List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages

This is a list of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants that are based or partially based on Indo-European languages.

Pidgins

Germanic–Slavic

Robacian

English–Russian-based

Europe
- Solombala English

Norwegian–Russian-based

Europe
- Russenorsk

Germanic

Indo-Aryan

Assamese-based

Nefamese

Hindi-based

Italic (Romance)

General Romance-based

Mediterranean Basin
- Lingua Franca/Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Sabir, Petit Mauresque or Little Moorish) was spoken in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.

French-based

Africa
- West Africa
  - Français Tirailleur, a Pidgin language ^[1] spoken in West Africa by soldiers in the French Colonial Army, approximately 1850–1960.
Asia
- Southeast Asia
  - Tây Bồi Pidgin French, Pidgin language spoken in former French Colonies in Indochina, primarily Vietnam

Portuguese-based

Africa
- Central Africa
  - Pequeno Português

Portuguese–Spanish-based

Europe
- Portuguese–Spanish
  - Portuñol/Portunhol

Italic (Romance)–Germanic-based

French–English-based

Africa
- Camfranglais in Cameroon (mixed Cameroonian French-English Pidgin)

Different language families-based Pidgins

Indo-European–Bantu

Afrikaans–Sotho-based

Flaaitaal/Tsotsitaal

Afrikaans–Sotho–Zulu

Camtho

Zulu-English-Afrikaans

Fanagalo

Creoles

Germanic

Afrikaans-based creoles

Flaaitaal/Tsotsitaal (extinct as a creole)
Oorlams Creole

Dutch-based creoles

Atlantic
- Caribbean (Dutch West Indies)
  - Negerhollands (extinct) (US Virgin Islands)
- South America
  - Guyanas
    - Berbice Creole Dutch (extinct) (Berbice river region)
    - Skepi Creole Dutch (extinct) (Essequibo River region)
- North America
  - Mohawk Dutch (extinct)
  - Negro Jersey Dutch ("Neger-Dauts" - "Negro Dutch") (extinct)
Asia
- Southeast Asia (Dutch East Indies)
  - Javindo, in Java, Indonesia (extinct)
  - Petjo (Peco), in Indonesia; immigrant community in the Netherlands (extinct or critically in danger)

English-based creoles

Atlantic
- Caribbean
  - Western Caribbean
    - Jamaican Patois (Jamaican Creole English)
      - Limonese Creole
      - Bocas del Toro Creole (Panamanian Creole English)
      - Jamaican Maroon Creole
    - Belizean Creole
    - Miskito Coast Creole (Nicaragua Creole English)
      - Rama Cay Creole
    - San Andrés–Providencia Creole (Raizal Creole English/Islander Creole English)
  - Eastern Caribbean
    - Northern
      - Bahamian–Turks and Caicos Creole English (Lucayan Archipelago)
        Bahamian Creole
        
        Turks and Caicos Creole English
      - Gullah language (Sea Islands Creole English)
        Afro-Seminole Creole
    - Southern
      - Virgin Islands Creole (Netherlands Antilles Creole English)
        Crucian: Spoken on Saint Croix.
        
        Saint Martin Creole English: Spoken in Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Martin.
      - Leeward Caribbean Creole English
        Anguillan Creole
        
        Antiguan Creole
        
        Saint Kitts Creole
        
        Montserrat Creole
      - Vincentian Creole
      - Grenadian Creole English
      - Tobagonian Creole
      - Trinidadian Creole
      - Bajan Creole (Barbadian Creole English)
      - Guyanese Creole
- Europe
  - Western Europe
    - Middle English (disputed)
- Africa
  - West Africa
    - Krio (Sierra Leone Creole English)
      - Equatorial Guinean Pidgin (Pichinglis, Fernando Po Creole English, Bioko Creole English) (now also a Creole language)
    - Liberian Kreyol
    - Ghanaian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
    - Nigerian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
    - Cameroonian Pidgin (now also a Creole language)
- Suriname
  - Sranan Tongo (Surinamese Creole English)
  - Saramaccan (Saramacca–Upper Suriname regions)
  - Surinamese and French Guianese Maroons
    - Aluku
    - Ndyuka (Aukan, Eastern Maroon Creole), in Suriname
    - Paramaccan
    - Kwinti, in Suriname
    - Matawai
Pacific
- South East Asian
  - Singlish
- Australia
  - Australian Kriol
  - Torres Strait Creole
- Pacific Islands
  - Micronesia
    - Ngatikese Creole
  - Polynesia
    - Hawaiian Creole
    - Pitkern language (Pitcairn–Norfolk)
    - Tongan Creole (in Tonga)
  - Melanesia
    - Tok Pisin (now also a Creole language) (in Papua New Guinea)
    - Fijian Creole (in Fiji)
    - Pijin (now also a Creole language) (in Solomon Islands)
    - Bislama (in Vanuatu)

German-based creole

Pacific
- Melanesia
  - Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German)

Indo-Aryan

Assamese-based creole

Nagamese creole

Bengali-based creole

Andaman Creole Hindi, a creole of Bengali, Hindi and Tamil
Bishnupriya Manipuri, a creole of Bengali and Manipuri

Hindi-based creole

Andaman Creole Hindi

Romani-based creole

Cyprus
- Kurbet

Italic (Romance)

French-based creoles

Americas
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape^[2]
  - Haitian Creole (Kreyòl ayisyen, locally called Creole)
  - Louisiana Creole (Kréyol la Lwizyàn, locally called Kourí-Viní and Creole), the Louisiana French Creole language. (not confuse with Louisiana French or Cajun French)
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ka^[3]
  - Antillean Creole is a language spoken primarily in the francophone (and some of the anglophone) Lesser Antilles, such as Martinique, Guadeloupe, Îles des Saintes, Dominica, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago and many other smaller islands.
    - Dominican Creole French
    - Grenadian Creole French
    - Saint Lucian Creole French
      - San Miguel Creole French (in Panama)
  - French Guianese Creole is a language spoken in French Guiana, and to a lesser degree in Suriname and Guyana.
  - Karipúna French Creole, spoken in Brazil, mostly in the state of Amapá. (not confuse with Karipuna or Palikúr a native Arawakan language of Amapá State)
    - Lanc-Patuá, spoken more widely in the state of Amapá, is a variety of the former, possibly the same language.
Indian Ocean
- Varieties with progressive aspect marker ape^[2] – subsumed under a common classification as Bourbonnais Creoles (Mascarene Creoles)
  - Mauritian Creole, spoken in Mauritius (locally Kreol)
    - Rodriguan creole, spoken on the island of Rodrigues
    - Agalega creole, spoken in Agaléga Islands
    - Chagossian creole, spoken by the former population of the Chagos Archipelago
  - Réunion Creole, spoken in Réunion
  - Seychellois Creole, spoken everywhere in the Seychelles and locally known as Kreol seselwa. It is the national language and shares official status with English and French.
Pacific Ocean
- Tayo Creole, spoken in New Caledonia

Spanish-based creoles

Americas
- Caribbean
  - Bozal Spanish (in Cuba) (possibly extinct)
  - Palenquero (in a region of Caribbean coast of Colombia)
Asia
- Mindanao, Philippines
  - Chavacano (Zamboangueño Creole Spanish)

Portuguese-based creoles

Africa
- Upper Guinea Creoles
  - Cape Verdean Creole: Vigorous use, Cape Verde Islands.
  - Guinea-Bissau Creole: Vigorous use. Lingua franca in Guinea-Bissau, also spoken in Casamance, Senegal. Growing number of speakers.
- Gulf of Guinea creoles
  - Angolar: A heavy substrate of Kimbundu, spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
  - Annobonese Creole (Fa d'Ambu): Vigorous use. Spoken on Annobón island, Equatorial Guinea
  - Forro: Forro is becoming the language of social networks. Spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
  - Principense Creole: Almost extinct. Spoken on Príncipe island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
  - Tonga Portuguese (Português dos Tongas)
Americas
- Papiamento
Asia
- Indo-Portuguese creoles
  - Southern Indo-Portuguese
    - Sri Lankan Portuguese creole (almost extinct)
    - Malabar Coast Indo-Portuguese
      - Cochin Portuguese Creole (Vypin Creole) (in Kochi) (extinct)
        Cannanore Portuguese Creole (in Kannur) (almost extinct)
    - Coromandel Coast Indo-Portuguese
      - Bengal Creole Portuguese (extinct)
  - Northern Indo-Portuguese (Norteiro)
    - Korlai Portuguese Creole (Kristi): spoken in Korlai, India.
    - Bombay Portuguese Creole (extinct)
    - Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole: spoken in Daman and Diu, India. (old decreolization)
- East Asian
  - Macanese
    - Macanese: Spoken in Macau. (old decreolization)
- Southeast Asian
  - Malayo-Portuguese
    - Kristang (Cristão) (Malaccan Creole Portuguese): spoken in Malacca, Malaysia and emigrant communities in Singapore and Perth, Western Australia
    - Mardijker Creole: by the Mardijker people of Batavia (Jakarta) = Papiá Tugu: in Kampung Tugu, Jakarta, Indonesia. (extinct)
    - Bidau Creole Portuguese (Timor Pidgin): in the Bidau area of Dili, East Timor. (it was also a creole) (extinct)
    - Portugis (Ternateño): in the Ambon, Ternate islands and Minahasa, Indonesia. (extinct)

Mixed languages

Between Indo-European languages

Balto-Slavic
- Belarusian–Russian
  - Trasianka/Meshanka (Belarusian-Russian mixed speech)
- Ukrainian–Russian
  - Surzhyk (Ukrainian-Russian mixed speech)
Germanic
- German–Danish
  - Petuh, Danish grammar and semantics with German vocabulary.
- High German–Low German (Low Saxon)
  - Missingsch, Low Saxon grammar, pronunciation, pragmatics, loanwords and substrate and German vocabulary.
- Swedish–Norwegian
  - Svorsk
Indo-Aryan
- Para-Romani (Romani Ethnolects based on Indo-European languages, mainly Romani lexic with other languages grammars and variable Romani grammar features also)
  - Romani–Other Indo-Iranian
    - Romani–Iranian
      - Romani–Persian
        Afghanistan Gorbat
        
        Persian Romani (mixed Romani-Persian)
        
        Magati
  - Romani–Domari–Armenian
    - Lomavren (mixed Romani–Domari–Armenian)
  - Romani–Balto-Slavic
    - Romani–Slavic
      - Romano-Serbian (mixed Romani–Serbian)
      - Bohemian Romani (mixed Romani–Czech) (extinct)
  - Romani–Germanic
    - Romani–English
      - Angloromani (mixed Romani–English)
    - Scandoromani (mixed Romani–General Scandinavian)
      - Romani–Swedish
        Traveller Swedish
      - Romani–Danish
        Danish Rodi, Traveller Danish
      - Romani–Norwegian
        Rodi language, Traveller Norwegian
  - Romani–Hellenic
    - Romano-Greek (mixed Romani-Greek)
  - Romani–Italic (Romance)
    - Romani–Occitan–Iberian Romance
      - Caló
        Occitan caló (Occitan: caló occitan)
        
        Catalan caló (Catalan: caló català)
        
        Spanish caló (Spanish: caló español)
        
        Portuguese caló (Portuguese: caló português)
Italic (Romance)
- Estremaduran–Castilian–Portuguese
  - Barranquenho (Barranquian)

Indo-European–Other language families

Indo-European–Eskimo–Aleutian
- Russian–Aleutian
  - Mednyj Aleut
Indo-European–Japanese
- English–Japanese
  - Bonin English, a mix of Japanese and English Creole[40]
Indo-European–Pama–Nyungan
- English–Warlpiri
  - Light Warlpiri
- English–Gurindji
  - Gurindji Kriol
Indo-European–Turkic
- Greek–Turkish
  - Cappadocian Greek
Indo-European–Semitic
- Greek–Arabic
  - Cypriot Maronite Arabic
Indo-European–Basque
- Romani–Basque
  - Erromintxela
Indo-European–Uralic
- Romani–Estonian
  - Laiuse Romani (extinct)
Indo-European–Vedda
- Sinhalese–Vedda
  - Vedda
Indo-European–Algic
- French–Cree
  - Michif
Indo-European–Quechuan
- Spanish–Quechua
  - Media Lengua

Cant languages (Cryptolects, Secret languages)

Balto-Slavic

Bulgarian-based

Meshterski, from Bulgaria

Polish-based

Grypsera, from Poland

Russian-based

Fenya from Russia
Padonkaffsky jargon (or Olbanian) from Runet, Russia

Serbo-Croatian-based

Banjački, from Serbia
Šatrovački, from the former Yugoslavia

Celtic

Irish Gaelic-based

Shelta, from the Irish traveller community in Ireland

Scottish Gaelic-based

Beurla Reagaird, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in Scotland

Germanic

Danish-based

Rotvælsk, from Denmark

Dutch-based

Bargoens, from the Netherlands

German-based

Rotwelsch, from Germany

English-based

Back slang, from London, United Kingdom
Cockney Rhyming Slang, from London, United Kingdom
Engsh, from Kenya
Jejemon from the Philippines
Polari, a general term for a diverse but unrelated groups of dialects used by actors, circus and fairground showmen, gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes).^[4]
Sheng from Kenya
Swardspeak (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines
Thieves' cant (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom
Tutnese, from the United States

Scots-based

Scottish Cant a variant of Scots and Romani used by the Lowland Gypsies in Scotland, United Kingdom

Yiddish-based

Klezmer-loshn, from Eastern Europe

Hellenic

Greek-based

Podaná, from Greece

Indo-Aryan

Kohistani-based

Adurgari, from Afghanistan

Urdu-based

Hijra Farsi, (Urdu and not Farsi-based) from South Asia, used by the hijra and kothi subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)

Italic (Romance)

French-based

Javanais, from France
Louchébem, from France
Verlan, from France

Galician-based

Barallete, from Galicia, Spain
Fala dos arxinas, from Galicia, Spain

Italian-based

Spasell, from Italy (Lombard language Based cant)
Arivaresco, from Vico Pancellorum, Italy

Portuguese-based

Cafundó (Cupópia), in Cafundó, São Paulo State
Miguxês, from the emo, hipster subcultures of young netizens in Brazil

Spanish-based

Bron from León and Asturias, Spain
Gacería, from Spain
Germanía, from Spain
Lunfardo, from Argentina and Uruguay
Xíriga, from Asturias, Spain

References

^ Holm, J.A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 9780521359405. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
^ ^a ^b with variants ap and pe, from the koiné French progressive aspect marker àprè <après> Henri Wittmann. 1995, "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17^e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert & Wittmann, Henri, Le français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334.[1]
^ from the Karipúna substratum (Henri Wittmann. 1995, "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17^e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert & Wittmann, Henri, Le français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334.[2]
^ Partridge, Eric (1937) Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English

External links

[google-1] Holm, J.A. (1989). Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. ISBN 9780521359405. Retrieved 2015-03-02.

[ape-2] with variants ap and pe, from the koiné French progressive aspect marker àprè <après> Henri Wittmann. 1995, "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17^e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert & Wittmann, Henri, Le français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334.[1]

[ka-3] rom the Karipúna substratum (Henri Wittmann. 1995, "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17^e siècle et origines du français québécois", in Fournier, Robert & Wittmann, Henri, Le français des Amériques, Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, pp. 281–334.[2]

[4] Partridge, Eric (1937) Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages

Pidgins

Germanic–Slavic

English–Russian-based

Norwegian–Russian-based

Germanic

English-based

German-based

Swedish-based

Indo-Aryan

Assamese-based

Hindi-based

Italic (Romance)

General Romance-based

French-based

Portuguese-based

Portuguese–Spanish-based

Italic (Romance)–Germanic-based

French–English-based

Different language families-based Pidgins

Indo-European–Bantu

Afrikaans–Sotho-based

Afrikaans–Sotho–Zulu

Zulu-English-Afrikaans

Creoles

Germanic

Afrikaans-based creoles

Dutch-based creoles

English-based creoles

German-based creole

Indo-Aryan

Assamese-based creole

Bengali-based creole

Hindi-based creole

Romani-based creole

Italic (Romance)

French-based creoles

Spanish-based creoles

Portuguese-based creoles

Mixed languages

Between Indo-European languages

Indo-European–Other language families

Cant languages (Cryptolects, Secret languages)

Balto-Slavic

Bulgarian-based

Polish-based

Russian-based

Serbo-Croatian-based

Celtic

Irish Gaelic-based

Scottish Gaelic-based

Germanic

Danish-based

Dutch-based

German-based

English-based

Scots-based

Yiddish-based

Hellenic

Greek-based

Indo-Aryan

Kohistani-based

Urdu-based

Italic (Romance)

French-based

Galician-based

Italian-based

Portuguese-based

Spanish-based

See also

References

External links