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List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E

Main article: Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend
Dietrich von Bern fights a wild man before encountering the giant Sigenot. Illimunation from Cod. Pal. germ. 67, fol. 19r, produced c. 1470 for Margaret of Savoy.

D

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Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Dag Old Norse: Dagr The name means "day" from PGmc *daʒaz.[1] In the Eddic poem Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II, Dag was the son of Högni3 and the brother of Sigrún and Bragi. When Helgi Hundingsbane fought for the hand of Sigrún against her suitor Hothbrodd and her family, only Dag was spared and made to swear allegiance to the Völsungs.[2] As Dag was obliged by honour to avenge his father, he sacrificed to Odin and the god lent him his spear. Dag found Helgi in the Grove of fetters (probably the sacred grove of the Semnones mentioned by Tacitus[3]) and pierced him with the spear. He went to his sister to inform her about it and she put a curse on him.[4] Helgakvíða Hundingsbana II
Dag the Great Old Norse: Dagr inn ríki Probably Snorri's addition.[5] For the etymology of Dagr, see Dag above. In the Ynglinga saga, Dag the Great is the father of Dageiðr, who together with Alaric, the king of Sweden, had the son Alf1. Dag's descendants were called the Daglings (dǫglingar).[6] In Snorri's source Ynglingatal 8, dǫglingar ("descendant of Dag") appears and in Ynglingatal 11, Dags frændr ("Dag's kinsmen") but Elias Wessén comments that this probably refers to Dag the Wise an earlier king of Sweden, and Snorri's inclusion of a second king named Dag appears unmotivated.[5] Ynglingatal 20, Ynglinga saga 8, 11
Dag the Wise Old Norse: Dagr Spaka For the etymology of Dagr, see Dag the Great above. Dag the Wise was an early Swedish king who was the son of Dyggve and the father of Alaric and Eric. The Historia Norwegiæ reports that he died fighting against Danes wanting to avenge his tame sparrow.[7] Ynglingatal and Ynglinga saga add that the king had the ability to speak with the sparrow.[8] In Ynglinga saga, it was killed in Reidgotaland and the king found out where by sacrificing a boar. However, when invading and avenging his sparrow in Gotland (sic.), he was killed by a thrall who threw a pitchfork at him.[8] Ynglingatal (VIII), Historia Norwegiæ, Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga (18)
Dæghrefn Middle High German: Dæghrefn The name means "day raven" from PGmc *daʒaz ("day")[1] and *χrabnaz ("raven").[9] Beowulf mentions the Frankish warrior Dæghrefn before he is going to slay the dragon. During Hygelac's historic raid into Frisia, Dæghrefn appears to have killed Hygelac and Beowulf avenges him by crushing Dæghrefn to death with his bare hands. He also saves Hygelac's necklace from being taken to the Frisian lord.[10] Dæghrefn has a "characteristically Frankish" name.[11] Beowulf
Dankwart Middle High German: Dancwart First element from PGmc *þank, related to OHG dankjan ("to think"),[12] second element PGmc *wardu ("guardian").[13] Hagen/Högni1's younger brother. He is killed by Helferich. He appears along with Hagen in several other epics.[14] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Dietrichs Flucht, Rosengarten zu Worms
Diether Middle High German: Diethêr, Old Norse: Þether Possibly a mixture of Theodoric the Great's brother Theodemund and his nephew Theodahad (died 536).[15] First element PGmc *þeudo- (people), second *hari- ("host, army").[16] Son of Dietmar, brother of Dietrich von Bern, nephew of Ermanaric, cousin of the Harlungen. He is killed by Witige, along with the sons of Attila and Helche.[15] Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht
Dietleib von Steier Middle High German: Dietleip von Stîre, Old Norse: Þetleifr First element PGmc *þeudo- ("people"), second element OHG leiba ("remnant").[17] Son of Biterolf. In Biterolf und Dietleib, he leaves his home at Toledo, Spain, to seek his father who is serving Attila. They briefly fight when they are both incognito. He is known as "von Steier" (of Styria) because Attila grants his father Styria as a fief. In Laurin, his sister Künhilt has been abducted by the dwarf king Laurin and he subsequently aids her in escaping.[15] In the Þiðreks saga, his father is Danish and his mother Saxon, and he is an unpromising youth until he saves his father's life. He joins Dietrich von Bern's men. Eventually, he is killed by queen Ostacia in the form of a dragon.[18] Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Biterolf und Dietleib, Rosengarten zu Worms, Laurin, Virginal
Dietlind1 Middle High German: Dietlint, Old Norse: Oda She may have her basis in Theodelinda (dead c. 628).[18] First element PGmc *þeudo- ("people"),[19] the second element is *linthia meaning "soft, flexible", but possibly also "snake" or "dragon".[20][21] The mother of Dietleib.[18] Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib
Dietlind2 Middle High German: Dietlint See Dietlind1 The daughter of Rüdiger; she is betrothed to Giselher. She has a dream telling her of her father's death, and Dietrich von Bern, her uncle, promises to find her a husband.[18] Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage
Dietmar Old Norse: Þjóðmar or Þetmarr, Middle High German: Dietmâr Historical Ostrogothic king Theodemir (died 475)[18] First element PGmc *þeudo- ("people"), second -māri ("famous").[22] Father of Dietrich von Bern and Diether, brother of Ermanaric, uncle of the Harlungen.[18] Mentioned as Þjóðrekr's father in Guðrúnarkviða III. Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Dietrich von Bern Old High German: Deotrîch, Old English: Þēodrīc, Old Norse: Þjóðrekr or Þiðrekr, Middle High German: Dietrîch The Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great (454-526).[23] "People-ruler", from PGmc *þeudo- ("people") and PGmc *rīk- ("ruler, powerful").[23] Son of Dietmar, brother of Diether, nephew of Ermanaric. Dietrich's exile is first mentioned in the Hildebrandslied.[24] In Old English sources, it is mentioned that Dietrich spent thirty years at Maeringa burg, and that he gave a sword to Witege for aiding him against giants.[25] In the Nibelungenlied, he appears as an exile at Attila's court. All of his men are killed in the fighting with the Burgundians except Hildebrand1. In the Nibelungenklage, he organizes the burial of the dead and then sets out with his wife Herrat and Hildebrand1 to reclaim his kingdom.[24] In Dietrichs Flucht, his uncle Ermanaric forces Dietrich into exile from his kingdom in Lombardy. Dietrich wins three Pyrrhic victories but each time is unable to reclaim his kingdom. In Rabenschlacht, Dietrich's brother Diether and the sons of Attila are killed; Rüdiger arranges for him to be reconciled with Attila.[26] In other epics, Dietrich arranges a great tournament against the Burgundians and Siegfried, and fights against various supernatural beings, including being captured by giants.[27] In the Þiðreks saga, Dietrich's youthful adventures, exile, and return to his kingdom are recounted, as well as his death riding an infernal horse that carries him to hell.[28] References in the Eddic poems to Dietrich are fairly late.[29] Deor, Waldere Guðrúnarkviða II, Guðrúnarkviða III Hildebrandslied, Annals of Quedlinburg, Nibelungenlied, Nibelungenklage, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Rosengarten zu Worms, Eckenlied, Sigenot, Goldemar, Dietrich und Fasolt, Laurin, Virginal, Wunderer, Ermenrichs Tod, Heldenbuch-Prosa
Dietrich von Griechen Middle High German: Dietrîch von Kriechen, possibly Old Norse: Þiðrekr Valdemarsson Theodoric Strabo has been suggested as the origin of this figure.[30] See Dietrich von Bern. In the German sources, one of Attila's vassals and Dietrich von Bern's companion. He is possibly the same figure as Thidrek Valdemarsson in the Þiðreks saga.[30] Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschacht, Rosengarten zu Worms. Possibly in Þiðreks saga.
Dietwart Middle High German: Dietwart Probably an invention of the poet or redactor of Dietrichs Flucht.[30] First element PGmc *þeudo- ("people"),[31] the second element is PGmc *warda- ("protector, guardian").[13][32] An ancestor of Dietrich von Bern's and an ideal prince. He kills a dragon during his bridal quest to marry Minne ("love").[30] Dietrichs Flucht
Domalde Old Norse: Dómaldi or Dómaldr, Latin: Domald or Domaldus It is the same name as Frankish Domald/Domuald and Old High German Tuomwald.[33] The first element is dómr[33] from PGmc *dōmaz ("judgment").[34] The second element -valdi is a variant of -valdr and they are from PGmc *waldaz ("ruler").[35] The oldest source Ynglingatal only reports that the Swedes sacrificed their king Domaldi in the hope of having better harvests. Snorri adds in Ynglinga saga that during a famine, the Swedes sacrificed oxen the first year, and people the second year. The third year they sacrificed their king. The Historia Norwegiæ says that the Swedes sacrificed him to Ceres which was probably Interpretatio Romana for the goddess Freyja. A similar sacrifice is reported to have been performed as early as the 4th c. by the Burgundians,[36] and as late as the 1527 c. the Swedish king Gustav Vasa complained that his subjects considered him responsible for the harvests.[37] Ynglingatal (V), Historia Norwegiæ, Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga (15)
Domar Old Norse: Dómarr, Latin: Domar The PN form of the name was *dōmaharjaʀ.[38] It is the same name as Visigothic Domarius and Old English Domhere .[38][33] The first element is dómr[33] from PGmc *dōmaz ("judgment").[34] The second element is -harjaz ("war chief", "warrior").[39] Domarr was an early Swedish king who succeeded his father Domaldi and who was the father of Dyggve. After the sacrifice of his father for good harvests, he had a prosperous and peaceful reign and died of illness at Uppsala. He was burned at the Fýrisvellir on the bank of the river Fyris and standing stones were raised after him.[40] Ynglingatal (VI), Historia Norwegiæ, Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga (16)
Drasian Middle High German: Drasîân, Old Norse: Drusian Connections to the Gepid king Thrafstila or the Roman general Drusus have been suggested, but George Gillespie finds these suggestions "[s]omewhat bizarre".[41] The first element of the name is PGmc *þrasa ("quick" or "threaten"), the ending -îân is frequent in the names of characters who are heathens, giants, and dwarfs.[41] In Wolfdietrich, Drasian abducts Wolfdietrich's wife and is subsequently killed by him. In Þiðreks saga, the widow of Drasian sends Ecke out to find Dietrich von Bern, and Dietrich marries one of his daughters.[41] Wolfdietrich, Þiðreks saga
The Dragon (Beowulf) Old English: wyrm and Old English: draca Wyrm is from PGmc *wurmaz or *wurmiz meaning "snake",[42] while draca is from Latin dracō ("dragon").[43] In Beowulf, a slave accidentally awakes a dragon in a barrow that is guarding a treasure (2212), which is a typical trait for Scandinavian dragons, and it flies by night and sets things ablaze (2272ff). The dragon was upset because he had protected the treasure for three centuries, and a slave steals a cup from him.[44] It is more than 50 feet long (3042), spews fire (2308f, 2313) and has fangs (2692), but it is probably the poisonous breath (2839) that kills the hero Beowulf. It is snake like and coils like one (2561, 2567–2569), and it moves quickly (2288). It is covered with scales (2273), and bone (2578), but its belly was softer (2699). It appears to be lizard-like but it flies (2315, 2830, 2832f). The imagery recalls a dragon seen on a shield from Sutton Hoo.[45] During the fight, Beowulf hits it with his sword Nægling, but it breaks, and the dragon bites him in the neck with his fangs wounding him mortally (2691f). Wiglaf attacks the dragon's belly, and Beowulf gets the chance to use his dagger on the dragons belly and kill it.[46] Beowulf
Drasolf Old Norse: Drasolfr The first element is PGmc *thrasa- ("to fight", "to move fast"),[47] the second element is PGmc *wulfa- ("wolf").[48] Drasolf is married to Sigmund's sister Signy2. He attacks the Poles, and Sigmund supports him, leaving Sigmund's wife Sisibe (Hjördis/Sieglinde) in the hands of Sigmund's unscrupulous advisors. Drasolf's campaign against Poland is successful.[49] Þiðreks saga
Drífa1 Old Norse: Drífa The name means "snowdrift"[50] Snorri tells in Ynglinga saga that she was the daughter of Snær ("snow") in Lappland. One winter Vanlandi, the king of Sweden, stayed with them and married her promising to return for her after three years. However, after ten years he had still not returned. Humiliated Drífa1 sent their son Vísburr to Uppsala (where the Swedish king resided) accompanied by a witch named Hulð, whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic, or kill him. The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland, but his advisors made him stay. Instead Hulð had him hag ridden to death.[50] Ynglinga saga (13)
Drífa2 Old Norse: Drífa See Drífa1 In Hrólfs saga kraka, the daughter of Hrólfr kraki who marries her off to Bödvar Bjarki,[51] and she thus replaces Hrut (Freawaru) in the saga.[52] She and her sister Skur also appear in the Skjöldunga saga, as the daughters of Hrólfr.[53] Skjöldunga saga, Hrólfs saga kraka
Durinn Old Norse: Durinn If the first vowel was long it means "the sleepy one", but if it was short "door-keeper". It may also be connected to Old Indic dhvaras, a "demonic being".[54] According to the U version of the Hervarar saga, the king Svafrlami was out hunting and he found a big stone and the dwarves Dvalinn and Durinn. He held them captive with the steel of his sword so they could not return to the stone. As he knew they were the most skilled smiths among the dwarves, he commanded them to forge the best sword for him with hilt and grip of gold. It would never rust or fail and pierce iron like cloth, and always make its master victorious. The dwarves did as commanded and forged Tyrfing, but they cursed it so it would cause Svafrlami's death, do three evil deeds and be the death of a man every time it was drawn.[55] Hervarar saga (U version), Vǫluspá, Gylfaginning
Dvalinn Old Norse: Dvalinn The name means the "slow one" or the "sleeping one".[54] See Durinn for his role in Hervarar saga. According to Fáfnismál, Dvalinn was the father of several norns, and according to Sǫrla þáttr he was one of the four dwarves who forged Freyja's necklace Brisingamen.[54] Sǫrla þáttr, Hervarar saga (U version), Völsunga saga, Vǫluspá, Hávamál, Alvíssmál, Gylfaginning, Fáfnismál
Dyggve Old Norse: Dyggvi, Latin: Dyggui and Dygvius The name is related to the adjective dyggr which means "trusty" and "valiant".[56] Dyggvi was an early king of Sweden who was the son of Domar and the father of Dag the Wise. Snorri reports that like his father he ruled until he died of illness. Snorri adds that his mother was Drótt, the daughter of Danpr, the son of Rig (the god Heimdall). His wife's brother was Danr inn mikilláti, after whom the Danes were named. He also adds that Dyggvi was the first ruler to be called "king" in Old Norse.[57] The account of his death as related by Ynglingatal is notable because of its sexualized content. It tells Dyggvi died because the goddess Hel, Loki's daughter, wanted him for her sexual pleasure.[58][59][60] Ynglingatal (VII), Historia Norwegiæ, Íslendingabók, Ynglinga saga (17)

E

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Figure Names in medieval languages Historical origin Name meaning Relationships Early and English Attestations Norse Attestations German Attestations
Eadgils Old English: Ēadgils, Old Norse: Aðils, Latin: Adillus or Athislus Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[61][62] OE Ēadgils and ON Aðils don't correspond exactly. OE Ēadgils is derived from PGmc *Auða-gīslaz, while Aðils is derived from PN *Aþa-gīslaz, and the reason for the difference is probably the fact that Ēadgils was the closest match known to Anglo-Saxons.[63] *Aþa- is from *aþal- meaning "noble", "prominent",[64] *auða- means "wealth", "happiness".[65][66] *Gīsl means "arrow shaft" or "hostage".[67] Eadgils and his brother Eanmund, are the sons of the Swedish king Ohthere, but they are exiled when their uncle Onela (Àli) assumes power. They seek refuge with the Geatish king Heardred who accepts them, which causes a war with Onela. Eanmund and Heardred are killed in the war. The new king Beowulf supports Eadgils and the war ends at the Battle on the Ice that is retold in Scandinavian sources as well, but with Danish involvement.[68] After a visit by his queen Yrsa's son Hrólfr kraki he is severely wounded by him trying to recuperate the gold the fleeing Hrólfr has stolen from him.[69] He was the father of Eysteinn. Beowulf Ynglinga saga, Historia Norwegiæ, Islendingabók, Skjöldunga saga, Skáldskaparmál, Hrólfr kraki's saga, Gesta danorum, and Chronicon Lethrense and Annales Lundenses
Eadgils of the Myrgings Old English: Eadgils, Latin: Athislus The legend about Offa is probably based on historical inter-tribal rivalries before the Anglo-Saxon settlement of England.[70] See Eadgils, above. Eadgils is mentioned in Widsith as the ruler of the Myrgings. In the Danish accounts, he is conflated with the Swedish king Athislus (Eadgils, see above)[71] who invades the Schleswig region and kills its governor Frowinus in single combat. Wermund appoints Frowinus' sons Ket and Wig as his successors, and they avenge their father by ambushing and killing Athislus in Sweden. The cowardly murder brings disgrace on their tribe that will only be redeemed by their brother-in-law Offa who defeats two men in single combat,[72] which appears in Widsith (line 42) as a fight against Myrgings.[73] Widsith (lines 93–96) Gesta Danorum (IV), Brevis historia regum Dacie
Eaha Old English: Eaha The name is a doublet of eoh and means "horse",[74] from PGmc *eχwaz ("horse").[75] However, Möller considered the name with an intervocalic h to be impossible and emended it to Eawa, which is attested as the name of king Penda's brother. However, there are attestations of similar Old English forms of the name: Echha, Aehcha and the female name Acha.[76] During the battle of Finnsburg when Hnæf and his men are attacked by the Frisians, his men run to the doors of the hall to defend it. Eaha stands together with Sigeferth at one of the doors with the swords drawn, while Hengest, Ordlaf and Guthlaf stand at the other doors. However, unlike the other men involved nothing else is known about Eaha.[77] Finnsburg Fragment
Eadwacer Old English: Ēadwacer The first element is from PGmc *auda- ("wealth"),[78] and the second element is from PGmc *wakraz ("watchful, vigilant").[79] Eadwacer is mentioned in the lament ''Wulf and Eadwacer that is notoriously difficult to interpret.[80] Wulf and Eadwacer
Eadwine1 Old English: Ēadwine The 6th c. Lombard king Audoin. The first element is auda- ("wealth"),[81] and the second element is wini ("friend"),[82] from PGmc *weniz.[83] He is mentioned in Widsith, line 74 as the father of Ælfwine (Alboin).[84] Widsith (74, 117)
Eadwine2 Old English: Ēadwine See Eadwine1 Appears in Widsith, line 98 as the father of Ealhild (see Svanhild).[85] Widsith
Ealhhild see Svanhild.
Eanmund Old English: Ēanmund, Possibly fictive as the name Ēanmund is well known from England, but not attested from Scandinavia. However, it could be an adaptation of a Scandinavian name such as Āmund or Ēmund.[86] Possibly an OE adaptation of PN *Aiwa-munduʀ,[87] from PN *aiwa- ("ever")[88] and *munduʀ ("protector").[89] A Swedish prince of the Scylfing (Yngling) dynasty. The sons of the Swedish king Othere, Eanmund and his brother Eadgils are exiled when their uncle Onela (Àli) assumes power. They find refuge at the court of Geatish king Heardred, but this causes a war with Onela, and in the ensuing battles, Eanmund and Heardred are killed. Eanmund is slain by Wihstan, Wiglaf's father who is fighting for Onela.[68] In Scandinavian tradition, he may be remembered as Eymundr, and ally of Halfdan, in Hyndluljóð (15)[90] and as Hømothus in Gesta Danorum.[90][91] Beowulf Possibly in Hyndluljóð (15) and Gesta Danorum (IV)
Eastgota Old English: Ēastgota The 3rd c. Gothic king Ostrogotha.[92] The Old English form means "East Goths" and is in the plural, although it doubtlessly refers to king Ostrogotha.[93] Appears in Widsith, line 113 and he is called "learned" and "good" which agrees with the positive mention he has in Getica.[92] Widsith, Getica
Ebenrot Middle High German: Ebenrôt, Old Norse: Avæntroð The name may derive from MHG âbentrôt ("sunset"), or it may be a corruption of Eckenot, another brother of Ecke and Fasolt who appears later in the Eckenlied.[41] The brother of Ecke and Fasolt. In the Þiðreks saga, he is the giant son of Nordian1 and is killed by Vildiver (Wisselau).[41] Eckenlied, Þiðreks saga
Ecglaf Old English: Ecglāf Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[61][62] For the first element Ecg-, see Ecgþeow, below. The second element is *-laibaz which means "descendant" or "heir".[94] He is the father of Unferth (Beowulf, line 499).[95] Beowulf
Ecgþeow Old English: Ecgþēow Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[61][62] PN: *Agiþewaz. The first element is either the same as Gothic agis meaning "fear", and ON agi meaning "disturbance", or derived from PGmc *agjō ("edge"),[96] meaning "sword".[97] The second element is *þewaz meaning "servant".[98] Ecgþeow was probably a Swedish warrior who belonged to the ruling Scylfing dynasty. Consequently, he could marry the only daughter of the Geatish king Hreðel and became the father of Beowulf, who had Hreðel as foster-father from the age of seven. He killed a Wulfing named Heaþolaf and received the protection of the Danish king Hroðgar who also paid the wergild. Ecgþeow became an old man but was dead by the time his son Beowulf visited Hroðgar.[99] Beowulf
Ecgwela Old English: Ecgwela Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[61][62] For the first element Ecg-, see Ecgþeow, above. The second element wela means "wealth, prosperity, riches".[100][97] The Scyldings are called the "sons of Ecgwela" (Beowulf, line 1710).[101] Beowulf
Ecke Middle High German: Ecke, Old Norse: Ekka Probably created to explain the origin of the name of Dietrich von Bern's sword Eckesachs.[102] PGmc *agjō- ("sharp").[102] A young giant who is sent by Queen Seburg to seek Dietrich von Bern. He is dressed by her in the golden armor of king Ortnit. Ecke finds Dietrich in Tyrol; Dietrich is unwilling to fight him, but Ecke forces him to. When Dietrich defeats him but kills and beheads Ecke when Ecke refuses to swear homage. Dietrich then takes Ecke's armor and sword and ties his head to his saddle. In one version, he throws Ecke's head at Seburg's feet. In the Þiðreks saga, Ecke is sent by the widow of king Drusian, who dies of grief at Ecke's death. Dietrich defeats him after his horse, Valke, kicks him, breaking his back.[103] Eckenlied, Þiðreks saga.
Eckehart Middle High German: Eckehart, Old Norse: Fritila First element PGmc *agjō- ("sharp"),[102][104] second element PGmc *hardu ("hard").[105] The son of Hache. He is the protector of the Harlungen and associated with Breisach and Alsace. He fights with Dietrich against Ermanaric; in the Heldenbuch-Prosa, he kills Ermanaric and then stands in front of the Venusberg, warning people not to go in until the end of the days.[102] In the Þiðreks saga, he is called Fritila.[106] Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Alpharts Tod, Rosengarten zu Worms, Heldenbuch-Prosa. Possibly in Ermenrichs Tod.
Eckenot Middle High German: Eckenôt Possibly the same figure as Ebenrot.[41] For the element Ecke-, see Ecke and Eckehart. The element -nôt means "need", from PGmc *nauđiz.[107] A giant, brother of Ecke and Fasolt. Dietrich von Bern kills him.[106] Eckenlied
Eckewart Middle High German: Eckewart, Old Norse: Ekkivorðr Possibly derived from Eckehard I (died 1002) or Eckehard II (died 1046), both margraves of Meissen.[108] First element PGmc *agjō- ("sharp"),[102][109] second element PGmc *wardu ("guardian").[110] A margrave who accompanies Kriemhild to Attila's court after her marriage to Attila. He warns the Burgundians about the trap.[18] Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht
Egil1 Old Norse: Egill. Old English: Ægil on the Franks Casket, possibly Old High German: Aigil on the Pforzen buckle. PGmc Agilaz.[111] The first element is either from PGmc *agjō ("edge"), or derived from Gothic agis meaning "fear",[111][96] which is the same as ON agi meaning "disturbance".[96] The second element is a diminutive -l- suffix.[112] Egil1's historical basis may have been named *Aigil, based on the Pforzen buckle.[111] This name derives instead from PGmc *aigo- ("possessor").[113] Brother of Wayland and Slagfiðr. He and his brothers see three swan maidens bathing and capture them by stealing their swan-skins. Egil1 marries Alruna, who, however, leaves after seven years so that he must look for her. In the Þiðreks saga, he is also a masterbowman and is forced to shoot an apple off the head of his brother Wayland by king Nithhad. He helps Wayland flee from Nithhad.[114] Franks Casket Völundarkviða Þiðreks saga, Pforzen buckle
Egil2 See Ongentheow, for the Swedish king
Eitil Old Norse: Eitill The word eitill has meanings like "nodule in stone" and "iron" as in the expression harðr sem eitill ("hard as flint").[115] de Vries derives it from eitr meaning "poison" or "rage",[116] from PGmc *aitran ("poison").[117] Eitil and his brother Erpr1 were the sons of Atli (Attila) and Gudrun. Attila had killed her brothers Gunnar and Högni2, so she exacted vengeance by killing, cutting up, cooking and serving their sons for him to eat.[118] Dráp Niflunga, Atlakvíða, Hamdismál
Ekivrid Latin: Ekivrid For the first element, see Ecki. The second element is frithu,[119] from PGmc *friþuz ("peace").[120] The fourth of Gunther's men killed by Walter of Aquitaine. He is an outlaw for having killed a man in Saxony.[108] Waltharius
Ella Old Norse: Ella, Latin: Elli A Scandinavian adaptation of the OE name Ælla.[121] He appears at the massive Battle of Brávellir as one of the Danish king Harald Wartooth's warriors against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring. Seeing his friend Hun, killed by Starkad, Ella wants to avenge his friend and takes on the giant warrior, only to be killed as well.[122] Gesta Danorum only mentions him in a list of warriors sequentially killed by Starkad before he cuts off the hand of the shield-maiden Visna.[123] Sögubrot, Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Elgfróði Old Norse: Elgfróði The name means "elk-wise".[124] (In Europe, elk refers to what in North America is called the moose.[125]) The son of Bjorn and Bera and brother of Bodvar Bjarki and Thorir Hound's Foot. He has the body of an elk below the naval. He becomes a robber and advises Bodvar to join Hrólfr Kraki's heroes.[126] Hrólfs saga kraka
Elsa Old English: Elsa See Else1, below.[127] Appears in Widsith, line 117, where he appears to be a Lombard. He is not known from other sources.[127] Widsith
Else1 Middle High German: Else, Old Norse: Elsungr The name Else is possibly based on PGmc *ali- ("other, strange").[128] The ruler of a Bavarian march on the right bank of the Danube and brother of Gelpfrat in the Nibelungenlied. He and his brother attack the Burgundians after the cross the Danube. In the Þiðreks saga, he is a jarl who tries to take vengeance on Dietrich von Bern for killing his father.[129] Nibelungenlied, Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib
Else2 Middle High German: Else The element Els- is common in river names and Gillespie suggests a connection to Elsbaum ("alder tree"), which is a tree important in folk medicine.[130] A monstrous woman who overcomes Wolfdietrich. She is revealed to be a beautiful maiden after Wolfdietrich agrees to marry her or to give her one of his brother's marry her, depending on the version. She gives Wolfdietrich various magical gifts.[130] Wolfdietrich
Else3 Middle High German: Else, Old Norse: Elsungr See Else1 The father of Else1 and Gelpfrat - in the Þiðreks saga, he is killed by Dietrich von Bern's grandfather Samson.[130] Þiðreks saga, Biterolf und Dietleib
Emerca, Embrica, Imbreke See Harlungen.
Eofor Old English: Eofor Beowulf is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.[61][62] PN: *Eburaz meaning "wild boar".[96] In Beowulf, a Geatish warrior who killed the Swedish king Ongentheow, in battle. He received the richest possible reward, the only daughter of king Hygelac. He may appear in Ynglingatal killing Ongentheow's cognate Egil2, but this seems to have been misunderstood by Icelanders due to dialectal differences of the word farri ("boar" vs. "bull").[131] Beowulf Possibly Ynglingatal
Eomer Old English: Ēomǣr The name means "horse famous",[97][132] and the first element eoh ("war horse") is from PGmc *eχwaz ("horse")[75] and mǣre is from PGmc *mērjaz ("famous").[133] In Beowulf (lines 1960–1962), he is mentioned as the son of Offa of Angel, and related to Heming and Garmund.[134] Together with Offa and Garmund (Wermund), he also appears in the genealogy of King Æðelred of Mercia (675–704).[135] Beowulf
Eric1 Old Norse: Eiríkr or Eirekr, Latin: Ericus May be based on a historic 5th c. Swedish king.[136] Eirekr is from PN *aina- ("one", "alone") or *aiwa- ("always"),[137] and the adjective ríkr from PGmc rīkia- ("rich", "powerful", "prominent") but it may also partly go back to *rīk(a)z ("ruler", "prince"), cf. Gothic reiks ("ruler").[138] According to the Ynglinga saga, a Swedish king of the Yngling dynasty who succeed his father Agne, together with his brother Alrekr.[139] However, according to Historia Norwegiæ and Íslendingabók, Agne (Hǫgni) was the successor.[140] They were skillful horsemen and competed in riding and having the best horses. One day they did not come back, but were found dead with crushed heads, and as they were unarmed, they were assumed to have killed each other with their bridles. In Gesta Danorum, Ericus is an ally of Gestumblindi (Odin) and kills the Swedish king Alricus in battle.[139] In Gautrek's saga, Eric rules Sweden for a long time after Alaric's death and in the sequel Hrólfs saga Gautreksonar, Eric's daughter Thorbjörg is a shield-maiden. Íslendingabók (27), Ynglingatal (10), Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga (19-20), Gautrek's saga, Hrólfs saga Gautreksonar, Gesta Danorum (V)
Eric2 Old Norse: Eiríkr or Eirekr See Eric1, above. According to Ynglinga saga, he was the son of the king of Sweden, Yngvi1, and he spent many years raiding with his brother Jorund, but he fell in a battle on the Fýrisvellir near Uppsala against the sea-king Haki1 who taken over his father's throne.[141] Ynglinga saga
Eric3 (weather hat) Old Norse: Eiríkr or Eirekr, Latin: Ericus Ventosi Pillei See Eric1, above. The son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Thora and the full brother of Agnar4. In Ragnarssona þáttr, the two brothers came to Mälaren and sent a message to Uppsala and told Eysteinn, their father's subking, that Eric would take over and marry his daughter Borghild2. When the Swedes opposed this, they met Eric and Agnar in battle after which Agnar died and Eric was taken prisoner. Eysteinn offered him safe conduct and the hand of his daughter but Eric only wanted to die lifted and left to die on raised spears, which was granted.[142] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, they attack after their father had cancelled a visit to Eysteinn and the latter had ended the friendship. Agnar and Eric were not only met by the full force of the Swedish army, the king also let loose his sacred cow, Sibilja, which wreaked havoc on their army, and Agnar fell while Eric was captured. The ending is the same, but Eric also sent a ring to his loving step-mother with a poem.[143] In Gesta Danorum (IX), Ragnar has a son named Ericus Ventosi Pillei (Eric Wind Hat) by his wife Svanlaug,[144] and his father appoints him king of Sweden[145] but he is later killed there by a man named Eysteinn (Ostenus).[144] He corresponds to Erik Väderhatt (Eric Weather Hat) in Swedish folk tradition whose hat made the wind blow in the direction where it was pointed,[146] recorded in the Swedish Chronicle.[147] Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ragnarssona þáttr, Krákumál, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda, Gesta Danorum (IX), Swedish Chronicle
Eric4 Anundsson Old Norse: Eiríkr Anundsson, Emundarson, Eymundarson See Eric1, above. The Hervarar saga tells that when the Swedish king Björn at Haugi died, his brother Anund of Uppsala's son Eric succeeded him. It further relates that Eric was a contemporary of Harald Fairhair, and his son Björn Eriksson would be the father of Eric the Victorious.[148] However, the reading of the name as Anund is not uncontested, because some translators of the manuscripts of Hervarar saga have read Emund instead of Anund,[149] which agrees with Snorri Sturluson's Kings' sagas, where this king is not the son of Anund, but of Eymund or Emund.[150] In Haralds saga hins hárfagra, Harald Fairhair conquers petty kingdoms and creates Norway because a beautiful girl named Gyda would not marry him unless he became as powerful as king Eric at Uppsala.[151] In the rest of the saga, Eric is mentioned as a competitor for the petty kingdom of Värmland,[152] and as long as Eric lived there were battles in Götaland.[153] In Óláfs saga helga, it is mentioned that Eric used to raise the Swedish levy every summer to pillage overseas.[154] Hervarar saga, Óláfs saga helga, Haralds saga hins hárfagra
Eric5 Björnsson Old Norse: Eiríkr Bjǫrnsson See Eric1, above. The Hervarar saga tells of an Eric who was the son of Björn Ironside and grandson of Ragnar Lodbrok. He succeeded his father as the king of Sweden, but ruled only for a short while. He was succeeded by his brother Refil's son Erik Refilsson, whom the saga makes the fourth king in the line of Swedish kings before Eric the Victorious.[155] Hervarar saga
Eric E(y)mundarson See Eric4 Anundsson
Eric6 Refilsson Old Norse: Eiríkr Refilsson See Eric1, above. The Hervarar saga tells that Eric succeeded his uncle Eric Björnsson as the king of Sweden. He was a powerful king and a great warrior, and he was the father of Björn at the Barrow and Anund at Uppsala.[156] He is also mentioned in the Prose Edda (Skáldskaparmál) as the patron of the skald Alf the Small.[157] Hervarar saga, Skáldskaparmál
Eric7 the Eloquent Old Norse: Eiríkr inn málspaki, Latin: Ericus Disertus See Eric1, above. In the Prose Edda, Eric the Eloquent is mentioned among other legendary characters, and as a member of the Ylfing (Wulfing) dynasty (Codex Regius version)[158] or the Yngling dynasty (Uppsala Edda version),[157] but nothing else is told about him.[158][157] In Gesta Danorum (V), he is one of the most important characters of book V. There he is a Norwegian who through his way with words becomes the chief adviser of the Danish king Frothi. The style of the account is so similar to that of Icelandic sagas that Axel Olrik probably accurately commented that there must have been a lost Norse saga, where Eric was the hero.[159] Prose Edda,Gesta Danorum (V)
Ermanaric Old English: Eormanrīc, Old Norse: Jörmunrekr or Erminrikr (Þiðreks saga), Latin: Iarmericus (Gesta Danorum), Middle High German: Ermenrîch Historical Gothic king, died 376 "Universal-ruler", from PGmc *ermana- ("universal") and PGmc *rīk- ("ruler, powerful")[160] Father of Randver, uncle of Dietrich von Bern and the Harlungen, husband of Svanhildr. He kills his son, wife, and/or nephews at the instigation of Sibeche, and forces Dietrich von Bern into exile on the advice of Sibeche. In the OE poem Widsith, the narrator visits Ermanaric and lists his retinue.[161] In Dietrichs Flucht, he has his nephews the Harlungen hanged and forces Dietrich to leave Lombardy by threatening to otherwise kill the prisoners he has taken although Dietrich has captured his own son.[162] In the Þiðreks saga, dies after a long illness and Sibeche usurps the throne. In the Old Norse tradition, he hangs his son for supposedly sleeping with his new wife Svanhildr, while having her torn apart by horses. Svanhildr's brothers maim but do not kill him in his sleep.[161] Widsith, Beowulf Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Gesta Danorum, Völsunga saga Annals of Quedlinburg, Þiðreks saga, Dietrichs Flucht, Rabenschlacht, Alpharts Tod, Ermenrichs Tod.
Erpr1 Old Norse: Erpr The same name as the Chattish Arpus, Frankish Erpo and Erpa. It is also found in Gothic Erpamara and Old English Earpweald. The phonetics point to a West Germanic origin, and it is cognate with ON jarpr,[163] both from PGmc *erpaz ("dark brown").[164] The name could ultimately be a Germanic adaptation from a Hunnish name such as Arpad.[165] Erpr and his brother Eitil were the sons of Atli (Attila) and Gudrun. Attila had killed her brothers Gunnar and Högni2, so she exacted vengeance by killing, cutting up, cooking and serving their sons for him to eat.[118] Dráp Niflunga, Atlakvíða, Hamdismál
Erpr2 Old Norse: Erpr, Latin: Adaocarus (Annals of Quedlinburg) Not historical.[166] For Erpr, see above. Adaocarus may be a mistake for Odoacer.[167] Erpr is the son of Jonakr and the half-brother of Hamdir and Sörli, whose mother is Gudrun. Through their mother Hamdir and Sörli have a half-sister named Svanhild who has been trampled to death by Ermanic. At Gudrun's urging, they set off to kill Ermanaric in revenge for his killing of Svanhildr. When Hamdir and Sörli encounter Erpr, they kill him thinking he will not help them, but this means they only maim Ermanaric, who has them killed.[168] According to the Prose Edda, they have the same mother, Gudrun, and they kill him because they are upset with her taunting and him being her favourite.[169] Ragnarsdrápa, Guðrúnarhvöt, Hamðismál, Völsunga saga Annals of Quedlinburg
Erpfe3 See Orte and Scharpfe (Erpfe)
Ethgeir Old Norse: Æðgeirr Æð- means "blood vein",[170] while geirr means "spear".[171] One of the four giant sons of king Nordian1, he adds king Oserich/Osantrix against King Milias. He flees with his brother Aspilian to Austriki (Austria) after Attila defeats Osantrix. Osantrix then sends Ethgeir to King Isung in Bertangaland, and he guards the border. When Dietrich goes to Bertangaland with his champions, Widige (Vithga) finds the giant sleeping, wakes him, and challenges him to a duel. When Widige has gained the upper hand in the duel, Ethgeir offers to ransom himself with treasure from an underground chamber. Widige thinks that Ethgeir will try to trap him in the chamber, so tells Ethgeir to go in first and then beheads him.[172] Þiðreks saga
Etzel See Attila
Eugel Early New High German Eugel Possibly a descriptive name meaning "little eye" (cf. German Äuglein).[173] A dwarf, son of Nibelung, whose treasure has been stolen by a dragon. Siegfried defeats him and afterwards he helps Siegfried defeat the giant Kuperan. Siegfried takes his treasure thinking it belongs to the dragon, and Eugel prophesies Siegfried's marriage to Kriemhild and murder.[173] Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
Eyfura The name means "island fir".[174] The first element is from PN *awjō ("island")[175] and the second from PGmc *furχwōn- ("fir")[176] The wife of Arngrim. Either the daughter of Svafrlami (Hervarar saga) or Froði (Gesta danorum). Hervarar saga, Gesta danorum, Hyndluljóð.
Eygrímr Bólmr See Grímr.
Eyjolf Old Norse: Eyjólfr The first element is from PN *auwjō meaning "happiness"[177] and the second element is from úlfr which means "wolf".[178] Eyjolf was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by Sigmund's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen Hundingsbane. Helgakviða Hundingsbana I tells that Helgi refused to give his sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed.[179] The Völsunga saga names them Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hervard2 and Hagbard2,[180] but Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II call them Alf2 and Eyjolf, Hjorvard3 and Havard.[181] Helgakviða Hundingsbana II adds a brother named Heming,[182] and the Völsunga saga adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.[183] Norna-Gests þáttr tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane, Eyjolf, Hervard and Hjörvard were slain, but Lyngvi, Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd.[184] Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Eylimi Old Norse: Eylimi The first element ey- is from PN *awjō ("island"), *auja ("happiness", "luck") or *aiwa ("ever"),[177] and the second element limi means "broom" or "rod of twigs.[185] According to Müllenhoff, the name means "evergreen" or "always with branches", and de Vries adds that it may have meant "luck-bringing branches".[186] In Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, king Eylimi is the father of the Valkyrie Sváfa1, his only daughter who marries Helgi, the hero of the lay.[187] According to Hyndluljóð (26), he was a scion of the Ödling dynasty, and it mentions another daughter named Hjördís and a relative named Hrauthung.[188] Frá dauða Sinfjötla, tells that his daughter Hjördís marries Sigmund, and together they have the son Sigurd the dragon slayer.[189] Grípisspá adds that beside Hjördís he has a son named Gripir who ruled a kingdom and was very wise.[190] According to Grípispá (9) and Reginsmál (15), he was killed by the sons of Hunding.[191] In the Völsunga saga, he is a rich and powerful king and both Sigmund and Hunding's son Lyngvi want to marry his beautiful and clever daughter Hjördís. Eylimi asks his daughter to choose and she wants Sigmund, because although he is very old, he is most famous. Later the angry Lyngvi attacks Eylimi and Sigmund and kills both, but he can't find Hjördís, who later bears Sigurd.[192] Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, Frá dauða Sinfjötla, Grípisspá, Hyndluljóð, Reginsmál, Völsunga saga, Norna-Gests þáttr
Eymod Old Norse: Eymóðr Probably based on Eymund.[193] The first element ey- is from PN *awjō ("island"), *auja ("happiness", "luck") or *aiwa ("ever"),[177] and the second element is móðr ("state of mind", "wrath", "courage"), from PGmc mōðaz.[177] In Guðrúnarkviða II and Völsunga saga, Eymod appears as one of Gudrun's suitors together with Yaroslav the Wise. In his translation of Guðrúnarkviða II, Hollander considers the mention out of place and moves it to the notes,[194] and Finch comments that it probably refers to Eymund who helped Yaroslav the Wise against his brother.[193] Guðrúnarkviða II, Völsunga saga, Eymundar þáttr hrings, Yngvars saga víðförla
Eysteinn Old Norse: Eysteinn The first element is from PN *awjō ("island"), auja ("happiness", "luck") or aiwa ("ever"),[177] and the second element means "stone".[195] Eysteinn succeeded his father Eadgils (Aðils) as king of Sweden. During a banquet at Lófund (probably Lovön) he was surprised with all his men by the sea king Sölve and burnt to death inside the hall.[196] He was the father of the later king Ingvar Harra.[197] Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga, Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar
Eysteinn Beli Old Norse: Eysteinn Beli, Latin: Eysten and Ostenus For the meaning of Eysteinn, see above. The cognomen Beli means "roarer".[198] According to Hervarar saga, he was the son of Harald Wartooth and ruled Sweden until he was killed by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok.[156] In Ad catalogum, he ruled Sweden when Ragnar was absent from his kingdom.[199] In Ragnarssona þáttr, he was the viceroy of Ragnar Lodbrok in Sweden. Ragnar's sons Agnar4 and Eric3 arrived and declared that Eric3 would take over and marry his daughter Borghild2. When the Swedes opposed this, they met Eric and Agnar in battle after which Agnar died and Eric was taken prisoner. Eysteinn offered him safe conduct and the hand of his daughter but Eric only wanted to die lifted and left to die on raised spears, which was granted. Eric and Agnar's half-brothers Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, Björn Ironside, Hvitserk2, Ivar the Boneless and their mother Aslaug1 attack Sweden and kill Eysteinn.[200] In Ragnars saga loðbrókar, the two brothers attack after their father broken up his engagement to Eystein's daughter and the latter had ended the friendship. Agnar and Eric were not only met by the full force of the Swedish army, the king also let loose his sacred cow, Sibilja, which wreaked havoc on their army, and Agnar fell while Eric was captured. The ending is the same, after which Ivar the Boneless attack in revenge killing every living thing until they had slain Eysteinn. [201] Krákumál specifies the location of his death as Ulleråker.[202][203] Eric3 (Ericus) having been killed in Sweden by a man named Eysteinn (Ostenus) is also mentioned in Gesta Danorum (XI).[204] Hervarar saga, Ragnars saga loðbrókar, Ragnarssona þáttr, Krákumál, Gesta Danorum (XI), Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda
Eysteinn Halfdansson, or Eysteinn Fart Old Norse: Eysteinn Hálfdansson See Eysteinn, above Eysteinn was the son of king Halfdan Whiteshanks, and succeeded him in Romerike and Vestfold (the West-fold). He married Hildr, the daughter of Eric Agnarsson, the former king of the Vestfold. Eric's father Agnarr was the son of king Sigtrygg of Vendel. Since Eric had no son, and died while Halfdan Whiteshanks was still alive, father and son took over. Eysteinn went east to Varna (formerly a part of Østfold, "the East-fold"[205]) to pillage. Its ruler Skjǫldr was a skilled warlock and when he arrived to the shore and saw the departing ships, he took his cloak and blew into it after waving it around. When Eystein's ships rounded Jarlsø, he was sitting at the rudder and another ship came so close that a boom knocked him overboard. His drowned corpse was retrieved, and buried at Borre. He was the father of Halfdan the Mild.[206] The Historia Norwegiæ only talks of his death as a sailing accident as Eysteinn Fart was passing between two islands.[207]Ynglingatal calls him "Geatish" which is in a manner of speaking correct as his father came from Värmland.[208] Íslendingabók, Ynglingatal, Af Upplendinga konungum, Historia Norwegiæ, Ynglinga saga
Eysteinn, king of Vestmarr Old Norse: Eysteinn See Eysteinn, above. In Sögubrot, which is a surviving fragment of the Skjöldunga saga, the sons of Gandalf ask Sigurd Ring, the king of Denmark and Sweden, to ride with them in a war between their kingdom Alfheim and king Eysteinn of Vestmarr (modern day Westfold), across northern Skagerrak. Sigurd Ring had been married to their late sister Alfhild. There the fragment ends.[209] The continued story on Sigurd Ring is preserved in Ad catalogum, but there Sigurd is already present with his troops in Vestmar and engages in a fated love story with Alfsol.[210] Sögubrot, Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda
Eyvindr Old Norse: Eyvindr skinnhǫll For the first element see Eysteinn, above.[177] For the second element there have been several explanations. It is probably from a PGmc *-winðuz, from a PIE agent noun *ṷen-tu-s, in turn derived from the root *ṷen- with meanings such as "to win, to be victorious".[211] The cognomen skinnhǫll has not been satisfactorily explained, but may be from skinnhæll ("leather heel", "skin"), but the explanation is not very helpful.[212] Eyvindr is a suitor of Æsa the fair, the daughter of the Danish king Alf4. He is Danish, prominent, powerful, wealthy and handsome. When he proposes Æsa's father has just been killed in revenge by Hildibrand1, and so she asks for the advice of her friends instead. Asmund, the son of her father's champion Aki1 and unbeknownst to him the half-brother of Hildibrand1, answers that she should marry him instead. She decides that she will marry the man who has the most beautiful hands after the summer's raiding season. When the autumn arrives, Eyvindr has stayed with the cooks and protected his hands in gloves, while Asmund's hands are leathery and full of scars, and tanned with the blood of the men he has slain. Seeing Eyvind's white and soft hands, she declares that they cannot compare in beauty to Asmund's manly hands. She will marry Asmund, but first he has to avenge her father.[213] Ásmundar saga kappabana

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  95. ^ Kuhn 1943, p. 84, note 11.
  96. ^ a b c d Peterson 2004, p. 37.
  97. ^ a b c Klaeber 2008, p. 466.
  98. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 13.
  99. ^ Shaull 2016, pp. 264f.
  100. ^ Clark Hall 1916, p. 346.
  101. ^ Paz 2013, p. 248.
  102. ^ a b c d e Gillespie 1973, p. 33.
  103. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 32–33.
  104. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 14, 20.
  105. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 749.
  106. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 34.
  107. ^ Orel 2003, p. 282.
  108. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 35.
  109. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 14, 26.
  110. ^ Förstemann 1900, p. 1538.
  111. ^ a b c Looijenga 2003, p. 253.
  112. ^ Peterson 2004, p. 5.
  113. ^ Nedoma 1999, p. 100.
  114. ^ Krause 2010, p. 63.
  115. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 124.
  116. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 98.
  117. ^ Orel 2003, p. 10.
  118. ^ a b Orchard 1997, pp. 37, 38.
  119. ^ Förstemann 1900, pp. 256ff.
  120. ^ Orel 2003, pp. 115.
  121. ^ Townend 1997, p. 25.
  122. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 56.
  123. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 547.
  124. ^ Byock 1999, p. 93.
  125. ^ Elk in the Oxford English Dictionary.
  126. ^ Byock 1999, pp. 92–93.
  127. ^ a b Malone 1962, p. 143.
  128. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 36, 85.
  129. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 65.
  130. ^ a b c Gillespie 1973, p. 36.
  131. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 100f.
  132. ^ Johnston Staver 2005, p. 198.
  133. ^ Orel 2003, p. 270.
  134. ^ Clarke 1911, p. 158.
  135. ^ Neidorf 2018a, p. 862.
  136. ^ Nerman 1919, p. 145.
  137. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 260, 262.
  138. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 183, 262.
  139. ^ a b Noreen 1922, p. 710.
  140. ^ Kunin 2001, p. 90.
  141. ^ Westrin 1907, p. 790.
  142. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 65f.
  143. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 7, 12, 17, 18.
  144. ^ a b McTurk 1991, pp. 123f.
  145. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 657.
  146. ^ McTurk 1991, p. 41.
  147. ^ Fisher 2015, p. 657, note 20.
  148. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 60f.
  149. ^ Kaliff & Oestigaard 2018, p. 192.
  150. ^ Tolkien 1960, pp. 60f, note 3.
  151. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 55ff.
  152. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 62ff.
  153. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, p. 75.
  154. ^ Sundqvist 2002, p. 86.
  155. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 61.
  156. ^ a b Tolkien 1960, p. 60.
  157. ^ a b c Faulkes 2012, pp. 210f.
  158. ^ a b Faulkes 1995, p. 64.
  159. ^ Fisher 2015, pp. 262f, note 3.
  160. ^ Gillespie 1973, pp. 30, 39.
  161. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 38.
  162. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 37.
  163. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 105.
  164. ^ Orel 2003, p. 85.
  165. ^ Gillespie 1973, p. 40.
  166. ^ Uecker 1972, pp. 65–66.
  167. ^ Uecker 1972, p. 66.
  168. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 124.
  169. ^ Byock 1990, p. 121.
  170. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 757.
  171. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 196.
  172. ^ Gentry et al. 2011, p. 67.
  173. ^ a b Gillespie 1973, p. 43.
  174. ^ Tolkien 1960, p. 2.
  175. ^ Peterson 2007, p. 267.
  176. ^ Orel 2003, p. 120.
  177. ^ a b c d e f Peterson 2007, pp. 267, 269.
  178. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 241, 269.
  179. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 214.
  180. ^ Finch 1965, p. 15.
  181. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 214, 228.
  182. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 224f.
  183. ^ Finch 1965, p. 15, 20.
  184. ^ Chadwick 1921, pp. 23ff.
  185. ^ Cleasby & Vigfússon 1874, p. 389.
  186. ^ de Vries 2000, p. 107.
  187. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 201, 207f.
  188. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 156.
  189. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 239.
  190. ^ Hollander 1928, p. 240.
  191. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 242, 257.
  192. ^ Finch 1965, pp. 19ff.
  193. ^ a b Finch 1965, p. 62, note 3.
  194. ^ Hollander 1928, pp. 315.
  195. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 209, 269.
  196. ^ Nerman 1925, pp. 163f.
  197. ^ Nerman 1925, p. 213.
  198. ^ de Vries 1962, p. 32.
  199. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 61.
  200. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 65–68.
  201. ^ Waggoner 2009, pp. 7–25.
  202. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 77.
  203. ^ Andersson 2012, p. 41.
  204. ^ Fisher 2015, pp. 666f.
  205. ^ Wessén 1952, p. 75.
  206. ^ Finlay & Faulkes 2016, pp. 43f.
  207. ^ Kunin 2001, p. 79.
  208. ^ Wessén 1952, p. 76.
  209. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 58.
  210. ^ Waggoner 2009, p. 60.
  211. ^ Peterson 2007, pp. 242, 269.
  212. ^ Finlay 2010, p. 129, note 3.
  213. ^ Finlay 2010, pp. 129f.

Sources

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