Wikipedia

List of plants of Doi Suthep–Pui National Park

This article contains a list of the more than 2,200 vascular plant species of Doi Suthep–Pui National Park in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand from Maxwell & Elliott (2011:63-154).[1]

Representative species by floral zone edit

Doi Suthep–Pui National Park displays altitudinal zonation. This section lists some of the characteristic species of each floral zone.[1]

Bamboo/deciduous seasonal forest edit

Of the 173 tree species which occur in bamboo/deciduous forest, 125 (72%) are deciduous and 31 are common or abundant.

Trees that are commercially valuable include:

Other characteristic trees are:

Common understory trees include:

Characteristic deciduous understory treelets include:

Woody climbers (lianas) are often quite large. There are 55 species, of which 65% are deciduous. They include:

There are 30 shrub species, of which 63% are deciduous. Shrubs are represented by many species in bamboo/deciduous forest. Some typical examples are:

Bamboos include:

Bamboo/deciduous forest supports 38 species of epiphytes, most of which are perennial and 58% of which are evergreen. They mostly belong to 3 groups:

Species particularly characteristic of bamboo/deciduous forest include:

Epiliths include 12 species, usually restricted to rocks in streams. They include ferns such as:

There are also several species of the family Gesneriaceae, include:

The following herbs flower in April before their leaves appear:

Species appearing in May and June, at the start of the rainy season:

Plants that mature by July and August include ferns, etc. such as:

The grass most characteristic of the ground flora in bamboo/deciduous forest is:

Other common grasses, which also occur in other habitats and are highly combustible during the hot dry season, are:

A total of 316 herb species has been recorded in bamboo/deciduous forest, of which 294 are ground herbs. Of those, 65% are perennial.

Deciduous dipterocarp-oak seasonal forest edit

In seasonally dry or degraded areas, from the lowlands up to about 800-900 m elevation, deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest replaces bamboo/deciduous forest. It is a secondary, fire climax forest which merges with bamboo/deciduous forest, but is never replaced with mixed evergreen/deciduous forest.

It contains less biodiversity with only 99 tree species, of which 24 are common or abundant.

Dominant tree species of the Dipterocarpaceae include:

Common Fagaceae species include:

Other characteristic trees are:

Additional common species:

2 tree species have rapid leaf turnover, flushing new leaves at the same time as the old leaves are shed. They include:

The following tree is very common at higher elevations (650-800 m), along with the two trees listed above:

Deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest supports only 14 species of woody climbers, but the deciduous species that are easily found are:

Shrubs (29 species) and treelets (48 species) are abundant. Some common examples are:

Vines, often found in open, often burned, areas, are also common:

47 of the recorded vascular plant species live as epiphytes. Some of the most characteristic are evergreen, succulent, vines and creepers in the Asclepiadaceae, such as:

There are numerous succulent, evergreen and deciduous Orchidaceae (orchids), such as:

2 deciduous Polypodiaceae (fern) species, both with characteristically distinct growth forms, are also frequently seen:

Of the 274 ground herbs which have been recorded, 111 (40%) are annuals. Some of the more common examples are:

Robust, deciduous Poaceae (grasses) dominate and are all very combustible during the hot dry season from March to May. Some of the more common species are:

Cyperaceae (sedges) are also common in this fire-prone habitat. Typical species include:

Zingiberaceae (gingers) species, all of which are deciduous, are quite common. Typical species include:

Other common ground herbs include:

Common ferns:

Mixed evergreen/deciduous seasonal forest edit

From about 800 m elevation (600 m near permanent streams) to about 1000 m, there is a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees.

217 tree species have been recorded, with only about 43% of them being deciduous trees. The tree flora is similar to that of the bamboo/deciduous forest.

The characteristic tall, emergent, evergreen, dipterocarps, which have large gray trunks, small leaves, and open, broad crowns, are:

In contrast, the deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest has large-leaved dipterocarps.

Other common tree species:

Other tall evergreen trees:

Some common deciduous canopy trees are:

Common evergreen understory trees include:

A common deciduous understory tree:

71 treelet and 19 shrub species have been recorded. Common treelets and shrubs include:

Woody climbers are common. 62 species have been recorded, including the following deciduous species:

Evergreen species that are common in this biozone, especially along streams, include:

57 of the vascular plant species grow as epiphytes. The most specious groups are the figs (Moraceae, many of which are epiphytes only when young), orchids, and pteridophytes, but the Gesneriaceae and Loranthaceae are also represented.

Characteristic epiphytes are:

Typical hemiparasites include:

The ground flora is diverse and includes both annual, perennial, deciduous and evergreen species. Of the 278 ground herbs recorded, 25% are annual. Common deciduous herbs include:

Evergreen herb species are more common (comprising 60% of ground perennials) and include:

Typical ferns include:

Primary evergreen seasonal forest (without pine) edit

The upper part of the mixed evergreen/deciduous forest usually merges with the lower part of the evergreen forest at c. 900-950 m elevation.

Evergreen forest supports more tree species than any of the other forest types. 250 species have been recorded, of which only 67 (27%) are deciduous.

The evergreen forest has a wide variety of trees, with no dominant species or genera. Trees belong to diverse families, such as Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Theaceae, Moraceae, Magnoliaceae, and other families.

Characteristic evergreen canopy trees include:

Several gigantic "strangling" figs:

Characteristic Fagaceae species are:

Castanopsis spp. tend to be shared with other forest types, including:

Other characteristic evergreen trees include:

A few of the larger deciduous canopy species include:

Most also occur in the deciduous forest types.

Some of the deciduous trees which are restricted to evergreen forest are relatively rare, including:

Other deciduous trees more typical of deciduous forest types sometimes spread up into evergreen forest due to fires or human disturbance. Common tree species shared with other forest types include:

The understory is denser than that of forests at lower elevations and is especially diverse in stream valleys. Understory trees include:

The following are also common, but grow in disturbed places.

Some understory evergreen tree species, rarely exceeding 15 m tall, include:

Understory deciduous tree species include:

Treelets and shrubs (91 and 22 recorded species, respectively) are numerous. Characteristic treelets include:

Characteristic evergreen shrubs in moist areas include:

Shaded, undisturbed stream valleys often have:

The following species are also common:

A high species richness of woody climbers (78 species) is a notable feature of evergreen forest. Some characteristic evergreen examples include:

The following are also common:

Rattans (the following of which are also evergreen woody climbers) include:

There are numerous epiphytes in the evergreen forest. The "strangling" figs begin life as epiphytes:

Characteristic epiphytic shrubs include:

There are several evergreen hemiparasitic species belonging to the family Loranthaceae:

Characteristic epiphytic vines include:

Epiphytic herbs are almost all perennials. Characteristic species include:

The herbaceous ground flora (321 recorded species) is very diverse and includes numerous species of dicots, monocots, and ferns. Some of the most characteristic ferns in open, fire-damaged place are:

Some characteristic ferns in shaded, mostly pristine areas are:

Some common dicots are:

Common herbaceous monocots are:

Parasitic or saprophytic members of the ground flora include several Balanophora species and others:

Rare orchids include:

Primary evergreen seasonal forest (with pine) edit

On fire-prone, exposed ridges at elevations of about 950–1,800 m, Pinus kesiya grows together with other evergreen forest tree species. In some areas, it is the dominant tree.

Some species more commonly found with Pinus kesiya than elsewhere, mostly due to the acidic lower pH of the soil, include:

Where fires are particularly frequent, plants of deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest spread up into the pine forests at much higher elevations than is typical, including:

In such areas, trees of the Fagaceae family are also common, including:

Altogether 99 tree species have been recorded, of which only 27 (27%) are deciduous.

The ground flora includes 263 recorded herb species, both annuals (32%) and perennials (68%). Annual herbs include:

Some deciduous, perennial counterparts are:

Epiphytes (86 recorded species) are especially conspicuous and include both evergreen species (68%) and annual or deciduous ones (32%). Epiphytic, hemi-parasitic Loranthaceae, all evergreen shrubs, are common:

Autotrophic evergreen, epiphytic and epilithic shrubs are frequently encountered:

Some common evergreen epiphytic and epilithic herbs are:

Some common deciduous epiphytic and epilithic herbs are:

Evergreen epiphytic Orchidaceae species include:

Deciduous epiphytic Orchidaceae species include:

Rare or extinct orchid species include:

35 vine species have been recorded, including:

Summit flora edit

The summit flora has been significantly altered, especially after the original primary evergreen forest was cleared and replaced with cultivated trees on the summit of Doi Pui in 1955. The soil has also become much more acidic.

Some of the original epiphytic flora has returned to the summit of Doi Pui, such as:

Some evergreen herbs which have returned, albeit in diminished populations, include:

Deciduous herbs are more common, including:

9 plant species, all of which are rare or down to a few individuals, are entirely restricted to summit areas between 1620 and 1685 m above sea level. They are:

However, several species have disappeared from the summit:

Mountains in Thailand that more or less preserve the original vegetation at above 1650 m are Doi Inthanon (2565 m), Doi Chang (1975 m), and Doi Lang Ka (2031 m).

Disturbed areas and secondary growth edit

A total of 288 species of ground herbs survives in disturbed areas or secondary growth. 144 species are annuals, and 144 species are perennials. There are numerous annual tertiary growth herbaceous weeds, all of which require exposure to sunlight for germination and growth. Some of the more common species found at all elevations include:

Monocot weeds are also diverse and abundant. Some common examples are:

Robust perennial grasses are especially common in upland areas. They are robust, evergreen, and very persistent weeds in open, fire-damaged, upland areas, and include:

Naturalized woody weeds that often dominate open, disturbed areas are:

Secondary growth treelets (36 species) and trees (81 species) are common seen. If left undisturbed, they are replaced by primary forest trees. Some typical examples are:

In human settlements edit

Common shade trees include:

Some flowers and shrubs are:

Medicinal plants:

Exotic ornamental plants:

Plants species with large, colourful inflorescences, which have now escaped cultivation and are extirpating native species:

Plants used by local people edit

In the Hmong village of Doi Pui, located within the park boundaries, plant species utilized by the local people include the following.[2]

List of species by family edit

Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae edit

Ranunculaceae edit

Dilleniaceae edit

Magnoliaceae edit

Schisandraceae edit

Annonaceae edit

Menispermaceae edit

Berberidaceae edit

Lardizabalaceae edit

Papaveraceae edit

Cruciferae edit

Capparaceae edit

Violaceae edit

Pittosporaceae edit

Polygalaceae edit

Caryophyllaceae edit

Portulacaceae edit

Guttiferae edit

Flacourtiaceae edit

Theaceae edit

Actinidiaceae edit

Saururaceae edit

Dipterocarpaceae edit

Malvaceae edit

Bombacaceae edit

Sterculiaceae edit

Tiliaceae edit

Elaeocarpaceae edit

Linaceae edit

Erythroxylaceae edit

Malpighiaceae edit

Oxalidaceae edit

Balsaminaceae edit

Rutaceae edit

Simaroubaceae edit

Irvingiaceae edit

Ochnaceae edit

Burseraceae edit

Meliaceae edit

Olacaceae edit

Icacinaceae edit

Cardiopteridaceae edit

Aquifoliaceae edit

Celastraceae edit

Rhamnaceae edit

Vitaceae edit

Leeaceae edit

Sapindaceae edit

Aceraceae edit

Staphyleaceae edit

Sabiaceae edit

Anacardiaceae edit

Connaraceae edit

Fabaceae edit

Mimosoideae edit
Caesalpinioideae edit
Papilionoideae edit

Rosaceae edit

Saxifragaceae edit

Grossulariaceae (Escalloniaceae) edit

Droseraceae edit

Rhizophoraceae edit

Combretaceae edit

Myrtaceae edit

Lecythidaceae edit

Melastomataceae edit

Lythraceae edit

Crypteroniaceae edit

Sonneratiaceae edit

Onagraceae edit

Passifloraceae edit

Cucurbitaceae edit

Begoniaceae edit

Datiscaceae edit

Aizoaceae edit

Umbelliferae edit

Araliaceae edit

Alangiaceae edit

Comaceae edit

Nyssaceae edit

Caprifoliaceae edit

Rubiaceae edit

Valerianaceae edit

Compositae edit

Campanulaceae edit

Sphenocleaceae edit

Ericaceae edit

Monotropaceae edit

Primulaceae edit

Plantaginaceae edit

Myrsinaceae edit

Sapotaceae edit

Ebenaceae edit

Symplocaceae edit

Styracaceae edit

Oleaceae edit

Apocynaceae edit

Asclepiadaceae edit

Loganiaceae edit

Gentianaceae edit

Hydrophyllaceae edit

Boraginaceae edit

Convolvulaceae edit

Solanaceae edit

Scrophulariaceae edit

Orobanchaceae edit

Lentibulariaceae edit

Gesneriaceae edit

Bignoniaceae edit

Acanthaceae edit

Verbenaceae edit

Labiatae edit

Nyctaginaceae edit

Basellaceae edit

Chenopodiaceae edit

Amaranthaceae edit

Polygonaceae edit

Aristolochiaceae edit

Rafflesiaceae edit

Piperaceae edit

Chloranthaceae edit

Myristicaceae edit

Lauraceae edit

Hernandiaceae edit

Proteaceae edit

Thymelaeaceae edit

Loranthaceae edit

Santalaceae edit

Opiliaceae edit

Balanophoraceae edit

Euphorbiaceae edit

Ulmaceae edit

Moraceae edit

Urticaceae edit

Juglandaceae edit

Betulaceae edit

Myricaceae edit

Fagaceae edit

Salicaceae edit

Angiospermae, Monocotyledoneae edit

Butomaceae edit

Alismataceae edit

Triuridaceae edit

Commelinaceae edit

Xyridaceae edit

Eriocaulaceae edit

Musaceae edit

Zingiberaceae edit

Marantaceae edit

Liliaceae edit

Agavaceae edit

Amaryllidaceae edit

Iridaceae edit

Smilacaceae edit

Araceae edit

Araceae species listed in Sungkajanttranon et al. (2019):[3]

Species Forest type Notes > 1400 m
Alocasia acuminata lower montane forest evergreen; geophyte
Alocasia navicularis deciduous dipterocarp forest evergreen; geophyte
Amorphophallus fuscus lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte
Amorphophallus krausei dry evergreen forest deciduous; geophyte
Amorphophallus thaiensis lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte
Amorphophallus yunnanensis lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte
Arisaema consanguineum lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte  Y
Arisaema kerrii lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte  Y
Arisaema maxwellii dry evergreen forest, lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte
Colocasia affinis dry evergreen forest, lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte
Colocasia esculenta deciduous dipterocarp forest evergreen; helophyte
Hapaline benthamiana dry evergreen forest deciduous; geophyte
Homalomena aromatica lower montane forest evergreen; geophyte/lithophyte
Lasia spinosa dry evergreen forest evergreen; helophyte
Lemna sp. deciduous dipterocarp forest evergreen; hydrophyte
Remusatia hookeriana lower montane forest deciduous; epiphyte  Y
Rhaphidophora chevalieri dry evergreen forest evergreen; epiphyte/lithophyte
Rhaphidophora megaphylla dry evergreen forest evergreen; epiphyte/lithophyte
Rhaphidophora peepla lower montane forest evergreen; epiphyte/lithophyte  Y
Sauromatum horsfieldii lower montane forest deciduous; geophyte  Y

Stemonaceae edit

Dioscoreaceae edit

Palmae edit

Pandanaceae edit

Apostasiaceae edit

Taccaceae edit

Burmanniaceae edit

Orchidaceae edit

Cyperaceae edit

Poaceae edit

Bambusoideae edit

Gymnospermae edit

Cycadaceae edit

Podocarpaceae edit

Pinaceae edit

Cephalotaxaceae edit

Cupressaceae edit

Gnetaceae edit

Pteridophyta edit

Psilotaceae edit

Lycopodiaceae edit

Selaginellaceae edit

Equisetaceae edit

Ophioglossaceae edit

Marattiaceae edit

Gleicheniaceae edit

Schizaeaceae edit

Hymenophyllaceae edit

Cyatheaceae edit

Dennstaedtiaceae edit

Lindsaeaceae edit

Davalliaceae edit

Oleandraceae edit

Parkeriaceae edit

Vittariaceae edit

Pteridaceae edit

Aspleniaceae edit

Blechnaceae edit

Lomariopsidaceae edit

Dryopteridaceae edit

Thelypteridaceae edit

Athyriaceae edit

Polypodiaceae edit

Marsileaceae edit

Salviniaceae edit

Azollaceae edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Maxwell, J. F.; Elliott, Stephen (2001). Vegetation and Vascular Flora of Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, Northern Thailand (PDF). Bangkok: The Biodiversity Research and Training Program (BRT).
  2. ^ Yarnvudhi, Arerut, Sarawood Sungkaew, Sutheera Hermhuk, Pasuta Sunthornhao, Surin Onprom (2016). Plant Diversity and Utilization on Ethnobotany of Local People at Hmong Doi Pui Village in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai J. For. 35(3): 136-146 (2016).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sungkajanttranon, Oraphan; Marod, Dokrak; Petchsri, Sahanat; Kongsatree, Kritsiam; Peankonchong, Anothai; Chotpiseksit, Thunthicha; Supnuam, Benjawan (2019-01-28). "Altitudinal Effect on Diversity and Distribution of Araceae in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand". J. Of Agr. Sci. And Tech. B. 9 (1).
  4. ^ Gardner, Simon; Sidisunthorn, Pindar & Anusarnsunthorn, Vilaiwan (2007). A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. Bangkok: Kobfai Publishing Project. ISBN 978-974-8367-29-3
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