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List of exoplanets and planetary debris around white dwarfs

This is a list of exoplanets and planetary debris disks around white dwarfs.

List of white dwarf exoplanets

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Circumbinary exoplanets found with eclipse timing variations are sometimes listed as confirmed planets. The models describing these planets do however often fail to predict eclipse timing and the timing variation could be caused by other effects, such as magnetic effects.[1]

List of confirmed exoplanets

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System name host star Mass planet (MJ) semi-major axis (au) discovery method discovery year Note Reference
PSR B1620-26 white dwarf+pulsar 2.5±1 23 pulsar timing 1993 [2]
NN Serpentis PCEB: white dwarf+red dwarf 6.91±0.54 5.38±0.20 eclipse timing variation 2010 PCEB is surrounded by a dusty disk,[3] might be only one planet[4] [5]
2.28±0.38 3.39±0.10
WD 0806-661 single 1.5-8 2500 direct imaging 2011 WD 0806-661 B can be interpreted as either a sub-brown dwarf or an exoplanet. [6][7]
WD J0914+1914 metal-polluted single 0.070 to 0.074 detection of accreted planet material via spectroscopy 2019 likely ice giant [8]
WD 1856+534 single >0.84[9] 0.019 transiting 2020 the white dwarf co-moves with G 229-20 A/B [10][11][12]
MOA-2010-BLG-477L single 1.4±0.3 2.8±0.5 microlensing 2012/2021 a Jupiter-analogue [13]
KMT-2020-BLG-0414 single 0.0060±0.0006 2.1±0.2 microlensing 2021/2024 1.9 earth-mass planet, also has a brown dwarf at 22 au [14][15]
SDSS J1730+5545 single 6 0.00139 timing 2014 orbits its star in 35 minutes. [16] [17]
SDSS J1208+3550 single 9.5 0.00213 timing 2013 orbits its star in slightly less than an hour [18]
QZ Serpentis white dwarf+K5 star 0.63 0.019 transit 2022 has an orbital period of 1 day. [19]
DE Canum Venaticorum white dwarf+M3V star 12.0293 5.75 eclipse timing variations 2018 has a size of 1.1 RJ [20] [21]
RR Caeli (AB) white dwarf+dM star 4.2 5.3 eclipse timing variations 2012 planet b [22]
DP Leonis white dwarf+donor star 6.28 8.19 eclipse timing variations 2009 has a size of 1.14 RJ [23]
UZ Fornacis white dwarf+red dwarf 6.3 5.9 eclipse timing variations 2011 planet b & c [24][25]
7.7 2.8
HU Aquarii white dwarf+M4.5V star 5.9 3.6 eclipse timing variations 2011 planet b & c [26][27]
4.5 5.4
GP Comae Berenices single 9.6-42.8 0.0014 radial velocity 2016 suspected to contain strange quark matter [28] [29]

List of candidate exoplanets

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System name host star status Mass planet (MJ) semi-major axis (au) discovery method discovery year Note Reference
GD 356 single rejected candidate <12 variability and missing IR-excess 2010 115 minute variability, iron-rich terrestrial planet was suspected to electromagnetically interacting with the white dwarf,[30] no orbiting body was detected, rejecting the idea of an unipolar inductor model[31] [30]
GD 140 single suspected 3.74+1.43
−0.90 		anomaly in the Hipparcos-Gaia proper motion 2019 mass is estimated for separation of 5 AU, to be observed with JWST[32] [33][34]
LAWD 37 single suspected 0.60+0.23
−0.15 		anomaly in the Hipparcos-Gaia proper motion 2019 mass is estimated for separation of 5 AU, to be observed with JWST[32] [33][34]
GD 394 metal-polluted single candidate EUV variability 2019 either a metal accretion spot that disappeared or an evaporating planet at a 1.15 day orbit, with a hydrogen-cloud around the planet transiting in front of the white dwarf[35] [35]
WD 0141-675 metal-polluted single fals-positive 9.26+2.64
−1.15 		Gaia DR3 stellar multiples 2023 rejected due to software error[36] 33.65 ± 0.05 day period [37]
WD 1202−232 (LP 852-7) metal-polluted single candidate 1–7 11.47 direct imaging 2024 similar to solar system giant planets in age and separation [38]
WD 2105−82 (LAWD 83) metal-polluted single candidate 1–2 34.62 direct imaging 2024 similar to solar system giant planets in age and separation [38]
GALEX J071816.4+373139 massive single candidate 3.6 infrared excess 2024 planet candidate has a temperature of about 400 K [39]
WD 0310-688 (CPD-69 177) metal-polluted single candidate 3.0+5.5
−1.9 		0.1-2 infrared excess 2024 planet candidate has a temperature of 248+84
−61 K 		[40]
HS 0209+0832 metal-polluted single candidate detection of accreted planet material via spectroscopy 2024 metals in agreement with giant planet (similar to WD J0914+1914), period of 4.4 days from TESS, first and currently only white dwarf with detection of Zinc [41]
Sirius B white dwarf+A0V star candidate 1.5 0.9 astrometry 2024 has a mass range of 0.8-2.4 Jupiter masses. [42] [43]
LX Serpentis (AB) white dwarf+M3V star candidate 7.5 9.1 timing 2016 also known as Stepanian's Star [44][45] [46]
KPD 0005+5106 X-ray single candidate 1 timing 2021 Jupiter-analogue, has the same exact size and mass of Jupiter. [47]
PSR J0337+1715 (AB) b pulsar+2 white dwarfs candidate 0.03 pulsar timing 2022 probably similar to Neptune or Uranus. [48]
GK Virginis white dwarf+red dwarf candidate 0.95 7.38 timing 2020 eclipsing binary [49]
RR Caeli (AB) white dwarf+dM star candidate 2.7 9.7 timing 2021 planet c [50]
DW Ursae Majoris white dwarf+M3V star candidate 10.06 5.8 timing 2016 accretion disk in the system [51]

List of transiting debris or minor planets

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System name metal pollution type of transiting object semi-major axis (R☉) discovery method discovery year Note Reference
WD 1145+017 yes minor planet 1.16[52] transiting 2015 [53]
SDSS J1228+1040 yes planetesimal 0.73 variable Calcium absorption line 2019 orbits within the debris disk of the white dwarf [54]
WD 0145+234 yes asteroid 1.29[55] tidal disruption event 2019 [56]
ZTF J0139+5245 yes debris cloud 77.4 transiting 2020 highly eccentric orbit (e>0.97)[57] [58][59]
ZTF J0328-1219 yes 2 debris clumps b: 2.11

c: 2.28

transiting 2021 [60][61]
SDSS J0107+2107 yes debris transiting 2021 [60]
ZTF J0347−1802 debris transiting 2021 transit duration of about 70 days [60]
ZTF J0923+4236 debris transiting 2021 period in the order of days, variation in the order of hours, vast long-term variation of transit numbers and depth [60][62]
SBSS 1232+563 yes debris transiting 2021 shallow transits [60]
WD 1054-226 yes many debris clouds 3.69 transiting 2022 disk detected in transit, variable with a period of 25.02 hours [63]
PHL 287 yes minor planet 7.31 transiting 2024 orbits the central white dwarf of the Helix Nebula, has a size of 0.23 R🜨 [64]

List of planetary debris around white dwarfs

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About 6% of white dwarfs show infrared excess due to a disk around a white dwarf.[65] In the past only a relative small sample of white dwarf disks was known.[66] Due to advances in white dwarf detection (e.g. with Gaia or LAMOST) and improvement of WISE infrared catalogs with unWISE/CatWISE, the number has increased to hundreds of candidates.[67][68][65] Therefore this list will be limited to disks with metal gas emission and notable systems.

Notable systems with planetary debris

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System name host temperature (K) likely planetary body accreted infrared excess metal absorption lines discovery year Notes and References
van Maanen 2 6,130 no Ca, Fe, Mg 1917 [69] first metal absorption line (calcium) discovered[70] in a white dwarf
G 29-38 11,600 chondritic object yes C, O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe 1987/2005 [66][71][72][73] first confirmed disk
GD 362 9,740 asteroid with earth/Moon-like composition yes Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr 2005 [66][74][75][76] second confirmed disk
WD 1425+540 14,490 exo-Kuiper Belt Object no C, N, O, Mg, Si, S, Ca, Fe, Ni 2017 [77] first nitrogen detected in a white dwarf, likely an exo-KBO
SDSS 1557 21,800 object larger than 4 km yes Mg, Ca, Si 2011/2017 [78] white dwarf with a brown dwarf in a ultra-short orbit (2.27 hrs) and a circumbinary disk around the binary
WD J2356−209 4,040 sodium-rich body? no Na, Mg, Ca, Fe 2001/2019 [79][80] strong and broad sodium feature
WD J1644–0449 3,830 meteoritic composition, except for Lithium no Li, Na, K, Ca 2021 [81] one of the first detection of lithium and potassium in a white dwarf, similar discoveries at the same time
WD 2317+1830 4,210 or 4,557 crust material yes Li, Na, Ca 2021 [82] Coldest and oldest (9.5 Gyrs) white dwarf with a detected disk. Also one of the most massive white dwarfs with a disk. A newer work[83] finds higher temperature and lower age (6.4 Gyrs).
LSPM J0207+3331 6,120 2 minor planets yes 2021 [84] disk with two components around cold white dwarf
GALEX J2339–0424 13,735 exomoon no Be, O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe 2021 [70][85] one of two white dwarfs with the first detection of beryllium, possibly due to exomoon accretion
GD 424 16,560 CI crondrite + water-rich body no O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni 2021 [86] mainly polluted by a rocky body, but also shows a large amount of trace-hydrogen, which could have come from a past accretion of a water-rich body
G238-44 20,000 iron-rich Mercury-like object + Kuiper Belt Object no C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Fe 2022 [87] unusual composition, showing that it accreted an iron-rich Mercury-like object and an icy KBO
WD 1054–226 7,910 no Mg, Al, Ca, Fe 2022 [63] disk detected in transit
WD J2147–4035 3,048 no Na, K, Li, C? 2022 [88] coldest white dwarf with metal-pollution, with a cooling age of 10 Gyrs, magnetic white dwarf
WD 0956+5912 8,720 Moon-sized object no Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni 2023 [89] recent accretion of a Moon-sized object
PHL 5038 7,525 no Ca 2009/2024 brown dwarf around the white dwarf is likely responsible for scattering a minor planet towards the white dwarf, first such system discovered
WD 0816–310 6,250 Vesta-sized object, likely chrondritic no Na, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni 2024 [90] First observation of metals being guided by magnetic fields towards the magnetic poles

Gaseous disks

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System name host temperature (K) disk inner radius (Rwd) disk outer radius (Rwd) infrared excess metal absorption lines metal emission lines disk discovery year Notes and References
WD 1226+110 22,020 26 93 yes Mg, Ca, Si, O, C Ca, Fe 2006/2009 [91][92][93][66] has minor planet
WD 1041+091 17,912 18 38 yes C, O, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Fe, Ni Ca 2007 [94][66][95] possibly differentiated carbonate-rich body
WD 0738+1835 13,600 12 21 yes O, Na, Mg, Si, Ca, Fe Ca 2010 [96][97][66] Ceres-sized body with bulk-earth composition
WD 0842+231 18,600 13 187 yes H, C, O, Si, Fe, Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ni Ca 2010 [98][99][66] object enhanced in iron, nickel, and maybe carbon, at least 100 km in diameter, eccentric disk, possibly maintained by a planet
WD 0959-0200 13,280 10 25 yes Mg, Ca Ca 2012 [100][66]
WD 1349-230 17,000 13 35 yes Ca Ca 2012 [101][102][97][66]
WD 1617+1620 13,432 9 20 yes Ca 2012 [103][97][66]
WD 1344+0324 26,071 90 105 yes Ca 2017 [104] coldest debris disk discovered at the time
WD 0145+234 13,000 13? 24? yes Ca, carbonates? 2019 [105][56][106] TDE of a minor planet, might had water in the past
WD 0006+2858 26,000 20 64 yes C, O, S, P, Mg, Al, Si, Ca Ca, O, Fe, Mg, Fe, Si 2020 [105][107][108]
WD 0347+1624 20,620 yes Ca, Mg, Al Ca, O, Fe 2020 [109][107]
WD 0510+2315 21,700 yes O, S, Mg, Al, Si, Ca O, Mg, Ca, Fe 2020 [105][107]
WD 0611-6931 16,550 10 165 yes Ca, C, O, S, P, Mg, Al, Si, Fe, Ni Ca, O, Fe, Si, Na, Mg 2020 [109][105][107]
WD 0644-0352 20,850 yes Ca, H, O, Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Fe Ca 2020 [109][107][105] possibly some water in the parent body
WD 1622+5840 19,560 yes Ca, H, C, O, S, P, Mg, Al, Si, Fe, Ni Ca, O, Fe 2020 [109][105][107]
WD 2100+2122 25,320 33 57 yes Ca, Mg, Al, Si, Fe Ca, Fe, O, Mg, Si 2020 [109][107][108]
WD 0846+5703 17,803 yes Si, Mg Ca, Mg, Fe 2021 [110] exceptionally strong infrared excess
WD 0234-0406 12,454 yes Mg, O, Ca, Al, Ti, Fe Ca, Mg/Fe 2021 [110] possibly water containing object accreted
WD 0529-3401 23,197 yes Mg, Si, Ca H, Ca, Mg, O, Fe 2021 [110] strong suggestion of water-containing body due to emission of H, O
WD 1930-5028 13,306 yes Mg, Ca Ca, Mg, Fe 2021 [110]
WD 2133+2428 29,282 yes Ca, O 2021 [110] hottest white dwarf with a gaseous disk
WD 2212-1352 13,454 yes Mg, Si, C, Ca, Al, Fe Ca, Mg, Fe 2021 [110]

See also

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References

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  109. ^ a b c d e Dennihy, Erik; Xu, Siyi; Lai, Samuel; Bonsor, Amy; Clemens, J. C.; Dufour, Patrick; Gänsicke, Boris T.; Gentile Fusillo, Nicola Pietro; Hardy, François; Hegedus, R. J.; Hermes, J. J.; Kaiser, B. C.; Kissler-Patig, Markus; Klein, Beth; Manser, Christopher J. (2020-12-01). "Five New Post-main-sequence Debris Disks with Gaseous Emission". The Astrophysical Journal. 905 (1): 5. arXiv:2010.03693. Bibcode:2020ApJ...905....5D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc339. ISSN 0004-637X.
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