List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.
Spacecraft | Organization | Date | Type | Closest Approach | Status | Notes | Image | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giotto (first pass) |
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2 July 1990 | flyby | 22,730 km | success | first Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup | [1] | ||
Galileo (first pass) |
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8 December 1990 | flyby | 960 km | success | gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km | ![]() |
[2] | |
Sakigake (first pass) |
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8 January 1992 | flyby | 88,790 km | success | previously visited Halley's comet | ![]() |
[3] | |
Suisei | ![]() |
20 August 1992 | flyby | failure | failure | previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned | ![]() |
[4] | |
Galileo (second pass) |
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8 December 1992 | flyby | 303 km | success | gravity assist en route to Jupiter | ![]() |
[5] | |
Sakigake (second and third passes) |
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14 June 1993 | flyby | ![]() |
[6] | ||||
28 October 1994 | flyby | out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995 | |||||||
NEAR Shoemaker | ![]() |
23 January 1998 | flyby | 540 km | success | gravity assist en route to Eros | ![]() |
[7] | |
Nozomi (first pass) |
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20 December 1998 | flyby | 1000 km | partial success | gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan | [8] | ||
Giotto (second pass) |
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1 July 1999 | flyby | failure | n/a | already defunct | [1] | ||
Cassini | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
18 August 1999 | flyby | 1171 km | success | gravity assist en route to Saturn | ![]() |
[9] | |
Stardust (first pass) |
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15 January 2001 | flyby | 6000 km | success | gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild | ![]() |
[10] | |
Nozomi (second pass) |
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December, 2002 | flyby | 11,000 km | success | gravity assist en route to Mars | [8] | ||
Nozomi (third pass) |
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19 June 2003 | flyby | 1000 km | success | gravity assist en route to Mars | [8] | ||
Hayabusa | ![]() |
19 May 2004 | flyby | 20,000 km | success | en route to Itokawa | ![]() |
[11] | |
Rosetta (first pass) |
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4 March 2005 | flyby | 1950 km | success | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters | ![]() |
[12] | |
MESSENGER | ![]() |
2 August 2005 | flyby | 2348 km | success | en route to Venus and Mercury | ![]() |
[13] | |
Stardust (second pass) |
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15 January 2006 | flyby | success | drop-off of sample return capsule | ![]() |
[10] | ||
Rosetta (second pass) |
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13 November 2007 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters | ||||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass) | ![]() |
31 December 2007[14] | flyby | 15,567 | success | previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley | ![]() |
[15] | |
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass) | ![]() |
December 2008[14][16] | flyby | 43,450 km | success | gravity assist | ![]() |
[15] | |
Stardust (third pass) |
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14 January 2009 | flyby | 9200 km | success[17] | mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km | ![]() |
[10] | |
Rosetta (third pass) |
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13 November 2009 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters | ||||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass) | ![]() |
June 2009[14] | distant flyby | success | ![]() |
[15] | |||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass) | ![]() |
December 2009[14][16] | distant flyby | success | ![]() |
[15] | |||
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass) | ![]() |
June 2010[14] | flyby | 36,900 km | success | ![]() |
[15] | ||
Juno | ![]() |
9 October 2013 | flyby | 559 km | success | gravity assist en route to Jupiter | ![]() |
2011-040A | |
Hayabusa2 | ![]() |
3 December 2015 | flyby | success | gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu | 2014-076A | |||
PROCYON | ![]() ![]() |
3 December 2015[18] | flyby | success | was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned[19] | 2014-076D | |||
Shin'en 2 | ![]() |
4 December 2015[20] | flyby | success | 2014-076B | ||||
OSIRIS-REx | ![]() |
22 September 2017[21] | flyby | 17,237 km | success | Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 101955 Bennu | ![]() |
2016-055A | |
BepiColombo | ![]() ![]() |
10 April 2020 | flyby | 12,700 km | success | Gravity assist en route to Venus and Mercury | BEPICLMBO | ||
Solar Orbiter | ![]() |
26 November 2021 | flyby | 455 km | success | Gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit | 2020-010A | ||
Lucy | ![]() |
16 October 2022 | flyby | 360 km | success | main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans | ![]() |
2021-093A | |
OSIRIS-APEX | ![]() |
24 September 2023 | flyby | 779 km | success | Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension) | ![]() |
2016-055A |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". 2.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
- ^ "Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site". .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ a b c "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ a b c "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ a b c d e "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". Epoxi.umd.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ a b c d e "NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ a b "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ "Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009". Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ "PROCYON". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (May 8, 2015). "Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid". Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- ^ "Keiichi Okuyama-Lab". Kyushu Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ "NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Slingshots Past Earth". NASA. 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2018-04-26.