ^ a b alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (B)
- ^ alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (N)
- ^ a b c alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (R)
- ^ a b c d e f g alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (S)
- ^ "Holed American ship sinks". The Times. No. 60327. London. 14 June 1978. col D, p. 6.
- ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 215. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
- ^ Whittle, Paul. "South Coast & South East, the Sixties". Sandsuckers. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 448. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
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