Wikipedia

List of World War I aces credited with 15–19 victories

See also: Flying ace, Aerial victory standards of World War I, and Aviation in World War I

The term ace (now commonly flying ace) was first used by French newspapers during World War I, describing Adolphe Pégoud as l'as ('the ace'), after he downed five German aircraft. When aircraft began to shoot or force down other aircraft, systems to count "air victories" were subsequently developed. The American qualification of five victories eventually became the standard, even though other air services had previously used differing figures.[1]

While "ace" status was most often won by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews, and observers in two-seater aircraft such as the Bristol F.2b ("Bristol Fighter"), also destroyed enemy aircraft. If a two-seater aircraft destroyed an aircraft, both crew members were credited with a victory. Because pilots usually teamed with differing observer/gunners in two-seater aircraft, an observer might be an ace when his pilot was not, and vice versa.[2] The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history.[3]

Loss of records by mischance and the passage of time complicates reconstructing the actual count for given aces. The scores presented in the list cannot be definitive, but are based on itemized lists that are the best available sources of information.[4] Aces are listed after verifying the date and location of combat, and the foe vanquished, for every victory accredited by an aviator's home air service using their own aerial victory standards. Those victories for which the evidence is unavailable or fragmentary have been excluded from the victory count.

Aces edit

  This along with the symbolic dagger †, indicates that the pilot was known to be either killed in action, missing in action, died of wounds, or killed in a flying accident during World War I.


Name Country Air service(s) Victories Notes
Horace Barton   South Africa Royal Flying Corps 19[5] Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar.
Wilfred Beaver   Canada Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 19[6] Military Cross
Andrew Cowper   Australia Royal Flying Corps 19[7] Military Cross with two Bars.
Christian Donhauser   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 19[8] Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross
Jacques Ehrlich   France Aéronautique Militaire 19 Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre[9]
Arthur Bradfield Fairclough   Canada Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 19[10] Military Cross
Gerhard Fieseler   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 19[11] Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross
Henri Hay De Slade   France Aéronautique Militaire 19 Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with 14 Palmes, Belgian Croix de guerre, British Military Cross, Italian Croix de la Couronne[12]
Cedric Howell   Australia Royal Flying Corps 19[13] Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
József Kiss†   Austria-Hungary Luftfahrtruppen 19[a] Top Hungarian ace. Medal for Bravery (1 Gold, 1 Silver)
Harold Albert Kullberg   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 19[14] British Distinguished Flying Cross[15]
Leslie Powell   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 19 Military Cross with Bar.
Arthur Reed (aviator)†   South Africa Royal Flying Corps 19[16] Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar.
Ellis Vair Reid   Canada Royal Naval Air Service 19[17] Distinguished Service Cross
Alan Wilkinson (aviator)   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 19[18] Distinguished Service Order with Bar.
Kurt Wintgens†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 19[19] First aerial victory ever with a synchronized machine gun. Pour le Mérite, Iron Cross
Alexander Zenzes   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 19[20] Iron Cross
Hartmuth Baldamus†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 18[21] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Bernard Barny De Romanet   France Aéronautique Militaire 18 Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with ten Palmes and three étoiles de vermeil[22]
James Belgrave   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 18[23] Military Cross with Bar.
Franz Gräser   Austria-Hungary Luftfahrtruppen 18 Order of Leopold, Order of the Iron Crown, Medal for Bravery
Franz Hemer   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 18[24] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
William C. Lambert   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 18[25] British Distinguished Flying Cross[26]
Frank Luke   United States US Army Air Service 18 Medal of Honor, Distinguished Flying Cross, Italian War Cross
"The Balloon Buster"[27]
George Chisholm MacKay   Canada Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 18[28] Distinguished Flying Cross, Belgian Order of Leopold, French Légion d'honneur, French Croix de Guerre
William Molesworth   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 18[29] Military Cross with Bar, Italian Medal for Military Valor.
Maurice Newnham   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 18[30] Distinguished Flying Cross, French Croix de Guerre
Emil Schäpe   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 18[31] Iron Cross
John Todd   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 18[32] Distinguished Flying Cross, Military Cross
John Lightfoot Trollope   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 18[33] Military Cross with Bar
Ronald Bannerman   New Zealand Royal Flying Corps 17[34] Distinguished Flying Cross
Fritz Beckhardt   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[citation needed] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Hans Böhning   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[35] Iron Cross
Walter Böning   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[36] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Alfred Williams Carter   Canada Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 17[37] Distinguished Flying Cross
Marziale Cerutti   Italy Corpo Aeronautico Militare 17
Carl Frederick Falkenberg   Canada Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 17[38] Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar, Air Force Cross
George Everard Gibbons   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 17[39] Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Ernst Hess†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[40] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Fred Parkinson Holliday   Australia Australian Flying Corps 17[41] Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross, Air Force Cross
August Iaccaci   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 17[42] Distinguished Flying Cross
Paul Iaccaci   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 17[43] Distinguished Flying Cross
Edward Grahame Johnstone   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 17[44] Distinguished Service Cross
Rudolf Klimke†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[45] Iron Cross
Reginald Makepeace   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 17[46] Military Cross
John Pinder   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 17[47] Distinguished Flying Cross
Karl Plauth   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[48] Iron Cross
Ferruccio Ranza   Italy Corpo Aeronautico Militare 17 Three Silver awards of Medal for Military Valor, Military Order of Savoy, French Croix de guerre and Belgian Croix de guerre, Serbian Star of Karageogevich[49]
Franz Ray   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[50]
Hans Rolfes   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[51] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Josef Schwendemann   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 17[52] Military Merit Cross
Edwin Swale   United Kingdom Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 17[53] Distinguished Flying Cross
Edmund Tempest   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 17[54] Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Walter Tyrrell   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 17[55] Military Cross
Owen Baldwin   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[56] Distinguished Flying Cross, French Légion d'honneur, French Croix de Guerre
Gerald Gordon Bell   Canada Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 16[57] Distinguished Flying Cross, French Légion d'honneur, French Croix de Guerre
Eugen Bönsch   Austria-Hungary Luftfahrtruppen 16 Medal for Bravery (3 Gold awards)
Ernst Bormann   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 16[58] Iron Cross First and Second Class, with Clasps. Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves for Iron Cross. Generalmajor in World War II.
Henry John Burden   Canada Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 16[59] Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross
Jean Chaput   France Aéronautique Militaire 16 Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with 11 Palmes, Belgian Croix de guerre, British Military Cross[60]
John Stanley Chick   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 16[61] Military Cross Rose to Air Commodore in RAF
Eugene Coler   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 16[62] British Distinguished Flying Cross[63]
John Cowell   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[64] Distinguished Conduct Medal, Military Medal
Bruce Digby-Worsley   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16
Stearne Tighe Edwards   Canada Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 16[65] Distinguished Service Cross with Bar
Ernest Elton   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[66] Distinguished Conduct Medal, Military Medal, Italian Medal for Military Valor
Stefan Fejes   Austria-Hungary Luftfahrtruppen 16 Gold Medal for Bravery (three awards), 1st Class Silver Medal for Bravery (2 awards), 2nd Class Silver Medal for Bravery[67]
Robert Foster   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[68] Knight of the Order of the Bath, Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Flying Cross. Rose to Air Chief Marshal.
Robert Grosvenor   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[69] Military Cross
Ludwig Hanstein†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 16[70] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
Allan Hepburn   Australia Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 16[71] Distinguished Flying Cross
Sidney Highwood   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[72] Distinguished Flying Cross
Frank Johnson   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[73] Distinguished Conduct Medal with Bar
Johannes Klein   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 16[74] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Raoul Lufbery   France
  United States 		Aéronautique Militaire
US Army Air Service 		16 French Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, and Croix de Guerre with ten Palmes, British Military Medal, Montenegrin Medal for Military Valor.[75]
Karl Odebrett   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 16[b] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross, Austro-Hungarian Medal for Bravery
Oliver Redgate   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[77] Distinguished Flying Cross
Oren Rose   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 16 Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar[78]
Wilhelm Seitz   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 16[79] Iron Cross
Francis Smith   Australia Australian Flying Corps 16[80] Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Elliott White Springs   United States Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force, US Army Air Service 16[81] American Distinguished Service Cross, British Distinguished Flying Cross [82]
David Stewart   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16[83] Military Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross
Christoffel Venter   South Africa Royal Flying Corps 16[84] Order of the Bath, Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar. Rose to Major General.
Anthony Wall   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 16 Military Cross with Bar
Hans Weiss†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 16[85] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Vasili Yanchenko   Russia Imperial Army Air Service 16 Order of Saint George, Cross of Saint George (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Class), Order of Saint Vladimir, Order of Saint Anne, Order of the Star, Military Service Medal
Pavel Argeyev   Russia Aéronautique Militaire, Imperial Army Air Service 15 French Légion d'honneur, French Croix de Guerre, Order of Saint George, Order of Saint Vladimir, Order of Saint Anne
Karl Bohnenkamp   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[86] Military Merit Cross
Lawrence Coombes   United Kingdom Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 15[87] Distinguished Flying Cross
Cyril Crowe   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[88] Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Charles Cudemore   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[89] Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Ralph Curtis   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps 15[90]
Ernest Deighton   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15 Distinguished Conduct Medal
Armand De Turenne   France Aéronautique Militaire 15 Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre with 11 Palmes and an étoile de bronze, British Military Cross, Belgian Croix de guerre, Italian Croce di guerre[91]
Albert Dossenbach   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[92] Pour le Mérite, Military Merit Cross, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Rudolf Francke   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[93] Military Merit Cross
George Gates   United Kingdom Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 15[94] Distinguished Flying Cross
James Alpheus Glen   Canada Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 15[95] Distinguished Service Cross with Bar, French Croix de Guerre
Harry King Goode   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[96] Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Flying Cross
John Rutherford Gordon   Australia Australian Flying Corps 15 Military Cross
John Edmund Greene   Canada Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 15[97] Distinguished Flying Cross
Albert Haussmann†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[98]
Edwin Hayne   South Africa Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 15[99] Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Alois Heldmann   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[100] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Frank Hobson   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[101] Military Cross
Max Immelmann†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15<[c] Pour le Mérite, Military Order of St. Henry, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
The Immelmann turn named after him.
John Jones   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15 Distinguished Flying Medal
Andrew Kiddie   South Africa Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[103] Distinguished Flying Cross, Belgian Croix de guerre
Otto Löffler   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[104]
Hans-Georg von der Marwitz   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[105] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Harold Mellings   United Kingdom Royal Naval Air Service, Royal Air Force 15[106] Distinguished Service Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross, Greek Royal Order of the Redeemer.
Alfred Mills   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[107] Distinguished Flying Cross
Edmund Nathanael†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[108] Iron Cross
Wilhelm Neuenhofen   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[109]
Roy Cecil Phillipps   Australia Australian Flying Corps 15[110] Military Cross with Bar, Distinguished Flying Cross
Viktor von Pressentin von Rautter†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[111] Military Merit Cross, Iron Cross
Theodor Quandt   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[112] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
Herbert Richardson   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[113] Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross
Gilbert Sardier   France Aéronautique Militaire 15 Légion d'honneur, Médaille militaire, Croix de Guerre with nine Palmes, an étoile de vermeil, and an étoile d'argent, British Military Cross [114]
Hugh Saunders   South Africa Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[115] Order of the Bath, Order of the British Empire, Military Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar, Military Medal
Julius Schmidt   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[116] Military Order of St. Henry, Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Kurt Schneider†   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[117] Military Order of St. Henry, Iron Cross
Harold Stackard   United Kingdom Royal Naval Air Service 15[118]
Paul Strähle   German Empire Luftstreitkräfte 15[119] Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Iron Cross
Ernst Strohschneider   Austria-Hungary Luftfahrtruppen 15 Order of Leopold, Silver Military Merit Medal, Military Merit Cross (2 awards), Iron Cross
Frank Weare   United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force 15[120] Military Cross

Notes edit

  1. ^ Possibly 21.[citation needed]
  2. ^ Claimed, but unconfirmed, 5 more. [76]
  3. ^ Involved in shooting down two final aircraft the day he was killed, but strict scoring gave the kills to other pilots.[102]

References edit

  1. ^ Maksel, Rebecca (7 April 2008). "What does it take to become an "ace"?". Need to Know. Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 20 October 2009.[dead link]
  2. ^ Franks, Bailey & Guest 1993, p. 10
  3. ^ Dunnigan 2003, p. 149
  4. ^ Shores, Franks & Guest 1990, p. 7
  5. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 66
  6. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 69–70
  7. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 123
  8. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 99
  9. ^ Franks & Bailey 1992, pp. 157–158.
  10. ^ Shores, et al, p. 151
  11. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 106-107
  12. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, p. 175.
  13. ^ Shores, et al, p. 200–201
  14. ^ Shores, et al, p. 229
  15. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, pp. 51-52.
  16. ^ Shores, et al, p. 315
  17. ^ Shores, et al, p. 317
  18. ^ Shores, et al, p. 384
  19. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 231-232
  20. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 234-235
  21. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 65
  22. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, pp.117-118.
  23. ^ Shores, et al, p. 71
  24. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 126-127
  25. ^ Shores, et al, p. 230–231
  26. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, p. 52.
  27. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, pp. 58-59.
  28. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 248
  29. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 283–284
  30. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 290–291
  31. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 197
  32. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 365
  33. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 368–369
  34. ^ Shores, et al, p. 62
  35. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 78-79
  36. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 82
  37. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 100
  38. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 151–152
  39. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 165
  40. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 128-129
  41. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 197–198
  42. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 207
  43. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 207
  44. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 215
  45. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 146
  46. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 252–253
  47. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 305
  48. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 181
  49. ^ Franks, Norman (2000). Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Aircraft of the Aces. Osprey Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4.
  50. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 185
  51. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 190-191
  52. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 209
  53. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 355–356
  54. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 359–360
  55. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 370
  56. ^ Shores, et al, p. 59
  57. ^ Shores, et al, p. 72
  58. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 16
  59. ^ Shores, et al, p. 92–93
  60. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, pp. 131-132.
  61. ^ Shores, et al, p. 102–103
  62. ^ Shores, et al, p. 113–114
  63. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, pp. 31-32.
  64. ^ Shores, et al, p. 122–123
  65. ^ Shores, et al, p. 147–148
  66. ^ Shores, et al, p. 149
  67. ^ O'Connor, pp. 54, 56
  68. ^ Shores, et al, p. 159
  69. ^ Shores, et al, p. 178–179
  70. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 123
  71. ^ Shores, et al, p. 192
  72. ^ Shores, et al, p. 194
  73. ^ Shores, et al, p. 215
  74. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 145
  75. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, pp. 56-57.
  76. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 176
  77. ^ Shores, et al, p. 314
  78. ^ Franks & Bailey, 1992, p. 69.
  79. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 209-210
  80. ^ Shores, et al, p. 342
  81. ^ Shores, et al, p. 348.
  82. ^ Franks & Bailey 1992, pp. 72–73.
  83. ^ Shores, et al, p. 352–353
  84. ^ Shores, et al, p. 372
  85. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 227-228
  86. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 78-79
  87. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 120.
  88. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 126.
  89. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 127.
  90. ^ Shores, et al (1990), p. 130
  91. ^ Franks & Bailey 1992, pp. 148–149.
  92. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 101
  93. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 108
  94. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 164
  95. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 169
  96. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 171–172
  97. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 176
  98. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 125
  99. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 189
  100. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 126
  101. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 196
  102. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 134-135
  103. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 222–223
  104. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 157-158
  105. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 162-163
  106. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 280
  107. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 282
  108. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 171-172
  109. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 173-174
  110. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 303
  111. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 182
  112. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 184
  113. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 320
  114. ^ Franks & Bailey 1992, p. 217.
  115. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 331–332
  116. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 201-202
  117. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. p. 203
  118. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 348–349
  119. ^ Franks, Bailey, Guest, 1993. pp. 212-213
  120. ^ Shores et al (1990), p. 377




Bibliography edit

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