List of battles of the Eighty Years' War

This is a list of battles of the Eighty Years' War.

Introduction

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Royalist forces

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Until August 1567, the government of the Habsburg Netherlands, in the hands of Governor-General Margaret of Parma and her Stadtholders, was using local Netherlandish troops, such as schutterijen as city guards. Military law enforcement included the Bandes d'ordonnance (Dutch: Benden van ordonnantie), elite heavy cavalry formations drawn mostly from the Flemish (Dutch-speaking) and Walloon (French-speaking) aristocracy. The newly created Army of Flanders arrived in the Low Countries in August 1567 under the command of the Duke of Alba, who immediately carried out substantial military reforms. Alba reduced the prominence of the Bandes d'ordonnance (in part because he distrusted the local nobility) in favour of the well-known Habsburg multi-ethnic infantry regiments, the tercios, alongside Spanish light cavalry (the latter comprised just 8% of the army by 1573).[1]

Alba introduced Spanish (Castilian) as the language of communication in the Army of Flanders, and Spaniards received higher pay and most of the key positions in his high command. Alba had a low opinion of soldiers from other ethnicities (called "nations") in the tercios, such as Italians, Flemish and Walloons (flamencos or nativos, as the Spaniards called them), and Germans, and preferred relying on Spanish infantrymen, but the actual share of Spanish soldiers in the Army of Flanders – which was at one of the highest totals of the war during Alba's tenure – was a little over 15%. There were also Burgundian, Scottish, Irish, English and Portuguese "nations" at various stages of the war, and intermittently units from other ethnic backgrounds.[2]

Mutiny due to lack of troop payment was a common problem in the 1570s, which could result in increasing civilian sympathies for the rebel cause (notably the 1576 Sack of Antwerp leading to the Pacification of Ghent), while in the late 1580s and especially 1590s, ethnic tensions between the commanders of the "nations" (such as the Italian Parma, the German Mansfeld and the Spanish Fuentes) led to power struggles that left the Army of Flanders divided and largely paralysed.[2]

Rebel forces

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The rebels, who initiated their first actions of physical force during the Beeldenstorm (August–October 1566, initially mostly directed at Catholic Church property rather than governmental forces) started out as disparate riotous mobs of poorly armed and poorly trained but well-organised Calvinists, originally predominantly from industrial centres in western Flanders.[3] On 14 December 1566, the Habsburg Netherlandish government declared the city of Valenciennes – where Calvinists had seized power – to be "in state of rebellion", and in late December 1566, the first encounter battles occurred between the Habsburg Netherlandish governmental troops and Calvinist rebels.[4] Apart from managing to extend the Siege of Valenciennes (1567) for several months, the Calvinist rebels proved no match for the troops of Margaret of Parma (delegated to stadtholders such as Philip of Noircarmes), who crushed the disturbances in March 1567, before king Philip II sent Alba with the newly formed Army of Flanders from Spain to the Netherlands in April 1567.[5][6]

During 1568 and 1572, William "the Silent" of Orange, the wealthiest and most powerful nobleman of the Netherlands, attempted two invasions from his Nassau-Dillenburg stronghold as a 'warlord' with mercenary soldiers organised in typical German fashion (here referred to as "Orangist troops") in opposition to Alba, though both met with little success.[7] Meanwhile in 1572, a mixture of groups of noblemen and common people sympathetic to his cause, or to Calvinism, known as Geuzen, formed paramilitary units that seized control of most of Holland and Zeeland, where Calvinists soon came to dominate politics. Orange functioned as minister of war and commander-in-chief of the Hollandic and Zeelandic troops from 1572 on.[8] It was not until 1575 that these units were merged into the Dutch States Army, organised and directed by the States of Holland and West Friesland and the States of Zeeland (which was illegal; only the king had the right to raise armies). Around the same time, starting in 1574 with the Admiralty of Rotterdam, five Dutch admiralties emerged to organise rebel fleets.

When faced with large-scale mutinies in the Army of Flanders in 1576 known as the Spanish Fury, Catholic-dominated provinces of the Netherlands such as Brabant and Flanders (authorised by the Council of State in March 1576[9]) also began raising their own armies in self-defence against mutineers, but were unable to prevent the Sack of Antwerp. With the Pacification of Ghent (8 November 1576) all Seventeen Provinces except Luxemburg would agree to expel all foreign troops from the Habsburg Netherlands (essentially restoring the pre-1567 situation) while establishing a temporary general peace of religion. Although this resulted in much ad hoc cooperation between the rebel provinces and the inclusion of units from all of them into the States Army, organisation initially remained mostly provincial and decentralised, and the rebels suffered a catastrophe at the Battle of Gembloux (1578). Most of the rebel territories would go on to create a closer military alliance with the 1579 Union of Utrecht, proclaim independence by the 1581 Act of Abjuration, obtain English support in 1585 and establish the Dutch Republic in 1588, but the 1579–1588 period was marked by a long series of rebel defeats at the hands of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Effective military reforms of the Dutch States Army were only introduced by Maurice of Nassau in the subsequent Ten Years (1588–1598). By the 1620s, the annual costs of the Dutch States Army were 11,177,087 guilders, 58% of which were paid by Holland as most populous and wealthy province.[10] By the 1630s, Holland increasingly refused to fund land war operations, pleading for greater maritime expenses against the Dunkirker Privateers instead.[11] This led to tensions with stadtholder Frederick Henry, who unsuccessfully sought to merge the five admiralties into one in 1639, and then resumed his focus on financing the land war.[12]

List

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Date Battle Region Rebel forces Royalist forces Notes
10 August – October 1566 Beeldenstorm multiple Calvinist mobs   Government troops Inconclusive
14 December 1566 – 23 March 1567 Siege of Valenciennes (1567) Hainaut Calvinist rebels   Government troops Royalist key victory
27 December 1566 Battle of Wattrelos Flanders Calvinist rebels   Government troops Royalist victory
29 December 1566 Battle of Lannoy Flanders Calvinist rebels   Government troops Royalist victory
13 March 1567 Battle of Oosterweel Brabant Calvinist rebels   Government troops Royalist victory
23 April 1568 Battle of Rheindalen Jülich Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
23 May 1568 Battle of Heiligerlee Groningen Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
May–July 1568 Siege of Groningen (1568) [nl] Groningen Orangist troops   Government troops Royalist victory
10–11 July 1568 Battle on the Ems [nl] Groningen Geuzen   Government troops Rebel victory
21 July 1568 Battle of Jemmingen East Frisia Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
20 October 1568 Battle of Jodoigne Brabant Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
12 November 1568 Battle of Le Quesnoy Hainaut Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
9–19 December 1570 Battle of Loevestein [nl] Guelders Geuzen   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
1 April 1572 Capture of Brielle Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
6 April 1572[13] Flushing rebellion [nl][13] Zeeland Civic militia[13]   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
23 June – 19 September 1572 Siege of Mons (1572) Hainaut   Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 July 1572 Battle of Saint-Ghislain [nl] Hainaut   Huguenot troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
12–15 September 1572 Walloon Fury in Dokkum [nl] Friesland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
2 October 1572 Spanish Fury at Mechelen Mechelen   Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
? 1572 The Battle of Ijsselmeer Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
20 October 1572 Relief of Goes Zeeland   Geuzen
  English navy
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
22 October 1572 Massacre of Naarden Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
4 November 1572 – 18 February 1574 Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574) Zeeland   Geuzen
  English navy
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
12 Augustus 1572 – 8 February 1578 Blockades of Amsterdam [nl] Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
16 November 1572 Massacre of Zutphen [fr; nl] Guelders   Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
11 December 1572 – 13 July 1573 Siege of Haarlem Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 April 1573 Battle of Flushing Zeeland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
11 October 1573 Battle of Borsele Zeeland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
22 April 1573 Battle on the Zuiderzee Zuiderzee   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
21 August – 8 October 1573 Siege of Alkmaar Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
28 August 1573 Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573) Holland   Geuzen
  Huguenot troops
  English navy
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
October 1573 Battle of Delft (1573) Holland   Geuzen
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
October 1573 – 3 October 1574 Siege of Leiden Holland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
27/29 January 1574 Battle of the Scheldt (1574)
(Battle of Reimerswaal)
Zeeland   Geuzen
  English navy
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
Early February 1574 Capture of Valkenburg (1574) Holland   Geuzen
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
14 April 1574 Battle of Mookerheyde Cleves   Orangist troops   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
30 May 1574 Battle of Lillo Brabant   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19 July – 7 August 1575 Siege of Oudewater (1575) Utrecht   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
11–24 August 1575 Siege of Schoonhoven (1575) Holland   Geuzen
  English troops
  Huguenot troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
October 1575 – 29 June 1576[14] Siege of Zierikzee Zeeland   Geuzen   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
25 July 1576 Sack of Aalst [nl] Flanders City guard Spanish mutineers Mutineer victory
14 September 1576 Battle of Vissenaken [nl] Brabant   Brabantian troops Spanish mutineers Mutineer victory
15 September – 11 November 1576 Siege of the Spanjaardenkasteel [nl] Flanders   Brabantian troops
  Flemish troops
  Hollandic troops
Spanish mutineers Rebel victory
4–7 November 1576 Sack of Antwerp Brabant   Brabantian troops
German/Walloon troops
Armed citizens
Spanish mutineers Mutineer victory
December 1576 – February 1577 Siege of Vredenburg [nl] Utrecht   City guard
  German troops
Spanish mutineers Rebel victory
24 July 1577 Capture of the Namur citadel [nl; fr] Namur   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
(Coup d'état)
1–2 August 1577 Capture of the Antwerp citadel [nl] Brabant   Dutch States Army German mutineers Rebel victory
4 August – 4 October 1577 Siege of Breda (1577) [nl; es; fr; it] Brabant   Dutch States Army   German mercenaries Rebel victory
28 October 1577 Ghent Calvinist coup Flanders   Dutch States Army

  Ghent Calvinists

Calvinist victory
(Coup d'état)
31 January 1578 Battle of Gembloux Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
20–24 February 1578 Siege of Zichem Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8–12 March 1578 Siege of Nivelles (Dutch) (French) Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
26 May 1578 Alteratie of Amsterdam Holland   Catholic city council

Calvinist radicals
Former Geuzen

Calvinist victory
(Coup d'état)
25 June – 20 July 1578 Siege of Kampen (1578) [nl] Overijssel   Dutch States Army   German mercenaries Rebel victory
31 July 1578 Battle of Rijmenam Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
3 August – 19 November 1578 Siege of Deventer (1578) Overijssel   Dutch States Army   German mercenaries Rebel victory
22 September – 7 October 1578 Siege of Binche [fr; nl] Hainaut   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
2 March 1579 Battle of Borgerhout Flanders   English troops
  Scottish troops
  Huguenot troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8/12 March – 29 June/1 July 1579 Siege of Maastricht Limburg   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
29 March 1579 Street battle in Mechelen[15] Mechelen   Dutch States Army

Calvinist armed citizens

Catholic armed citizens Royalist victory
1 July 1579 Schermersoproer [nl] in Den Bosch Brabant Calvinist city guard Catholic guilds Royalist victory
3 March – 18 June 1580 Siege of Groningen (1580) [nl] Groningen   Dutch States Army   Rennenberg troops Royalist victory
(Coup d'état)
9 April 1580[15] English Fury at Mechelen Mechelen   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders
City guard
Rebel victory
9 June 1580 Taking of Diest (1580) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  Huguenot troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
15–16 June 1580 Zwolle riot [nl] Overijssel   Calvinist city guard
Kampen Calvinists
Catholic armed citizens
Catholic farmers
Calvinist victory
17 June 1580 Battle of Hardenberg [nl] Overijssel   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
18 October 1580 – 23 February 1581 Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581) Overijssel   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
September 1580 – 17 Augustus 1581 Siege of Cambrai (1581) [nl] Cambrésis   Anjou troops
  Dutch States Army
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19 July 1581 Battle of Kollum Friesland   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
26–27 July 1581 Capture of Breda (1581) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  City guard
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
30 September 1581 Battle of Noordhorn Groningen   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Scottish troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
3–24 October 1581 Siege of Niezijl Groningen   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
10 October – 30 November 1581 Siege of Tournai (1581) [nl; fr] Tournaisis   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
22 July – 15 September 1582 Siege of Lochem (1582) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Huguenot troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
26 July 1582 Battle of Ponta Delgada
(also part of the War of the
Portuguese Succession
)
Azores   Pro-Crato Portugal
  Dutch States Fleet
  France
  England
  Pro-Philip Portugal
  Spanish Empire
Royalist victory
(Pro-Philip victory)
1–2 August 1582 Siege of Lier (1582) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 January 1583 French Fury Brabant   Dutch States Army

  Anjou troops

States victory
(Failed coup)
7 February – 23 April 1583 Siege of Eindhoven (1583) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  Anjou troops
  Scottish troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 June 1583 Battle of Steenbergen (1583) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  Anjou troops
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
October 1583 – 17 September 1584 Siege of Ghent (1583–1584) Flanders   Calvinist Republic
of Ghent
  Army of Flanders
Malcontents
Royalist victory
Early February 1584 Capture of Aalst (1584) Flanders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
May–July 1584 Siege of Zutphen (1584) [nl] Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
July 1584 – 17 August 1585 Siege of Antwerp Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
6–15 October 1585 Siege of IJsseloord Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
4–8 December 1585 Battle of Empel Brabant   Dutch fleet   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 January 1586 Battle of Boksum Friesland   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
Early April – 7 June 1586 Siege of Grave (1586) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
June 1586 Siege of Venlo (1586) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
17 July 1586 Capture of Axel Flanders   Dutch States Army
  English soldiers
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
26 July 1586 Destruction of Neuss Cologne   Truchsess Cologne
  Dutch States Army
  Ernest Cologne
  Army of Flanders
Royalist victory
(Ernest-Spanish victory)
13 August 1586 – 3 February 1590[16] Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590) Cologne   Truchsess Cologne
  Dutch States Army
  Ernest Cologne
  Army of Flanders
Royalist victory
(Ernest-Spanish victory)
22 September 1586 Battle of Zutphen
(Battle of Warnsveld)
Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English soldiers
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
12 June – 4 August 1587 Siege of Sluis (1587) Flanders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
27 February – 29 April 1588 Siege of Medemblik (1588) [nl] Holland    States Army

  Leicester troops

States victory
(Failed coup)
29 July 1588 Battle of Gravelines Channel   English Royal Navy
  Dutch Republic Fleet
  Spanish Armada
  Army of Flanders
Rebel key victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
23 September – 13 November 1588 Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
10 April 1589 Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589) Holland   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
Early 1590 Battle of Bayona Islands (1590) Spain   Dutch Republic
  Royal Navy
  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
4 March 1590 Capture of Breda (1590) Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19–30 May 1591 Siege of Zutphen (1591) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
1–10 June 1591 Siege of Deventer (1591) Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
30 June – 15 July 1596 Capture of Cádiz Spain   Dutch Republic
  Royal Navy
  Spanish Empire Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
2 July 1591 Capture of Delfzijl Groningen   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
15–25 July 1591 Siege of Knodsenburg Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
Late August 1591 Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591) Spain   Dutch Republic
  Royal Navy
  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
20–24 September 1591 Siege of Hulst (1591) Flanders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
17–21 October 1591 Siege of Nijmegen (1591) Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
December 1591 – May 1592 Siege of Rouen (1591–1592) France   Henry of Navarre
  English troops
  Dutch Republic
  Army of Flanders
  Catholic League
Royalist victory
(Spanish-Catholic victory)
24 April – 21 May 1592 Siege of Caudebec France   Henry of Navarre
  English troops
  Dutch fleet
  Army of Flanders
  Catholic League
Rebel victory
(Navarre-Anglo-Dutch
or 'Protestant' victory)
30 May – 5 July 1592 Siege of Steenwijk (1592) Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
26 July – 2 September 1592 Siege of Coevorden (1592) Drenthe   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
14 January – 10 February 1593 1593 Luxemburg campaign
Siege of Sankt Vith
Luxemburg   Dutch States Army
  Duchy of Bouillon
  Kingdom of France
  Army of Flanders Royalist tactical victory
Rebel strategic victory
27 March – 24 June 1593 Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593) Holland   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
28 October 1593 – 6 May 1594 Siege of Coevorden (1593) Drenthe   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
19 May – 22 July 1594 Siege of Groningen (1594) Groningen   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
January–June 1595 1595 Luxemburg campaign
Siege of Huy (1595)
Luxemburg
Liège
  Dutch States Army
  Duchy of Bouillon
  Army of Flanders
  Bishopric of Liège
Royalist victory
2 September 1595 Battle of the Lippe Cologne   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
11–28 September 1595 Siege of Groenlo (1595) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
14 October 1595 Sack of Lier Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8–24 April 1596 Siege of Calais (1596) France   Henry of Navarre
  English troops
  Dutch troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
Mid-July – 18 August 1596 Siege of Hulst (1596) Flanders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
24 January 1597 Battle of Turnhout Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
June – August 1597 Islands Voyage Azores   Dutch Republic
  Royal Navy
  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
9–19 August 1597 Siege of Rheinberg (1597) Cologne   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
29 August – 3 September 1597 Siege of Meurs (1597) Moers   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
11–28 September 1597 Siege of Groenlo (1597) Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
1–9 October 1597 Siege of Bredevoort (1597) Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
1–10 October 1597 Siege of Bredevoort (1597) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
18–19 October 1597 Capture of Enschede (1597) Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
19–21 October 1597 Capture of Ootmarsum Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
20–23 October 1597 Siege of Oldenzaal (1597) Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
25 October – 12 November 1597 Siege of Lingen (1597) Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
28 April – 2 May 1599 Siege of Schenckenschans (1599) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
15 May – 22 July 1599 Siege of Zaltbommel Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
10–12 September 1599 Siege of Rees (1599) Cleves   Dutch States Army
  Lower Saxon Circle
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
28 January – 6 March 1600 Siege of San Andreas (1600) Guelders   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
5 February 1600 Battle of Lekkerbeetje Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
2 July 1600 Battle of Nieuwpoort Flanders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel tactical victory
12 June – 2 August 1601 Siege of Rheinberg (1601) Cologne   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
5 July 1601 – 20 September 1604 Siege of Ostend Flanders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
1–27 November 1601 Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
18 July – 20 September 1602 Siege of Grave (1602) Brabant   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
1 September 1602 – 18 May 1604 Mutiny of Hoogstraten Brabant   Dutch States Army
  English troops

  Spanish mutineers

  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Mutineer–allied victory)
3–4 October 1602 Battle of the Narrow Seas
(Battle of the Dover Straits)
Channel   Dutch Republic
  Royal Navy
  Spanish Empire Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
26 May 1603 Battle of Sluis Flanders   Dutch Republic Fleet   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
19 May – 19 August 1604 Siege of Sluis (1604) Flanders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
10–19 August 1605 Siege of Lingen (1605) Overijssel   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
16 June or 6 October 1606 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606) Portugal   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
3–14 August 1606 (royalists)
30 Oct. – 9 Nov. 1606 (rebels)
Siege of Groenlo (1606) Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
25 April 1607 Battle of Gibraltar (1607) Spain   Dutch Republic Fleet   Spanish Empire Rebel victory
28 July – 2 September 1610 Siege of Jülich (1610) Jülich   Dutch Republic
  Kingdom of France
  Palatinate-Neuburg
  Brandenburg
  Imperial Army Rebel victory
(Franco-Dutch victory)
Late August 1614 Siege of Aachen (1614) Aachen   Free City of Aachen
  Brandenburg
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
15 April 1617 Battle of Playa Honda Philippines   Dutch Republic Fleet   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
21 August 1621 Battle of Gibraltar (1621) Spain   Dutch Republic Fleet
  Denmark–Norway
  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
5 September 1621 – 3 February 1622 Siege of Jülich (1621–1622) Jülich   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
8 July – 2 October 1622 Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622) Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
29 August 1622 Battle of Fleurus (1622) Hainaut   Dutch States Army
German soldiers
  Army of Flanders Royalist victory
28 August 1624 – 5 June 1625 Siege of Breda (1624) Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
1 April – 1 May 1625 Recapture of Salvador Brazil   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire
  Portuguese Empire
Royalist victory
24 September – 2 November 1625 Battle of San Juan (1625) Antilles   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
1–7 November 1625 Cádiz expedition (1625) Spain   Dutch Republic
  Royal Navy
  Spanish Empire Royalist victory
25 July – 1 August 1626 Siege of Oldenzaal (1626) Overijssel   Dutch States Army
  English troops
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Anglo-Dutch victory)
20 July – 19 August 1627 Siege of Groenlo (1627) Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
7–8 September 1628 Battle in the Bay of Matanzas Cuba   Dutch Republic Fleet   Treasure fleet Rebel key victory
30 April – 14 September 1629 Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
12 September 1631 Battle of Abrolhos Brazil   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire
  Portuguese Empire
Royalist victory
12–13 September 1631 Battle of the Slaak Holland   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Rebel victory
9 June – 22 August 1632 Capture of Maastricht Limburg   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel key victory
25 June – 1 July 1633 Capture of Saint Martin (1633) Antilles   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
11 June – 2 July 1633 Siege of Rheinberg (1633) Cologne   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
8–20 May 1635 Siege of Philippine [nl] Flanders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
20 May 1635 Battle of Les Avins Liège   Kingdom of France   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(French victory)
8–10 June 1635 Sack of Tienen [nl] Brabant   Dutch States Army
  Kingdom of France
  Army of Flanders Rebel victory
(Franco-Dutch victory)
24 June – 4 July 1635 Siege of Leuven Brabant   Dutch States Army
  Kingdom of France
  Army of Flanders
  Holy Roman Empire
Royalist victory
30 July 1635 – 30 April 1636 Siege of Schenkenschans Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
18 February 1637 Battle off Lizard Point England   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
20–25 August 1637 Siege of Venlo (1637) Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
21 July – 11 October 1637 Siege of Breda (1637) Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
April – May 1638 Siege of Salvador (1638) Brazil   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire
  Portuguese Empire
Royalist victory
20–22 June 1638 Battle of Kallo Brabant   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist key victory
18 February 1639 Action of 18 February 1639 North Sea   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Rebel victory
18 September 1639 Action of 18 September 1639 Channel   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Inconclusive
21 October 1639 N.S. Battle of the Downs Channel   Dutch Republic Fleet   "Second Armada" Rebel key victory
12–17 January 1640 Action of 12–17 January 1640 Brazil   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire
  Portuguese Empire
Rebel victory
August 1641 Battle of San Salvador (1641) Brazil   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Rebel strategic victory
4 November 1641 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641) Portugal   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Inconclusive
August 1642 Battle of San Salvador (1642) Brazil   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Rebel victory
6 November 1642 – 28 December 1643 Dutch expedition to Valdivia Chile   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
20 March – 17 April 1644 Attack on Saint Martin Antilles   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
7 October – 4 November 1645 Siege of Hulst (1645) Flanders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Rebel victory
15 March – 4 October 1646 Battles of La Naval de Manila Philippines   Dutch Republic   Spanish Empire Royalist victory
October 1646 Siege of Venlo (1646) [nl] Guelders   Dutch States Army   Army of Flanders Royalist victory
10 June 1647 Battle of Puerto de Cavite Philippines   Dutch Republic Fleet   Spanish Empire Royalist victory

See also

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References

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  1. ^ de León 2009, p. 89–95.
  2. ^ a b de León 2009, p. 95–98.
  3. ^ Van der Wee 1969, p. 15.
  4. ^ Anton van der Lem. "Noircarmes, Filips van Sint-Aldegonde, heer van". dutchrevolt.leiden.edu (in Dutch). Leiden University. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Margaretha [Nederlanden] § Margaretha van Parma". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
  6. ^ van der Lem 1995, Chapter II.
  7. ^ Swart 2006, p. 31–32.
  8. ^ Swart 2006, p. 34.
  9. ^ Swart 2006, p. 41.
  10. ^ Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020, p. 423–424.
  11. ^ Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020, p. 424–425.
  12. ^ Groenveld & Leeuwenberg 2020, p. 425–426.
  13. ^ a b c Tracy 2008, p. 82.
  14. ^ van der Lem 1995, Jaartallen.
  15. ^ a b Tracy 2008, p. 157.
  16. ^ Peter Hamish Wilson, The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy (Penguin Group, 2010) p.210

Bibliography

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