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List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha

The term "Scheduled Tribes" signifies specific indigenous groups whose status is formally acknowledged to some extent by Indian legislation, often colloquially referred to as "tribals" or "adibasi." In adherence to the Constitution of the Indian Republic, the state of Odisha officially recognizes a total of 64 distinct tribes as Scheduled Tribes.[1][2] Among these 64 tribes, 13 hold the designation of "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups" (PVTGs).[3][4]

Tribal face of Odisha
Kandha
Santal
Gond

According to the 2011 census, Odisha counted 9,590,756 Scheduled Tribes, ranking as the third-largest state in India in terms of its Scheduled Tribes population, trailing behind Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. These tribal communities collectively make up around 22.84% of the state's total population, 9.20% of the nation's Scheduled Tribes population, and about 0.79% of the nation's entire population.[5]

Main tribes

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Distribution of Scheduled Tribes of Odisha, 2011 Census
 
Percentage of Scheduled Tribes (district wise) of Odisha, 2011 Census

The Kondha or Kandha is the largest tribe of the state in terms of population. They have a population of about one million and are based mainly in the Kandhamal and adjoining districts namely Rayagada, Koraput, Balangir and Boudh. The Santals with a population over 800,000, inhabit the Mayurbhanj district. The Ho people with a population more than 100,0000 inhabit in Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Jajpur, Balasore, Bhadrak, Sambalpur, Jharsuguda, Sonepur, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Anugul, Jharsuguda, Sundergarh, Kandhamal district. The Saura, with a population over 300,000, are found mainly in the undivided Ganjam and Puri district. The Bonda, are known as 'the Naked People', and have a population of about 5,000 and live in Malkangiri district formerly part of undivided Koraput. The Kisans are the main residents of Sundergarh, Sambalpur and Keonjhar.

List of scheduled tribes

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As per the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, amended by Modification Order 1956 and subsequent modification order the following were listed as Scheduled Tribes in Odisha;[6][7][1]

  1. Bagata (Bhakta)
  2. Baiga
  3. Banjara (Banjari)
  4. Bathudi (Bathuri)
  5. Bhottada (Dhotada, Bhotra, Bhatra, Bhattara, Bhotora, Bhatara)
  6. Bhuyan (Bhuinya)
  7. Bhumia
  8. Bhumij (Teli Bhumij, Haladipokhria Bhumij, Haladi Pokharia Bhumija, Desi Bhumij, Desia Bhumij, Tamaria Bhumij)
  9. Bhunjia
  10. Binjhal (Binjhwar)
  11. Binjhia (Binjhoa)
  12. Birhor (Mankidi, Mankirdia)
  13. Bondo Poraja (Bonda Paroja, Banda Paroja)
  14. Chenchu
  15. Dal
  16. Desua Bhumij
  17. Dharua (Dhuruba, Dhurva)
  18. Didayi (Didai Paroja, Didai)
  19. Gadaba (Bodo Gadaba, Gutob Gadaba, Kapu Gadaba, Ollara Gadaba, Parenga Gadaba, Sano Gadaba]
  20. Gandia
  21. Ghara
  22. Gond (Gondo, Rajgond, Maria Gond, Dhur Gond)
  23. Ho
  24. Holva
  25. Jatapu
  26. Juang
  27. Kandha (Khond, Kond, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kandha, Kondh, Kui, Buda Kondh, Bura Kandha, Desia Kandha, Dungaria Kondh, Kutia Kandha, Kandha Gauda, Muli Kondh, Malua Kondh, Pengo Kandha, Raja Kondh, Raj Khond)
  28. Kandha Gauda
  29. Kawar (Kanwar)
  30. Kharia (Kharian, Berga Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Erenga Kharia, Munda Kharia, Oraon Kharia, Khadia, Pahari Kharia)
  31. Kharwar
  32. Kisan (Nagesar, Nagesia)
  33. Kol
  34. Kolah (Loharas, Kol Loharas)
  35. Kolha (larka)
  36. Koli (Malhar)
  37. Kondadora
  38. Kora
  39. Korua
  40. Kotia
  41. Koya (Gumba Koya, Koitur Koya, Kamar Koya, Musara Koya)
  42. Kulis (Kuli)
  43. Lodha (Nodh, Nodha, Lodh)
  44. Madia
  45. Mahali
  46. Mankidi
  47. Mankirdia (Mankria, Mankidi)
  48. Matya (Matia)
  49. Mirdhas (Kuda, Koda, Mirdha)
  50. Munda (Munda Lohara, Munda Mahalis, Nagabanshi Munda, Odia Munda)
  51. Mundari
  52. Omanatya (Omanatyo, Amanatya)
  53. Oraon (Dhangar, Uran)
  54. Parenga
  55. Paroja (Parja, Bodo Paroja, Barong Jhodia Paroja, Chhelia Paroja, Jhodia Paroja, Konda Paroja, Paraja, Ponga Paroja, Sodia Paroja, Sano Paroja, Solia Paroja)
  56. Pentia
  57. Rajuar
  58. Santal
  59. Saora
  60. Shabar Lodha
  61. Sounti
  62. Tharua (Tharua Bindhani)
  63. Muka Dora, Mooka Dora, Nuka Dora, Nooka Dora (in Koraput, Nowrangapur, Rayagada and Malkangiri districts)
  64. Konda Reddy, Konda Reddi

Among the 64 Scheduled Tribes listed, many are subsections of larger Scheduled Tribes.

List of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups

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  1. Birhor
  2. Bondo
  3. Chukutia Bhunjia
  4. Didayi
  5. Dangria Khond
  6. Juangas
  7. Kharias
  8. Kutia Kondh
  9. Lanjia Sauras
  10. Lodhas
  11. Mankidias
  12. Paudi Bhuyans
  13. Soura

Demographics

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Tribe wise census statistics
Sl no Scheduled Tribe Segments/ Synonyms Population (2011) Literacy rate
1 Bagata Bhakta 8813 53.89
2 Baiga 338 67.25
3 Banjara Banjari 18257 62.28
4 Bathudi Bathuri 217395 63.71
5 Bhottada Dhotada, Bhotra, Bhatra, Bhattara, Bhotora, Bhatara 450771 40.03
6 Bhuiya Bhuyan, Paudi Bhuyan 306129 63.14
7 Bhumia 125977 41.94
8 Bhumij Teli Bhumij, Haladipokhria Bhumij, Haladi Pokharia Bhumija, Desi Bhumij, Desia Bhumij, Tamaria Bhumij 283909 52.06
9 Bhunjia Chuktia Bhunjia 12350 44.93
10 Binjhal Binjhwar 137040 57.16
11 Binjhia Binjhoa 11419 57.86
12 Birhor 596 47.24
13 Bondo Bonda Paroja, Banda Paroja 12231 36.51
14 Chenchu 13 54.55
15 Dal 25598 43.20
16 Desua Bhumij 404 56.98
17 Dharua Dhuruba, Dhurva 18151 31.39
18 Didayi Didai Paroja, Didai 8890 34.56
19 Gadaba Bodo Gadaba, Gutob Gadaba, Kapu Gadaba, Ollara Gadaba, Parenga Gadaba, Sano Gadaba 84689 39.30
20 Gandia 1854 35.81
21 Ghara 195 71.43
22 Gond Rajgond, Maria Gond, Dhur Gond, Gondo 888581 59.65
23 Ho 806008 54.79
24 Holva 28149 48.90
25 Jatapu 14890 47.22
26 Juang 47095 42.85
27 Kandha Gauda 26403 56.49
28 Kawar Kanwar 5225 64.44
29 Kharia Kharian, Berga Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Erenga Kharia, Munda Kharia, Oraon Kharia, Khadia, Pahari Kharia (Hill Kharia) 222844 58.46
30 Kharwar 2265 62.49
31 Khond Kond, Kandha, Nanguli Kandha, Sitha Kandha, Kondh, Kui, Buda Kondh, Bura Kandha, Desia Kandha, Dungaria Kondh, Kutia Kandha, Kandha Gauda, Muli Kondh, Malua Kondh, Pengo Kandha, Raja Kondh, Raj Khond 1627486 46.95
32 Kisan Nagesar, Nagesia 331589 64.21
33 Kol 4058 46.26
34 Kolah Loharas Kol Loharas 9558 52.68
35 Kolha 625009 42.23
36 Koli Malhar 6423 57.57
37 Kondadora 20802 48.27
38 Kora Khaira, Khayara 54408 68.54
39 Korua 499 32.60
40 Kotia 7232 44.36
41 Koya Gumba Koya, Koitur Koya, Kamar Koya, Musara Koya 147137 29.87
42 Kulis 13689 78.88
43 Lodha Nodh, Nodha, Lodh 9785 43.08
44 Madia 2243 48.36
45 Mahali 18625 51.24
46 Mankidi 31 35.71
47 Mankirdia Mankria, Mankidi 2222 21.14
48 Matya Matia 30169 51.05
49 Mirdhas Kuda, Koda 75940 62.31
50 Munda Munda Lohara, Munda Mahalis, Nagabanshi Munda, Oriya Munda 558691 54.92
51 Mundari 25655 59.89
52 Omanatya Omanatyo, Amanatya 28736 36.27
53 Oraon Dhangar, Uran 358112 67.57
54 Parenga 9445 32.78
55 Paroja Parja, Bodo Paroja, Barong Jhodia Paroja, Chhelia Paroja, Jhodia Paroja, Konda Paroja, Paraja, Ponga Paroja, Sodia Paroja, Sano Paroja, Solia Paroja 374628 34.92
56 Pentia 10003 44.93
57 Rajuar 3518 51.97
58 Santal 894764 55.57
59 Saora Savar, Saura, Sahara, Arsi Saora, Based Saora, Bhima Saora, Bhimma Saora, Chumura Saora, Jara Savar, Jadu Saora, Jati Saora, Juari Saora, Kampu Saora, Kampa Soura, Kapo Saora, Kindal Saora, Kumbi Kancher Saora, Kalapithia Saora, Kirat Saora, Lanjia Saora, Lamba Lanjia Saora, Luara Saora, Luar Saora, Laria Savar, Malia Saora, Malla Saora, Uriya Saora, Raika Saora, Sudda Saora, Sarda Saora, Tankala Saora, Patro Saora, Vesu Saora 534751 54.99
60 Shabar Lodha
(Not to confused with Sl no. 43) 		516402 53.29
61 Sounti 112803 59.58
62 Tharua Tharua Bindhani 9451 50.44

(Note : PVTGs of Odisha are bold texted)

Language

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Languages of Scheduled Tribes of Odisha, 2011 census[8]

  Odia (44.98%)
  Kui/Kondh[a] (10.17%)
  Santali (8.81%)
  Sambalpuri (5.63%)
  Munda/Mundari[b] (4.64%)
  Ho (4.23%)
  Sabar (3.07%)
  Sadri (2.56%)
  Kisan (2.01%)
  Paroja (1.54%)
  Koya (1.48%)
  Kurukh (1.37%)
  Desia (1.35%)
  Kharia (1.27%)
  Other (6.89%)

According to the 2011 Census of India, Odisha's Scheduled Tribes constitute 22.84% (9,590,756) of the state's total population.[8] Among them, Odia is spoken by 44.98% of the population, Kui by 10.17% (including 106,101 Khond speakers), and Santali by 8.81%. Sambalpuri is spoken by 5.63%, Munda by 4.64% (including 121,391 Mundari speakers), and Ho by 4.23%. Additionally, Savara is spoken by 3.07%, Sadan/Sadri by 2.56%, and Kisan by 2.01%. Proja is spoken by 1.54%, Koya by 1.48%, and Kurukh/Oraon by 1.37%. Desia is spoken by 1.35%, and Kharia by 1.26% of the population.[8] Furthermore, Bhatri is spoken by 81,413 individuals, Telugu by 50,375, and Gondi by 45,042. Laria is spoken by 40,893, Bhumijali by 34,131, Chhattisgarhi by 33,342, and Gadaba by 32,534 individuals. Juang is spoken by 30,217, Bhuiya/Bhuyan by 28,275, and Halabi by 19,722. Hindi is spoken by 17,924, Bengali by 9,080, and Kuvi by 6,374. Banjari is spoken by 5,218, Ladakhi by 3,020, Urdu by 2,658, Koda/Kora by 1,995, Rai by 1,788, and Coorgi/Kodagu by 1,305 individuals.[8]

Inclusion in and exclusion from Scheduled list

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Initially, the list of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha consisted of 42 tribes. The implementation of the Scheduled Tribes Modification Order in 1956 brought significant changes, including the inclusion of 21 new tribes as Scheduled Tribes, such as Bhottada, Bhumia, Bhumij, Bhunjia, Desua Bhumij, Dharua, Didayi, Gandia, Holva, Kandha Gauda, Kol, Kotia, Lodha, Madia, Matya, Omanatya, Parenga, Pentia, Rajuar, Sabar Lodha, and Sounti. Additionally, the tribe named Gorait was excluded from the list and enlisted in Scheduled Castes.[9] However, after the establishment of the Tribal Research Institute, it was discovered that six communities viz. Chenchu, Ghara, Kandha Gauda, Kuli, Saunti had been mistakenly included in the list due to a lack of accurate local information when the list was originally drawn up in 1950 and revised in 1956. As they did not meet the basic criteria for tribal status, the Odisha government later proposed their exclusion from the list. However, this proposal faced opposition from members in Parliament, and as a result, there were no changes made to the list of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha.[10] In the same way, 169 communities are proposed by the state government for inclusion in the Scheduled Tribes list since 1970. These are mostly synonyms, segments and phonetic variations of existing Scheduled Tribes, such as Kandha Kumbhar, Jodia, Chuktia Bhunjia, Saara, Mankidia, Porja, Banda Paraja, Durua, and Paharia.[11] As of 2023, the central government has rejected 81 communities, returning them to the state government due to a lack of supporting documents.[12] In 2024, two more Dravidian tribal communities, namely Muka Dora (with area restrictions) and Konda Reddy, were scheduled to the Tribal list of Odisha.[2]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ 9.06% Kui and 1.11% Khond/Kondh
  2. ^ 3.37% Munda and 1.27% Mundari

References

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  1. ^ a b "List of communities – Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). stsc.odisha.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Odisha ST list gets two new entrants and offers relief to at least 50 sub-tribes". Hindustan Times. 2024-02-09. Retrieved 2024-03-09.
  3. ^ "NAME OF THE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TRIBAL GROUPS (PTGs)" (PDF). tribal.nic.in.
  4. ^ A.B. Ota. "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) of Odisha" (PDF). respiratory.tribal.gov.in.
  5. ^ "Orissa DATA HIGHLIGHTS : THE SCHEDULED TRIBES Census of India 2001" (PDF). Census of India (2001). Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  6. ^ "Odisha State Tribal Museum | Tribes of Odisha".
  7. ^ "The Tribes of Odisha". Archived from the original on May 19, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d "ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  9. ^ Ahmed, M (1965). Census of India 1961, Orissa (PDF). District Census Handbook. Keonjhar. Cuttack: Superintendent, Orissa Government Press. p. 15.
  10. ^ Lokur, B. N. The Report of the Advisory Committee on the Revision of the Lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Report). Department of Social Security, Govt. of India.
  11. ^ Lakshman, Abhinay (2022-12-18). "Inclusion of communities in ST list still on the backburner". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  12. ^ "Odisha unnecessarily blaming Centre on ST list: Minister". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2023-12-07.

Further reading

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