List of penguins

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (0 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (0 species)
EN	Endangered (5 species)
VU	Vulnerable (4 species)
NT	Near threatened (2 species)
LC	Least concern (7 species)

Penguins are birds in the family Spheniscidae in the monotypic order Sphenisciformes.^[1] They inhabit high-productivity marine habitats, almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere; the only species to occur north of the Equator is the Galapagos penguin.^[2]^[3] The only group of birds other than the ratites to be entirely flightless, penguins are extremely adapted to their aquatic lifestyle, with a streamlined shape that minimizes drag, countershaded dark-and-white plumage,^[3] dense bones,^[2] powerful flippers, and insulating feathers that allow them to withstand very low temperatures on land and in water.^[3]

There are currently 18 extant species of penguins recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union, distributed among six genera.^[1] Many species of fossil penguins are known from the Paleocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.^[4]

Conventions edit

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the penguin's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List.^[1] Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN^[a] or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World,^[6] the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification edit

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 18 species of penguins in six genera. This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Family Spheniscidae

Genus Aptenodytes: two species
Genus Pygoscelis: three species
Genus Eudyptula: one species
Genus Spheniscus: four species
Genus Megadyptes: one species
Genus Eudyptes: seven species

Penguins edit

Genus **Aptenodytes** – Miller, J. F., 1778 – 2 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	IUCN status and estimated population
King penguin	A. patagonicus Miller, J. F., 1778	Subantarctic islands	LC 1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs ^[7]
Emperor penguin	A. forsteri Gray, G. R., 1884	Antarctic sea ice	NT 256,500 breeding pairs ^[8]

Genus **Pygoscelis** – Wagler, 1832 – 3 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	IUCN status and estimated population
Adélie penguin	P. adeliae (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841)	Antarctica and surrounding islands	LC 1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs ^[9]
Chinstrap penguin	P. antarcticus (Forster, J. R., 1781)	Antarctic Peninsula and Balleny Islands	LC 8,000,000 ^[10]
Gentoo penguin	P. papua (Forster, J. R., 1781) Four subspecies P. a. taeniata P. a. papua P. a. ellsworthi P. a. poncetii	Subantarctic islands and locally in Antarctica	LC 774,000 ^[11]

Genus **Eudyptula** – Bonaparte, 1856 – 1 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	IUCN status and estimated population
Little penguin	E. minor (Forster, J. R., 1781) Six subspecies E. a. novaehollandiae E. a. iredalei E. a. variabilis E. a. minor E. a. albosignata E. a. chathamensis	Australia and New Zealand	LC 469,760 ^[12]

Genus **Spheniscus** – Brisson, 1760 – 4 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	IUCN status and estimated population
Galapagos penguin	S. mendiculus Sundevall, 1871	Galápagos Islands	EN 1,200 ^[13]
Humboldt penguin	S. humboldti Meyen, 1834	South America	VU 23,800 ^[14]
Magellanic penguin	S. magellanicus (Forster, J. R., 1781)	South America	LC 2,200,000–3,200,000 ^[15]
African penguin	S. demersus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Coasts of Southern Africa	EN 41,700 ^[16]

Genus **Megadyptes** – Milne-Edwards, 1880 – 1 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	IUCN status and estimated population
Yellow-eyed penguin	M. antipodes (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1841)	New Zealand	EN 2,600–3,000 ^[17]

Genus **Eudyptes** – Vieillot, 1816 – 7 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	IUCN status and estimated population
Macaroni penguin	E. chrysolophus (Brandt, J. F., 1837)	Antarctic Peninsula, South America, and subantarctic islands in South Atlantic and Indian Oceans	VU 6,300,000 breeding pairs ^[18]
Royal penguin	E. schlegeli Finsch, 1876	Macquarie Island and nearby islands	LC 1,340,000–1,660,000 ^[19]
Northern rockhopper penguin	E. moseleyi Mathews & Iredale, 1921	Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island, and St. Paul Island	EN 413,700 ^[20]
Southern rockhopper penguin	E. chrysocome (Forster, J. R., 1781) Two subspecies E. c. filholi E. c. chrysocome	South America and subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean and New Zealand	VU 2,500,000 ^[21]
Fiordland penguin	E. pachyrhynchus Gray, G. R., 1845	New Zealand	NT 12,500–50,000 ^[22]
Snares penguin	E. robustus Oliver, 1953	Snares Islands	VU 63,000 ^[23]
Erect-crested penguin	E. sclateri Buller, 1888	Bounty and Antipodes Islands	EN 150,000 ^[24]