Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics.[1][2][3][4][5]
Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:
Astronomers and astrologers edit
- Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777)
- Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806)
- Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850)
- Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864)
- Al-Marwazi (d. 869)
- Al-Farghani (d. 870)
- Al-Mahani (d. 880)
- Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886)
- Dīnawarī (d. 896)
- Banū Mūsā (d. 9th century)
- Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century)
- Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century)
- Al-Nayrizi (d. 922)
- Al-Battani (d. 929)
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971)
- Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986)
- Al-Saghani (d. 990)
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (d. 998)
- Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century)
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (d. 1000)
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000)
- Al-Majriti (d. 1007)
- Ibn Yunus (d. 1009)
- Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029)
- Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036)
- Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037)
- Ibn Sina (d. 1037)
- Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040)
- Al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048)
- Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061)
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (d. 1087)
- Omar Khayyám (d. 1131)
- Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138)
- Ibn Tufail (d. 1185)
- Ibn Rushd (d. 1198)
- Al-Khazini (d. 12th century)
- Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204)
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1213)
- Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266)
- Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274)
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 1310)
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311)
- Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346)
- Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375)
- Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (d. 1380)
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429)
- Ulugh Beg (d. 1449)
- Ali Qushji (d. 1474)
Physiologists edit
- Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[6]
- Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[7]
- Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[8]
- Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, [9] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[10]
- Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[11]
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[12]
- Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[13]
- Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time[14]
- Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,[15] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[16]
- Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[12]
- Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[12]
- Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[17]
Chemists and alchemists edit
- Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid)
- Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765)
- Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber)
- Al-Khwārizmī (780–850), algebra, mathematics
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman)
- Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus)
- Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007)
- Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030)
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048)
- Avicenna (980–1037)
- Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130)
- Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274)
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
Economists and social scientists edit
- Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
- Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science[18]
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology",[19] Indology[20]
- Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
- Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
- Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
- Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
- Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
- Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[21] such as demography,[22] cultural history,[23] historiography,[24] philosophy of history,[25] sociology[22][25] and economics[26][27]
- Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Geographers and earth scientists edit
- Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[28]
- Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[29]
- al-Hamdani
- Ibn Al-Jazzar
- Al-Tamimi
- Al-Masihi
- Ali ibn Ridwan
- Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
- Ahmad ibn Fadlan
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, geodesy,[19][22] geology and Anthropology[19]
- Avicenna
- Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
- Averroes
- Ibn al-Nafis
- Ibn Jubayr
- Ibn Battuta
- Ibn Khaldun
- Piri Reis
- Evliya Çelebi
Mathematicians edit
- Ali Qushji
- Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
- Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
- Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi), algebra[30] and algorithms[31]
- 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
- Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[32]
- Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
- Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
- Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
- Al-Mahani
- Ahmed ibn Yusuf
- Al-Majriti
- Al-Battani (Albatenius)
- Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
- Al-Nayrizi
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
- Brethren of Purity
- Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
- Al-Saghani
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
- Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
- Ibn Sahl
- Al-Sijzi
- Ibn Yunus
- Abu Nasr Mansur
- Kushyar ibn Labban
- Al-Karaji
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
- Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
- Al-Nasawi
- Al-Jayyani
- Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
- Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
- Omar Khayyám
- Al-Khazini
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
- Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
- Al-Marrakushi
- Al-Samawal
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
- Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
- Hunayn ibn Ishaq
- Ibn al-Banna'
- Ibn al-Shatir
- Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
- Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
- Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
- Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
- Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
- Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
- Ulugh Beg
- Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)
Philosophers edit
Physicists and engineers edit
- Mimar Sinan (1489–1588), also known as Koca Mi'mâr Sinân Âğâ
- Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
- Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
- Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
- Al-Saghani (d. 990)
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
- Ibn Sahl, 10th century
- Ibn Yunus, 10th century
- Al-Karaji, 10th century
- Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, optics,[33] and experimental physics[34]
- Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[35]
- Ibn Sīnā/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
- Al-Khazini, 12th century
- Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
- Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer
- Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
- Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
- Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
- Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Saliba, George. 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-8023-7. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.
- ^ King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". Isis. 74 (4): 531–55. doi:10.1086/353360. S2CID 144315162.
- ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century." Pp. 351–99 in Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise" (PDF).
- ^ "The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world". TheGuardian.com. February 2010.
- ^ Haque 2004, p. 375.
- ^ Saoud 2004.
- ^ Haque 2004, p. 361.
- ^ Deuraseh & Abu Talib 2005.
- ^ Haque 2004, p. 362.
- ^ Haque 2004, p. 363.
- ^ a b c Martin-Araguz et al. 2002.
- ^ Khaleefa 1999.
- ^ Iqbal 1934.
- ^ Safavi-Abbasi, Brasiliense & Workman 2007.
- ^ Nasr & Leaman 1996.
- ^ Russell 1994.
- ^ Rosenthal 1950, p. 559.
- ^ a b c Ahmed 1984.
- ^ Khan 2000.
- ^ Ahmed 2002.
- ^ a b c Mowlana 2001.
- ^ Abdalla 2007.
- ^ Ahmed 1999.
- ^ a b Akhtar 1997.
- ^ Oweiss 1988.
- ^ Boulakia 1971.
- ^ "Mas'udi, al-". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
- ^ Gari 2002.
- ^ Gandz 1936.
- ^ Nanisetti 2006.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Al Deek 2004.
- ^ Thiele 2005.
- ^ Rozhanskaya & Levinova 1996.
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