This is a list of historical separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria
editWhat is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are no longer an active movement with active members.
- They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
List
editAntigua and Barbuda
edit- Political party: Antigua Labour Party
The Bahamas
edit- Abaco Islands
Political parties: Abaco Independence Movement (defunct)
- Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)
Barbados
edit
- Proposed state: Lokono-Arawak Nation
- Political parties: United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP), Eagle Clan of Lokono-Arawaks (ECLA)[1][2]
- Militant organisation: Indigenous Democracy Defense Organization (IDDO)[3]
Belize
edit- Political party: People's United Party
British West Indies
edit- Political party: Caribbean League
- Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation
Canada
editAutonomist
edit
Acadia
- Political party: Parti Acadien
Cape Breton Island
- Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party
- the Maritimes
- Political party: the Maritimes
Ontario
- Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party
Quebec
- Political party: Action démocratique du Québec
Secessionist
edit- Nova Scotia
- Political: Anti-Confederation Party
- Ontario
- Quebec
- Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
- Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire
- Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale (Quebec), Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec
- Western Canada
Costa Rica
edit- Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party
Dominica
edit- Political party: Dominica Labour Party
Autonomist
edit- Proposed state: Karifuna-Carib Nation
- Political parties: Kalinago Tribal Nation, United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) [4][5][6][7]
Haiti
edit- Cacos (anti-US occupation)
Jamaica
edit- Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party
- Proposed state: Accompong Town Maroon Community[8][9]
- Political organizations: Maroon Council[10]
Mexico
edit- Secessionist
- California Republic
- Chan Santa Cruz
- Republic of Fredonia
- Republic of the Rio Grande
- Republic of Texas
- Republic of Yucatán
- Republic of Baja California
- Republic of Sonora
Nicaragua
edit- Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)
Panama
editSaint Vincent and the Grenadines
editCarib Country (Black Carib indigenous communities north of the Rabacca River: Orange Hill, Overland, Sandy Bay, Point, Owia and Fancy) [11][12][13]
- Proposed state: Yurumein
- Former reservations:Old Sandy Bay, Petit Bonum, Morne Ronde, Lariki, Grieggs[14]
- Political parties: Campaign for the Development of the Carib Community(CDCC),[15][16] Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc (GIPSVG),[17] United Confederation of Taino People (UCTP) [18]
Trinidad and Tobago
edit- Political party: People's National Movement
- Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People
United States
edit- American Revolution
- Aztlán
- Confederate States of America
- New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
- Republic of New Afrika
- State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)
- State of Muskogee, secessionist Florida territory (1799 - 1803)
- For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.
- Republic of West Florida
- Conch Republic
- Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
Puerto Rico
edit- Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "THINGS BAJAN: Culpepper Island". NationNews Room. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "New Global Entity Focused on Threats to the Security of Indigenous Tribal Nations Created * Last Real Indians Exclusive". NationNews. 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- ^ "When the Kalinago Tribal Nation of Dominica Stood up to the Powers That be and Won by Damon Corrie". Last Real Indians Room. 2021-10-12. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "The Caribs of Dominica: Land Rights and Ethnic Consciousness". Cultural Survival. 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "Meet the Kalinagos: Dominica offers Maroons, Ja Gov't model of mutual respect". Cultural Survival. 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "Maroon Autonomy In Jamaica". Cultural Survival. 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "A Maroon State in Formation: Sovereignty and State Effects in the Polity of Accompong". UC Davis. 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "Maroons demand autonomy". UC Davis. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions". Antigua Observer. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "HEGEM ONY, CARIB HISTORY AND HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ST. VINCENT" (PDF). Antigua Observer. University College London. 2007. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "CARIBS". Antigua Observer. Tripod.
- ^ "1 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK CARIBS" (PDF). belize-glessimaresearch.org. Belize Glessima Research. August 1972. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ Twin, Paul (2006). "Land Ownership and the Construction of Carib Identity in St. Vincent". In Forte, Maximilian Christian (ed.). Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival. New York, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 89–106. ISBN 978-0-8204-7488-5., Caribbean Organisation of Indigenous Peoples
- ^ "Land and Livelihoods among the Black Caribs of North-East St Vincent: Case studies of farming and cottage-based agro-processing". Antigua Observer. Caribbean Geography-Research Gate. September 2013. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
- ^ "Garifuna Indigenous People of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Inc". GIPSVG. GIPSVG Inc.
- ^ "RECLAMATION OF CULPEPPER ISLAND BY LOKONO-ARAWAK & KARIFUNA-CARIB". Antigua Observer. The Voice of the Taino People Online. 13 March 2006. Retrieved 14 June 2023.