List of Chinese cash coins by inscription

Chinese cash coins were first produced during the Warring States period, and they became standardised as the Ban Liang (半兩) coinage during the Qin dynasty which followed. Over the years, cash coins have had many different inscriptions, and the Wu Zhu (五銖) inscription, which first appeared under the Han dynasty, became the most commonly used inscription and was often used by succeeding dynasties for 700 years until the introduction of the Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寳) during the Tang dynasty. This was also the first time regular script was used as all earlier cash coins exclusively used seal script. During the Song dynasty a large number of different inscriptions was used, and several different styles of Chinese calligraphy were used, even on coins with the same inscriptions produced during the same period. These cash coins are known as matched coins (對錢). This was originally pioneered by the Southern Tang.

Chinese cash coins from every major dynasty in Chinese history and the Republic of China.

During the Yuan dynasty, largely deprecated copper coinage was abandoned in favour of paper money. This trend continued under the Ming dynasty. Cash coins only contained the era names of the emperor during the Ming dynasty. Due to a naming taboo the term "Yuanbao" (元寶) was phased out from cash coin inscriptions as the founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang had the word "Yuan" (元) in his name.

The trend of exclusively using the era names on currencies continued during the Qing dynasty, and all cash coins issued during this period were written in regular script.

Below is a list of obverse inscriptions that were used on Chinese cash coins organized by period and/or dynasty.[1][2][3]

Warring States

edit

During the Warring states period, the first precursors of the Chinese cash coins started to appear. These early round coins (圜錢, huánqián) circulated alongside the knife and spade money. As most of these early round coins had round holes, the first "true" cash coins were the Yi Hua (一化) produced by the State of Yan.[4][5] Apart from two small and presumably late coins from the State of Qin, coins from the spade money area have a round hole and refer to the jin and liang units. Those from the knife money area have a square hole and are denominated in hua.[6]

Round hole, no rims, reverses plain and flat

edit

List of early round coins produced between 350 BC and 220 BC:[7][8][9][10][11]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Meaning Alternative reading(s) Image
Gong gòng A city in the state of Liang None  
Gong Tun Chi Jin 共屯赤金 gòng tún chì jīn "Gong Pure Red Metal" 共純赤金
(Gong Chun Chi Jin)
 
Gong Ban Jin 共半釿 gòng bàn jīn "Gong, half jin" None
Yuan[a] yuán A city in the state of Liang None  
Gu "Old" None
An Zang 安臧 ān zāng A city in the state of Zhou None
Qi Yuan Yi Jin 桼垣一釿 qī yuán yì jīn "Qiyuan, one Jin",
State of Liang
長垣一釿
(Chang Yuan Yi Jin)
桼圜一釿
(Qi Yuan Yi Jin)
 
Qi Yuan Yi Jin 桼睘一釿 qī yuán yì jīn
Xiang Yin[b] 襄陰 xiāng yīn A city in the state of Liang 濟陰
(Ji Yin)
畢陰
(Bi Yin)
Li Shi 離石 lí shí A city in the state of Zhao None
Feng Ping 封坪 fēng píng Unknown 陰坪
(Yin Ping)
武坪
(Wu Ping)
Hou Jin 侯釿 hóu jīn "Hou, (one) Jin" 𥎦釿
(Hou Jin)
Lin lìn A city in the state of Zhao 藺 / 閵
(Lin)
 
Wu'an 武安 wǔ ān "Martial peace" None
Pishi 皮氏 pí shì None
Pingbei 平備 píng bèi "Perfect peace" None
Xi Zhou 西周 xī zhōu State of Western Zhou None  
Dong Zhou 東周 dōng zhōu State of Eastern Zhou None  
Ban Yuan 半睘 bàn qióng "Half Coin"[c] None

State of Yan

edit

List of early round coins produced by the State of Yan between 300 BC and 220 BC:

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Alternative reading(s) Image
Yi Hua[d] 一化 yī huà 一刀
(Yi Dao)
 
Ming Hua 明化 míng huà 明刀
(Ming Dao)
匽化
(Yan Hua)
 
Ming Si 明四 míng sì 匽四
(Yan Si)

State of Qi

edit

List of early round coins produced by the State of Qi between 300 BC and 220 BC:

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Alternative reading(s) Image
Yi Hua 益化 yì huà 賹化
(Ai Hua)
Yi Si Hua 益四化 yì sì huà 賹四化
(Ai Si Hua)
 
Yi Liu Hua[e] 益六化 yì liù huà 賹六化
(Ai Liu Hua)
 

State of Qin

edit

List of early round coins produced by the State of Qin between 250 BC and 220 BC:

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Meaning Image
Zhu Zhong Yi Liang Shi Er 珠重一兩十二 zhū zhòng yī liǎng shí èr "Weight of 1 Liang and 12 times 1 Zhu"  
Zhu Zhong Yi Liang Shi Si 珠重一兩十四 zhū zhòng yī liǎng shí sì "Weight of 1 Liang and 14 times 1 Zhu"  
Chang'an 長安 cháng'ān Said to have been cast by Zhao Chengjiao,
Lord of Chang'an.
 
Wenxin 文信 wén xìn Said to have been cast by Lü Buwei,
the Marquis of Wenxin.
 
Liang Zi 兩甾[f] liǎng zī "Two Zi"
(12 Zhu)
 
Ban Liang 半兩 bàn liǎng "Half tael"  

Qin dynasty

edit

During the Qin dynasty production of the Ban Liang cash coins continued and its weight was standardised.[12]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Literal translation Years of production Emperors Image
Ban Liang 半兩 bàn liǎng "Half tael" 221 BC–206 BC Qin Shi Huang
Qin Er Shi
 

Western Han dynasty

edit

Under the Western Han dynasty the Ban Liang cash coins of the earlier Qin dynasty were retained until a series of monetary reforms replaced them first with the San Zhu and then the Wu Zhu, the latter would be continued to be manufactured for around 700 years.

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Literal translation Years of production Image
Ban Liang 半兩 bàn liǎng "Half tael" 206 BC–119 BC  
San Zhu 三銖 sān zhū "Three Zhu" 119 BC–118 BC[g]  
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" 118 BC–9 AD  

Xin dynasty

edit

After Wang Mang usurped the throne he instituted various monetary reforms, in AD 9 he retained the Wu Zhu cash coins but introduced two new types of Knife money, between AD 9 and 10 he introduced an impossibly complex system involving tortoise shell, cowries, gold, silver, six round copper coins, and a reintroduction of the spade money in ten denominations. In AD 14, all these tokens were abolished, and replaced by another type of spade coin and new round coins.[13][14][15][16]

List of cash coins issued by the Xin dynasty:

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Literal translation Years of production Emperor Image
The Six Round Coins (series 9–14)
Xiao Quan Zhi Yi 小泉直一 xiǎoquán zhí yī "Small Coin, Value One" 9–14 Wang Mang  
Yao Quan Yi Shi 么泉一十 yǎo quán yīshí "Baby Coin, Ten" 9–14 Wang Mang
You Quan Er Shi 幼泉二十 yòu quán èrshí "Juvenile Coin, Twenty" 9–14 Wang Mang
Zhong Quan San Shi 中泉三十 zhōng quán sānshí "Middle Coin, Thirty" 9–14 Wang Mang  
Zhuang Quan Si Shi 壯泉四十 zhuàng quán sìshí "Adult Coin, Forty" 9–14 Wang Mang
Da Quan Wu Shi 大泉五十 dàquán wǔshí "Large coin with a nominal value of fifty (Wu Zhu cash coins)" 9–14 Wang Mang  
Later issues
Huo Quan 貨泉 huòquán "Wealth/Money Coin" 14–23 Wang Mang  
Bu Quan 布泉 bù quán "Spade Coin" 14–23 Wang Mang  

Chengjia

edit

The rebel Gongsun Shu cast iron cash coins based on the Wu Zhu's of the Western Han dynasty in his rebel state of Chengjia in present-day Sichuan:[17]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Emperor Approximate years of mintage Image
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū Gongsun Shu 25–36  

Eastern Han dynasty

edit

The Eastern Han dynasty only cast Wu Zhu (五銖) cash coins.[18]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Image
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū  

Kingdom of Khotan

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Kingdom of Khotan:[19][20][21]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Approximate years of production King Illustration
(from A. Stein)
Image
Yu Fang 于方 yú fāng 129–130 Fang Qian  

Three Kingdoms

edit

List of Chinese cash coins issued during Three Kingdoms period:[22]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Literal translation Approximate years of production King Image
Cao Wei (222–265)
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" 227–265 All
(except for Cao Pi)
Shu Han (221–265)
Zhi Bai Wu Zhu 直百五銖 zhí bǎi wǔ zhū "Value One Hundred Wu Zhu" 214 Liu Bei  
Zhi Bai 直百 zhí bǎi "Value One Hundred" 214 Liu Bei  
Tai Ping Bai Qian 太平百錢 tàipíng bǎi qián "Taiping One Hundred Cash" Unknown Liu Bei  
Tai Ping Bai Jin[h] 太平百金 tàipíng bǎi jīn "Taiping One Hundred Cash" Unknown Liu Bei  
Zhi Yi 直一 zhí yī "Value One" Unknown Liu Bei
Ding Ping Yi Bai 定平一百 dìngpíng yībǎi "Ding Ping One Hundred" Unknown Liu Bei  
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" Unknown Liu Bei  
Eastern Wu (222–280)
Da Quan Wu Bai 大泉五百 dàquán wǔbǎi "Large Coin Five Hundred" 236 Sun Quan  
Da Quan Dang Qian 大泉當千 dàquán dāng qiān "Large Coin Worth a Thousand" 238 Sun Quan  
Da Quan Er Qian 大泉二千 dàquán èrqiān "Large Coin, Two Thousand" Unknown Sun Quan
Da Quan Wu Qian 大泉五千 dàquán wǔqiān "Large Coin, Five Thousand" Unknown Sun Quan

Kingdom of Kucha

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Kingdom of Kucha:[23][24][2][25]

Inscription
(Obverse)
Inscription
(Reverse)
Approximate years of production Differentiating features Image
Blank Blank 265–589 These have a rim around the square centre hole on one side while the other side is rimless, they tend to thin on the outside while they're thick on the inside.
Blank Blank 265–589 Similar to the first type but these cash coins have no inner rim.
Blank Blank 265–589 These cash coins are completely without rim but are square in shape and have a square centre hole, they tend to be very thin.
Blank Blank 265–589 These cash coins are irregularly shaped, diminutive in size, thin, and are cast of poor workmanship. Some are merely five millimeters in diameter and weigh as little as 0.2 grams.
五銖
(Wu Zhu)
An undeciphered Kuśiññe language inscription. Unknown These are the only known cash coins produced by Kucha with an inscription.  

Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms

edit

List of Chinese cash coins produced during the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period:[26][2]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu pinyin Literal translation Approximate years of production Monarch Image
Jin dynasty (266–420)
Wu Zhu[27] 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" Unknown Unknown  
Former Liang Kingdom (301–376)
Liang Zao Xin Quan 涼造新泉 liáng zào xīnquán "Liang Made New Coin" 317–376 King Zhang Gui
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" Unknown King Zhang Gui[i]
Later Zhao Kingdom (319–352)
Feng Huo 豐貨 fēng huò "The Coin of Abundance" 319 Shi Le  
Cheng Han Kingdom (303–347)
Han Xing 漢興 hàn xìng "the period title of [Han Xing]"[j] 337–343 Li Shou  
Xia Kingdom (407–431)
Tai Xia Zhen Xing 太夏眞興 tài xià zhēnxìng "Great Xia, Zhenxing [period]" 419–424 Helian Bobo  

Northern and Southern dynasties

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Northern and Southern dynasties:[28][29]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Literal translation Years of production Emperor
(South / North)
Image
Southern dynasties
Song dynasty (420–479)
Si Zhu 四銖 sì zhū "Four Zhu" 430 Emperor Wen  
Xiao Jian (obverse)
Si Zhu
(reverse)
孝建 (obverse)
四銖 (reverse)
xiào jiàn (obverse)
sì zhū (reverse)
"Xiaojian period" (obverse)
"Four Zhu" (reverse)
454–467 Emperor Xiaowu  
Xiao Jian 孝建 xiào jiàn "Xiaojian period" 454–467 Emperor Xiaowu  
Jing He 景和 jǐng hé "[Jing He period title]" 465 Emperor Fei  
Yong Guang 永光 yǒng guāng "[Yong Guang period title]" 465 Emperor Fei
Liang Zhu 兩銖 liǎng zhū "Two Zhu",
"A pair of Zhu's"
465 Emperor Fei
Liang dynasty (502–556)
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" 502–556 All  
Taiqing Fengle 太清豐樂 tài qīng fēng lè "Tai Qing, Prosperous and Happy" 547–549 Emperor Wu  
Chen dynasty (557–589)
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" 560–566 Emperor Wen  
Taihuo Liuzhu 太貨六銖 tài huò liù zhū "The Large Coin Six Zhu" 579 Emperor Xuan  
Liu Zhu[2][k] 六銖 liù zhū "Six Zhu" 579 Emperor Xuan
Northern dynasties
Northern Wei dynasty (386–534)
Taihe Wuzhu 太和五銖 tài hé wǔ zhū "Taihe [period] Wu Zhu" 495 Emperor Xiaowen  
Wu Zhu[2] 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" 510 Emperor Xuanwu
Yongan Wuzhu 永安五銖 yǒng'ān wǔ zhū "Yong An [period] Wu Zhu" 529–543 Emperor Xiaozhuang  
Western Wei dynasty (535–557)
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū "Five Zhu" 546 Emperor Wen  
Northern Qi dynasty (550–77)
Chang Ping Wu Zhu 常平五銖 chángpíng wǔ zhū "The Constant and Regular Wu Zhu" 553 Emperor Wenxuan  
Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581)
Bu Quan 布泉 bù quán "Spade Coin" 561 Emperor Wu  
Wuxing Dabu 五行大布 wǔháng dà bù "The Large Coin of the Five Elements [metal, wood, water, fire, and earth]" 574 Emperor Wu  
Yongtong Wanguo 永通萬國 yǒng tōng wànguó "Everlasting Circulation in Ten Thousand Kingdoms" 579 Emperor Xuan  

Sui dynasty

edit

The Sui dynasty only cast Wu Zhu (五銖) cash coins.[30][31]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Image
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū  

Tang dynasty

edit

List of cash coins issued by the Tang dynasty:[32]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo 621–846 Various  
Qianfeng Quanbao 乾封泉寶 qián fēng quán bǎo 666 Gaozong  
Qianyuan Zhongbao 乾元重寶 qián yuán zhòng bǎo 758–762 Suzong  

Local issues

edit

List of local issue cash coins of the Tang dynasty:[33]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Approximate years of production Place of mintage Emperor Image
Dali Yuanbao 大曆元寶 dà lì yuánbǎo 766–779 Kucha area,
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Daizong  
Da 766–779 Kucha area,
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Daizong
Yuan yuán 766–779 Kucha area,
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Daizong
Jianzhong Tongbao 建中通寶 jiàn zhōng tōng bǎo 780–783 Kucha area,
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Dezong  
Zhong zhōng 780–783 Kucha area,
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Dezong
Xiantong Xuanbao 咸通玄寶 xián tōng xuán bǎo 860–874 Guiyang Inspectorate Yizong
Gaochang Jili 高昌吉利 Gāochāng jí lì 860–874 Gaochang Yizong  

Yan dynasty

edit

List of cash coins issued by the Great Yan dynasty during the An Lushan Rebellion:[33]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Deyi Yuanbao 得壹元寶 de yī yuánbǎo 758 Shi Siming  
Shuntian Yuanbao 順天元寶 shùn tiān yuánbǎo 759–761 Shi Siming  

Uyghur Khaganate

edit

The Uyghur Khaganate manufactured a cash coin with an Old Uyghur inscription under the reign of Boquq Khagan.[34][35][36] A later cash coin is known to have been cast by the Uyghurs but it is not known when it was manufactured.[37][38]

Inscription
(obverse)
Inscription
(reverse)
Approximate years of production Khagan Image
Köl bilgä Tängri Boquq Uiğur qağan Il tutmiš yarliğinga 795–808 Boquq Khagan
Iduq yarliq yurisun Unknown Unknown  

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

edit

Later Liang dynasty

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Later Liang dynasty (907–923):[39]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Kaiping Tongbao 開平通寶 kāipíng tōng bǎo 907 Zhu Wen

Later Tang dynasty

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Later Tang dynasty (923–936):[39]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Tiancheng Yuanbao 天成元寶 tiānchéng yuánbǎo 926–929 Ming  

Later Jin dynasty (936–947)

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Later Jin dynasty (936–947):[39]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Tianfu Yuanbao 天福元寶 tiānfú yuánbǎo 938 Gao Zong  

Later Han dynasty

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Later Han dynasty (948–951):[39]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Hanyuan Tongbao 漢元通寶 hàn yuán tōng bǎo 948 Gao Zu  

Later Zhou dynasty

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Later Zhou dynasty (951–960):[40][41]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production Emperor Image
Zhouyuan Tongbao 周元通寶 zhōuyuán tōng bǎo 955–960 Shi Zong  

Former Shu

edit

List of cash coins attributed to the Former Shu Kingdom (907–925):[42]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Years of production King Image
Yongping Yuanbao 永平元寶 yǒng píng yuánbǎo 911–915 Wang Jian
Tongzheng Yuanbao 通正元寶 tōng zhèng yuánbǎo 916 Wang Jian  
Tianhan Yuanbao 天漢元寶 tiānhàn yuánbǎo 917 Wang Jian
Guangtian Yuanbao 光天元寶 guāng tiān yuánbǎo 918 Wang Jian  
Qiande Yuanbao 乾德元寶 qián dé yuánbǎo 919–924 Wang Zongyan  
Xiankang Yuanbao 咸康元寶 xián kāng yuánbǎo 925 Wang Zongyan  

Kingdom of Min

edit

List of cash coins attributed to the Kingdom of Min (909–945):[43]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features and notes Years of production Monarch Image
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo A small lead Kai Yuan coin was minted in Ninghua County of Dingzhou Prefecture in Fujian Province, where deposits of lead had been discovered. The lead coins circulated together with copper coins. 916 Wang Shenzhi
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo These cash coins have a large dot above on the reverse side. They are made of iron and the same coin cast in bronze is extremely rare. 922 Wang Shenzhi
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo These cash coins have the character Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: mǐn) on the reverse.
They are from the Fujian region and made of lead.
Wang Shenzhi
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo These cash coins have the character Fu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) on the reverse in reference to Fuzhou.
They are made of lead.
Wang Shenzhi  
Yonglong Tongbao 永隆通寶 yǒnglóng tōng bǎo These iron cash coins have the character Min (Chinese: ; pinyin: mǐn) on the reverse and comes from the Fujian region.
There is a crescent below.
One of these large Yonglong Tongbao coins was worth 10 small coins and 100 lead coins. A string of 500 of these poorly made Min iron coins were popularly called a kao ("a manacle").
942 Wang Yanxi  
Tiande Tongbao 天德通寶 tiān dé tōng bǎo These cash coins are made of iron. 944 Wang Yanzheng

Kingdom of Chu

edit

List of cash coins attributed to the Kingdom of Chu (907–951):[44]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features and notes Years of production Monarch Image
Tiance Fubao 天策府寶 tiān cè fǔ bǎo These cash coins are made of iron. 911 Supreme Commander Ma Yin  
Qianfeng Quanbao 乾封泉寶 qiān fēng quán bǎo These cash coins are made of iron.
According to the histories, because there was much lead and iron in Hunan, Ma Yin took the advice of his minister Gao Yu to cast lead and iron coins at Changsha in 925.
Extremely rare bronze specimens are also known.
925 King Wumu of Chu  
Qianyuan Zhongbao 乾元重寶 qiān yuán zhòng bǎo These cash coins bear an inscription that is also found on Tang coins.
This small lead coin is thought to have been issued by the Chu kingdom. Similar bronze coins are sometimes attributed to Ma Yin, but could be funerary items.
Unknown Ma Yin

Later Shu

edit

Cash coins produced by the Later Shu (926–965) include:[45]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features Years of production Monarch Image
Dashu Tongbao 大蜀通寶 dà shǔ tōng bǎo These cash coins are attributed to Meng Zhixiang when he became Emperor Gao Zu of Shu in Chengdu in 934. He died three months later. Despite its rarity, some say this coin continued to be cast by his son, Meng Chang, until 937. 934(–937) Gao Zu
Guangzheng Tongbao 廣政通寶 guǎng zhèng tōng bǎo These cash coins are either made of bronze or iron.
The bronze coins were cast by Meng Chang from the beginning of this period, 938.
In 956, iron coins began to be cast to cover additional military expenses.
938–963 Meng Chang

Southern Tang Kingdom

edit

Cash coins manufactured by the Southern Tang Kingdom (937–975) include:[46][47]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features Years of production Monarch Image
Daqi Tongbao 大齊通寶 dà qí tōng bǎo These cash coins were said to have been cast by the Prince of Qi or by the founder of the Southern Tang with the original name of the Tang kingdom.
Only two specimens were known, and these have now disappeared.
937 Xu Zhigao
Baoda Yuanbao 保大元寶 bǎo dà yuán bǎo This cash coin has on its reverse the character Tian (天) above.
They are made of iron and date between.
There is also an extremely rare bronze example of this coin.
943–957 Yuan Zong
Yongtong Quanhuo 永通泉貨 yǒng tōng quán huò 959–964 Yuan Zong
Tangguo Tongbao 唐國通寶 tang guó tōng bǎo The inscriptions of these cash coins could be written in seal, li, and regular script.[48] 959 Yuan Zong  
Datang Tongbao 大唐通寶 dà táng tōng bǎo These coins are all written in li script. 959 Yuan Zong  
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo These versions of the Kaiyuan Tongbao are written in li script and have broader rims. 961 Li Yu  

Southern Han Kingdom

edit

The cash coins produced by the Southern Han dynasty were:[49]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features Years of production Monarch Image
Kaiping Yuanbao 開平元寶 kāi píng yuán bǎo These cash coins were made from lead. 907–910 Liu Yin
Qianheng Tongbao 乾亨通寶 gān hēng tōng bǎo 917–942 Lie Zu
Qianheng Zhongbao 乾亨重寶 gān hēng zhòng bǎo These cash coins were made from bronze and lead. 917–942 Lie Zu  

Crude lead coins

edit

Crude lead cash coins attributed to the Southern Han/Chu area (900–971):

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features Image
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 kāiyuán tōng bǎo These cash coins are based on Tang Dynasty coins. They have a local style with numerous reverse inscriptions which are apparently series numbers.  

There is a very great variety of such coins; some have crescents on the reverse. The Kai character sometimes looks like yong (Chinese: ; pinyin: yǒng). Characters and legends often reversed because the incompetent workmen had not mastered the art of engraving in negative to make the moulds. Some specimens have meaningless characters.

Cash coins with hybrid inscriptions from this same area:

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Image
Wu Wu 五五 wǔ wǔ
Wu Wu Wu 五五五 wǔ wǔ wǔ
Wu Wu Wu Wu 五五五五 wǔ wǔ wǔ wǔ
Wu Zhu 五朱 wǔ zhū
Kai Yuan Wu Wu 開元五五 kāiyuán wǔ wǔ

These cash coins are typical of the hybrid inscriptions formed by combinations of inappropriate characters. They also have series numbers on the reverse. Note that the radical "" is missing from this Wu Zhu (五朱) coin. One variant of the Wu Wu (五五) coin has the Xin dynasty inscription Huo Quan (貨泉) on its reverse.[50]

You Zhou Autonomous Region

edit

The following cash coins were produced in the You Zhou Autonomous Region (割據幽州), which enjoyed virtual independence from the rest of the empire, between 900 and 914:[51]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Differentiating features Image
Yong An Yi Shi 永安一十 yǒng'ān yīshí
Yong An Yi Bai 永安一百 yǒng'ān yībǎi  
Yong An Wu Bai 永安五百 yǒng'ān wǔbǎi
Yong An Yi Qian 永安一千 yǒng'ān yīqiān These cash coins are found in either bronze or iron.
Wu Zhu 五銖 wǔ zhū These Wu Zhu cash coins are made from iron.
Huo Bu (obverse)
San Bai (reverse)
貨布 (Obverse)
三百 (reverse)
huò bù (obverse)
sānbǎi (reverse)
Shuntian Yuanbao 順天元寶 shùn tiān yuánbǎo Are made from iron. These poorly made coins are imitations of coins of previous regimes and are attributed to the You Zhou.

Liao dynasty

edit

Liao dynasty coins (like some contemporary Song dynasty coins) can be read top-right-bottom-left (clockwise), but unlike the Song's coinage never appeared top-bottom-right-left. Liao dynasty era cash coins have appeared in both Chinese and Khitan scripts, but the latter can more accurately be described as a type of Chinese numismatic charms as they weren't meant for circulation.[52][53][54][55][56]

List of cash coins produced by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty:[57][58]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of minting Emperor Image
Tian Zan Tong Bao 天贊通寶 天赞通宝 ?–927 Taizong
Tian Xian Tong Bao 天顯通寶 天显通宝 927–937 Taizong  
Hui Tong Tong Bao 會同通寶 会同通宝 938–947 Taizong
Tian Lu Tong Bao 天祿通寶 天禄通宝 947–951 Shizong
Ying Li Tong Bao 應曆通寶 应历通宝 951–969 Muzong
Bao Ning Tong Bao 保寧通寶 保宁通宝 969–982 Jingzong
Tong He Yuan Bao 統和元寶 統和元宝 983–1011 Shengzong
Chong Xi Tong Bao 重熙通寶 重熙通宝 1032–1055 Xingzong  
Qing Ning Tong Bao 清寧通寶 清宁通宝 1055–1064 Daozong  
Xian Yong Tong Bao 咸雍通寶 咸雍通宝 1065–1074 Daozong  
Da Kang Tong Bao 大康通寶 大康通宝 1074–1084 Daozong  
Da Kang Yuan Bao 大康元寶 大康元宝 1074–1084 Daozong  
Da An Yuan Bao 大安元寶 大安元宝 1085–1094 Daozong  
Shou Chang Yuan Bao 壽昌元寶 寿昌元宝 1095–1101 Daozong  
Qian Tong Yuan Bao 乾統元寶 乾统元宝 1101–1110 Tianzuo  
Tian Qing Yuan Bao 天慶元寶 天庆元宝 1111–1120 Tianzuo  

Because the Khitan people minted very few coins, and not every emperor minted coins with era names, forged Khitan coins have appeared since the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the 21st century, a large number of forged ancient Liao coins appeared in mainland China, many of which were does not exist in history.[59][60]

With Khitan inscriptions

edit

Coins with Khitan large scripts:[61]

Inscription
(Khitan)
Inscription
(Mandarin)
Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of casting Emperor Image
  Tian Chao Wan Shun 天朝萬順 天朝万顺  

Northern Song dynasty

edit

The cash coins of the Song dynasty are notable in the aspect that many cash coins of the same era that use the same inscription and have the same nominal value come in multiple Chinese calligraphic fonts. Many Emperors of the Song dynasty personally wrote the calligraphy to be inscribed on the cash coin. There are generally three scripts used on Song dynasty era cash coins which include Regular script, Seal script, and Running hand script/Grass script. The reading order of Song dynasty era cash coins exist in top-bottom-right-left and top-right-bottom-left orders.[62]

List of cash coins produced by the Northern Song dynasty:[63][1][3]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Scripts Period minted Emperor Image
Song Yuan Tong Bao 宋元通寶 宋元通宝 Regular script 960–976 Taizu  
Tai Ping Tong Bao 太平通寶 太平通宝 Regular script 976–989 Taizong  
Chun Hua Yuan Bao 淳化元寶 淳化元宝 Regular script, Seal script, Running script 990–994 Taizong  
Zhi Dao Yuan Bao 至道元寶 至道元宝 Regular script, Grass script,[64] Running script 995–997 Taizong
Xian Ping Yuan Bao 咸平元寶 咸平元宝 Regular script 998–1003 Zhenzong  
Jing De Yuan Bao 景德元寶 景德元宝 Regular script 1004–1007 Zhenzong  
Xiang Fu Tong Bao 祥符通寶 祥符通宝 Regular script, Running script 1008–1016 Zhenzong  
Xiang Fu Yuan Bao 祥符元寶 祥符元宝 Regular script 1008–1016 Zhenzong  
Tian Xi Tong Bao 天禧通寶 天禧通宝 Regular script 1017–1022 Zhenzong  
Tian Sheng Yuan Bao 天聖元寶 天圣元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1023–1031 Renzong
Ming Dao Yuan Bao 明道元寶 明道元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1032–1033 Renzong  
Jing You Yuan Bao 景祐元寶 景祐元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1034–1038 Renzong  
Huang Song Tong Bao 皇宋通寶 皇宋通宝 Regular script, Seal script, Nine-fold seal script[2][l] 1039–1054 Renzong  
Kang Ding Yuan Bao 康定元寶 康定元宝 Regular script 1040 Renzong  
Qing Li Zhong Bao 慶歷重寶 庆历重宝 Regular script 1041–1048 Renzong  
Zhi he Tong Bao 至和通寶 至和通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1054–1055 Renzong  
Zhi he Yuan Bao 至和元寶 至和元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1054–1055 Renzong  
Zhi he Zhong Bao 至和重寶 至和重宝 Regular script, Seal script 1054–1055 Renzong  
Jia You Tong Bao 嘉祐通寶 嘉祐通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1056–1063 Renzong  
Jia You Yuan Bao 嘉祐元寶 嘉祐元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1056–1063 Renzong  
Zhi Ping Tong Bao 治平通寶 治平通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1064–1067 Yingzong  
Zhi Ping Yuan Bao 治平元寶 治平元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1064–1067 Yingzong  
Xi Ning Tong Bao 熙寧通寶 熙宁通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1068–1077 Shenzong  
Xi Ning Yuan Bao 熙寧元寶 熙宁元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1068–1077 Shenzong  
Xi Ning Zhong Bao 熙寧重寶 熙宁重宝 Regular script, Seal script 1071–1077 Shenzong  
Yuan Feng Tong Bao 元豐通寶 元丰通宝 Regular script, Seal script, Running script 1078–1085 Shenzong  
Yuan You Tong Bao 元祐通寶 元祐通宝 Seal script, Running script[65] 1086–1094 Zhezong  
Shao Sheng Tong Bao 紹聖通寶 绍圣通宝 Regular script, Seal script, Running script 1094–1098 Zhezong  
Shao Sheng Yuan Bao 紹聖元寶 绍圣元宝 Regular script, Seal script, Running script 1094–1098 Zhezong  
Yuan Fu Tong Bao 元符通寶 元符通宝 Regular script, Seal script, Running script 1098–1100 Zhezong  
Jian Guo Tong Bao[m] 建國通寶 建国通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1101 Huizong
Sheng Song Tong Bao 聖宋通寶 圣宋通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1101–1106 Huizong  
Sheng Song Yuan Bao 聖宋元寶 圣宋元宝 Clerical script, Seal script, Running script[66] 1101–1106 Huizong  
Chong Ning Tong Bao 崇寧通寶 崇宁通宝 Regular script 1102–1106 Huizong  
Chong Ning Yuan Bao 崇寧元寶 崇宁元宝 Regular script 1102–1106 Huizong
Chong Ning Zhong Bao 崇寧重寶 崇宁重宝 Regular script 1102–1106 Huizong  
Da Guan Tong Bao 大觀通寶 大观通宝 Regular script 1107–1110 Huizong  
Zheng He Tong Bao 政和通寶 政和通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1111–1117 Huizong  
Chong He Tong Bao 重和通寶 重和通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1118–1119 Huizong  
Xuan He Tong Bao 宣和通寶 宣和通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1119–1125 Huizong  
Xuan He Yuan Bao 宣和元寶 宣和元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1119–1125 Huizong  
Jing Kang Tong Bao 靖康通寶 靖康通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1126–1127 Qinzong  
Jing Kang Yuan Bao 靖康元寶 靖康元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1126–1127 Qinzong  

Sui ethnic minority during the Northern Song dynasty

edit

In 2004 a coin produced by the Sui people of Guizhou was discovered dating to the Northern Song dynasty most likely produced between 1008 and 1016, this coin had the inscription dà zhōng xiáng fú (大中祥符) on one side and the word "wealth" written in Sui script on the other side, as this is the only known coin produced by the Sui people it established that they don't have a numismatic tradition like the Han Chinese have.[67][68][69]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Years of production Emperor Image
Dazhong Xiangfu 大中祥符 1008–1016 Zhenzong  

Great Shu Kingdom

edit

In the year 993 a group of tea farmers and landless tenant farmers under the leadership if Wang Xiaobo rebelled against the Northern Song dynasty, in the year 994 after Wang Xiaobo died his brother-in-law Li Shun proclaimed himself to be the "King of the Great Shu Kingdom" (大蜀王, dà shǔ wáng) in Chengdu after he captured the city ("Shu" being an archaic name for Sichuan). Li Shun was defeated and killed in the year 995. During his period he used the reign era and produced cash coins with this "Yingyun" (應運, yìng yùn) inscription while after his death his former subordinates used the Yinggan (應感) inscription.[70][71][72]

List of cash coins issued by the Great Shu Kingdom:[73][74]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese King Image
Yingyun Tongbao 應運通寶 应运通宝 Li Shun (李顺)
Yingyun Yuanbao 應運元寶 应运元宝 Li Shun (李顺)
Yinggan Tongbao 應感通寶 应感通宝 None

Southern Song dynasty

edit

Under the Southern Song dynasty it became customary to add the date of issue on the reverse of the coin and as copper shortages and phenomena known as "currency famines" (錢荒) plagued the land both iron cash coins and paper money (in the form of Jiaozi, Guanzi, and Huizi notes) became more common leading to a decline of the production of bronze coinage.

List of cash coins produced by the Southern Song dynasty:[1][3]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Scripts Period minted Emperor Image
Jianyan Tongbao 建炎通寶 建炎通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1127–1130 Gaozong  
Jianyan Yuanbao 建炎元寶 建炎元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1127–1130 Gaozong
Jianyan Zhongbao 建炎重寶 建炎重宝 Seal script 1127–1130 Gaozong  
Shaoxing Tongbao 紹興通寶 绍兴通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1131–1162 Gaozong  
Shaoxing Yuanbao 紹興元寶 绍兴元宝 Regular script 1131–1162 Gaozong  
Longxing Tongbao 隆興通寶 隆兴通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1163–1164 Xiaozong
Longxing Yuanbao 隆興元寶 隆兴元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1163–1164 Xiaozong  
Qiandao Tongbao 乾道通寶 干道通宝 Regular script 1165–1173 Xiaozong
Qiandao Yuanbao 乾道元寶 干道元宝 Regular script 1165–1173 Xiaozong  
Chunxi Tongbao 淳熙通寶 淳熙通宝 Regular script 1174–1189 Xiaozong  
Chunxi Yuanbao 淳熙元寶 淳熙元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1174–1189 Xiaozong  
Shaoxi Tongbao 紹熙通寶 绍熙通宝 Regular script, Seal script 1190–1194 Guangzong  
Shaoxi Yuanbao 紹熙元寶 绍熙元宝 Regular script, Seal script 1190–1194 Guangzong  
Qingyuan Tongbao 慶元通寶 庆元通宝 Regular script 1195–1200 Ningzong  
Qingyuan Yuanbao 慶元元寶 庆元元宝 Regular script 1195–1200 Ningzong
Jiatai Tongbao 嘉泰通寶 嘉泰通宝 Regular script 1201–1204 Ningzong  
Jiatai Yuanbao 嘉泰元寶 嘉泰元宝 Regular script 1201–1204 Ningzong
Kaixi Tongbao 開禧通寶 开禧通宝 Regular script 1205–1207 Ningzong  
Kaixi Yuanbao 開禧元寶 开禧元宝 Regular script 1205–1207 Ningzong
Shengsong Yuanbao 聖宋元寶 圣宋元宝 Regular script 1210 Ningzong
Shengsong Zhongbao 聖宋重寶 圣宋重宝 Regular script 1210 Ningzong  
Jiading Tongbao 嘉定通寶 嘉定通宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong  
Jiading Zhongbao 嘉定重寶 嘉定重宝 Regular script, seal script 1208–1224 Ningzong  
Jiading Yuanbao 嘉定元寶 嘉定元宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong  
Jiading Dabao 嘉定大寶 嘉定大宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Chongbao 嘉定崇寶 嘉定崇宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Quanbao 嘉定全寶 嘉定全宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Yongbao 嘉定永寶 嘉定永宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong  
Jiading Zhenbao 嘉定真寶 嘉定真宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Xinbao 嘉定新寶 嘉定新宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Anbao 嘉定安寶 嘉定安宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Longbao 嘉定隆寶 嘉定隆宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Quanbao 嘉定泉寶 嘉定泉宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Zhengbao 嘉定正寶 嘉定正宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Hongbao 嘉定洪寶 嘉定洪宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Wanbao 嘉定万寶 嘉定万宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Zhibao 嘉定之寶 嘉定之宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong  
Jiading Zhenbao 嘉定珍寶 嘉定珍宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Xingbao 嘉定興寶 嘉定兴宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong  
Jiading Yongbao[75] 嘉定用寶 嘉定用宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Zhibao 嘉定至寶 嘉定至宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Jiading Fengbao 嘉定封寶 嘉定封宝 Regular script 1208–1224 Ningzong
Baoqing Yuanbao 寶慶元寶 宝庆元宝 Regular script 1225–1227 Lizong  
Dasong Tongbao 大宋通寶 大宋通宝 Regular script 1225 Lizong
Dasong Yuanbao 大宋元寶 大宋元宝 Regular script 1225–1227 Lizong  
Shaoding Tongbao 紹定通寶 绍定通宝 Regular script 1228–1233 Lizong  
Shaoding Yuanbao 紹定元寶 绍定元宝 Regular script 1228–1233 Lizong  
Duanping Tongbao 端平通寶 端平通宝 Regular script 1234–1236 Lizong  
Duanping Yuanbao 端平元寶 端平元宝 Regular script 1234–1236 Lizong  
Duanping Zhongbao 端平重寶 端平重宝 Regular script 1234–1236 Lizong
Jiaxi Tongbao 嘉熙通寶 嘉熙通宝 Regular script 1237–1240 Lizong  
Jiaxi Zhongbao 嘉熙重寶 嘉熙重宝 Regular script 1237–1240 Lizong  
Chunyou Tongbao 淳祐通寶 淳祐通宝 Regular script 1241–1252 Lizong
Chunyou Yuanbao 淳祐元寶 淳祐元宝 Regular script 1241–1252 Lizong
Huangsong Yuanbao 皇宋元寶 皇宋元宝 Regular script 1253–1258 Lizong  
Kaiqing Tongbao 開慶通寶 开庆通宝 Regular script 1259 Lizong  
Jingding Yuanbao 景定元寶 景定元宝 Regular script 1260–1264 Lizong  
Xianchun Yuanbao 咸淳元寶 咸淳元宝 Regular script 1265–1274 Duzong  

The Southern Song dynasty General Liu Guangshi (劉光世) also cast special cash coins with the inscription "Zhaona Xinbao" (招納信寶) to recruit Jin soldiers and allow them to defect to the Song Army,[76][77][78] however these weren't meant for circulation.[79]

Western Liao dynasty (Qara Khitai)

edit

Kangguo Tongbao (康國通寳) on display at the National Museum of History in Taiwan.[80]

In November 2008, October 2010, and February 2011 three specimens of cash coins produced by the Western Liao were unearthed in Kyrgyzstan, the first specimen of these cash coins were initially thought to bear the inscription "Jixing Yuanbao" (績興元寳) but after the second one was unearthed its inscription was better understood (Xuxing Yuanbao 續興元寳).[81]

In February 2022, a coin with the inscription "Tianxi Yuanbao" (天喜元寶) was found at the Burana site in Kyrgyzstan, in the vicinity of the Qara Khitai capital of Balasagun. This has been identified as a Western Liao coin dating to the Tianxi era (1178–1218) of the last Western Liao emperor.[82]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Presumed years of production Presumed Khan Image
Xuxing Yuanbao 續興元寳 续兴元宝 xù xìng yuán bǎo 1150–1164 Yelü Yilie
Tianxi Yuanbao 天喜元寳 天喜元宝 tiān xǐ yuán bǎo 1177–1211 Yelü Zhilugu

Western Xia dynasty

edit

The Tangut Western Xia dynasty produced both cash coins with Chinese and Tangut inscriptions.[83][84][85] Despite issuing coins the economy of the Tangut Empire mostly relied on barter which is why Western Xia era coins today are rare.

With Tangut inscriptions

edit

Coins with Tangut inscriptions:[86][87][n]

Inscription
(Tangut)
Inscription
(Mandarin)
Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of casting Emperor Image
śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𗼃𗼕𘏨𘔭) Fu Sheng Bao Qian 福聖寶錢 福圣宝钱 1053–1056 Yizong  
tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭) Da An Bao Qian 大安寶錢 大安宝钱 1074–1084 Huizong  
tśhja bio̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𗣼𘝯𘏨𘔭) Zhen Guan Bao Qian 貞觀寶錢 贞观宝钱 1101–1113 Chongzong
tśhja mji̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𗣼𘇚𘏨𘔭) Zheng De Bao Qian 正德寶錢 正德宝钱 1127–1134 Chongzong
tshjwu ꞏwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𘀗𘑨𘏨𘔭) Qian You Bao Qian 乾祐寶錢 乾祐宝钱 1170–1193 Renzong  
ŋwər ljwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𘓺𘅝𘏨𘔭) Tian Qing Bao Qian 天慶寶錢 天庆宝钱 1194–1206 Huanzong  

With Chinese inscriptions

edit
Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Script Years of casting Emperor Image
Da An Tong Bao 大安通寶 大安通宝 Clerical script 1074–1084 Huizong
Yuan De Tong Bao 元德通寶 元德通宝 Clerical script 1119–1126 Chongzong
Da De Tong Bao 大德通寶 大德通宝 Regular script 1135–1139 Chongzong
Tian Sheng Yuan Bao 天盛元寶 天盛元宝 Regular script 1149–1169 Renzong  
Qian You Yuan Bao 乾祐元寶 乾祐元宝 Regular script, Semi-cursive script, Seal script[88][89] 1170–1193 Renzong  
Tian Qing Yuan Bao 天慶元寶 天庆元宝 Regular script 1194–1206 Huanzong  
Huang Jian Yuan Bao 皇建元寶 皇建元宝 Regular script 1210–1211 Xiangzong
Guang Ding Yuan Bao 光定元寶 光定元宝 Semi-cursive script, Seal script 1211–1223 Shenzong  

Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

edit

Cash coins produced by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty compared to earlier Liao dynasty coinage are both of higher quality, and quantity; this is because the Jurchens chose to model their coins more closely after the Song's both in production as superficially in its calligraphic style.

Cash coins issued by the Jurchens before 1110s:[90]

Obverse inscription
(Romanisation)
Reverse Notes Image
大金朝合
(Da Jin Chao He)
Blank The title of "Da Chao Jin He" (大朝金合) exists in controversy. The attribution of this coins to the Mongols is doubtful as the name "大朝" was used by various countries that bordered China. This coin was first mentioned in the Record of Coins which was published around 1094.
Peng Xinwei attributes this coin to the Liao dynasty. The text on the coin should be read clockwise as "Da Jin Chao He" (大金朝合), and the National Museum of China identified it as belonging to the early Jin Dynasty coins.

List of cash coins produced by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty:[1][3]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Scripts Years of minting Emperor Image
Zheng Long Yuan Bao 正隆元寶 正隆元宝 Regular script 1158–1161 Wanyan Liang  
Da Ding Tong Bao 大定通寶 大定通宝 Regular script 1178–1189 Shizong  
Tai He Tong Bao 泰和通寶 泰和通宝 Regular script 1204–1209 Zhangzong  
Tai He Zhong Bao 泰和重寶 泰和重宝 Regular script, Seal script 1204–1209 Zhangzong
Chong Qing Tong Bao 崇慶通寶 崇庆通宝 Regular script 1212–1213 Wanyan Yongji
Chong Qing Yuan Bao 崇慶元寶 崇庆元宝 Regular script 1212–1213 Wanyan Yongji
Zhi Ning Yuan Bao 至寧元寶 至宁元宝 Regular script 1213 Wanyan Yongji
Zhen You Tong Bao 貞祐通寶 贞祐通宝 Regular script 1213–1216 Xuanzong
Zhen You Yuan Bao 貞祐元寶 贞祐元宝 Regular script 1213–1216 Xuanzong

Li Pobei

edit

During a Jin invasion that occurred in November 1125, Li Pobei (李婆備) took advantage of this situation and rebelled against the Northern Song dynasty. He is known to have cast cash coins with the inscription "Taiping Tongbao" (太平通寶).[91]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Denominations Years of production Leader Image
Taiping Tongbao 太平通寶 太平通宝 1 wén, 2 wén, 5 wén 1127–1130 Li Pobei

Great Qi dynasty

edit

In 1130 during the Jin–Song Wars the Jin dynasty had set up a second puppet state called “Da Qi” (after the failed first puppet state, Da Chu), this puppet state briefly produced its own coins until it was defeated by the Song in 1137.[92][93]

Coins produced by the brief Jurchen vassal state include:

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Script Emperor Image
Fu Chang Tong Bao 阜昌通寶 阜昌通宝 Regular script, Seal script Liu Yu
Fu Chang Yuan Bao 阜昌元寶 阜昌元宝 Regular script, Seal script Liu Yu
Fu Chang Zhong Bao 阜昌重寶 阜昌重宝 Regular script, Seal script Liu Yu  

Mongol Empire (prior to the establishment of the Yuan dynasty)

edit

Cash coins issued by the Mongols before 1230:[94]

Obverse inscription
(Romanisation)
Reverse Notes Image
大朝通寶
(Dachao Tongbao)
Unknown

Arabic characters

This coins was possibly cast between 1206 and 1227 in Karakorum by Genghis Khan as "大朝" was a name the Mongols gave themselves.
The coin is mostly found made from silver although copper variants exist.
 
支鈔半分
(Zhichao Banfen)
Blank Zhichao Banfen (支鈔半分) could be translated as "Exchange for paper money half a fen [of silver]".
The inscription could alternatively read Jiaochao Banfen (交鈔半分).
 

Cash coins issued by the Mongol Empire while it occupied Jin dynasty territory (circa 1230–1280):[94]

Obverse inscription
(Romanisation)
Reverse Notes Image
大觀通寶
(Daguan Tongbao)
Blank This cash coins has rather broad rims.
大觀通寶
(Daguan Tongbao)

(Zhong)
The "中" is written in seal script and is above the square center hole on the reverse.
大觀通寶
(Daguan Tongbao)
半錢
(Ban Qian)
The reverse inscription indicates that this cash coin had a nominal value of half a qián of silver.
大觀通寶
(Daguan Tongbao)
Blank This is a cash coin of diminutive size with the Chinese character "觀" written in an imperfect way.
大觀通寶
(Daguan Tongbao)
Dot pattern The reverse of this coin is completely covered with dots.
大觀通寶
(Daguan Tongbao)
Blank The inscription is written in a very barbarous manner.

Yuan dynasty

edit

During the Yuan dynasty, paper money such as the Jiaochao completely replaced copper coinage, during times of inflation Temple coins issued by Buddhist temples became the de facto currency. Under Külüg Khan a large number of cash coins were issued to pay for the state's expenditures but these got phased out in favour of paper currency, it wasn't until the reign of Toghon Temür that the Yuan dynasty attempted to produce cash coins at a large scale again.

List of cash coins issued by the Yuan dynasty:[95][96][o]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Script Khagan
(Mongolian name)
Emperor
(Mandarin Chinese name)
Image
Zhongtong Yuanbao 中統元寶 Chinese script (Regular script and Seal script), Mongol script Kublai Khan Shìzǔ ()
Zhiyuan Tongbao 至元通寶 Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script Kublai Khan Shìzǔ (世祖)
Yuanzhen Tongbao 元貞通寶 Chinese script, 'Phags-pa script Temür Khan Chéngzōng ()
Yuanzhen Yuanbao 元貞元寶 Chinese script, Mongol 'Phags-pa script Temür Khan Chéngzōng (成宗)
Dade Tongbao 大德通寶 Chinese script, Mongol 'Phags-pa script Temür Khan Chéngzōng (成宗)
Zhida Tongbao 至大通寶 Chinese script, Mongol 'Phags-pa script Külüg Khan Wǔzōng ()  
Zhida Yuanbao 至大元寶 Chinese script Külüg Khan Wǔzōng (武宗)
Dayuan Tongbao 大元通寶 Chinese script, Mongol 'Phags-pa script Külüg Khan Wǔzōng (武宗)  
Huangqing Yuanbao 皇慶元寶 Chinese script Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan Rénzōng ()
Yanyou Tongbao 延祐通寶 Chinese script Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan Rénzōng (仁宗)
Yanyou Yuanbao 延祐元寶 Chinese script Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan Rénzōng (仁宗)
Zhizhi Tongbao 至治通寶 Chinese script Gegeen Khan Yīngzōng ()
Zhizhi Yuanbao 至治元寶 Chinese script Gegeen Khan Yīngzōng (英宗)
Taiding Tongbao 泰定通寶 Chinese script Yesün Temür Jìnzōng ()
Taiding Yuanbao 泰定元寶 Chinese script Yesün Temür Jìnzōng (晉宗)
Zhihe Yuanbao 致和元寶 Chinese script Yesün Temür Jìnzōng (晉宗)
Tianli Yuanbao 天曆元寶 Chinese script Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür Wénzōng ()
Zhishun Yuanbao 至順元寶 Chinese script Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür Wénzōng (文宗)
Yuantong Yuanbao 元統元寶 Chinese script Toghon Temür Huìzōng ()
Zhiyuan Tongbao 至元通寶 Chinese script, Mongol 'Phags-pa script, Uighur Chagatai script, Tangut script[97][98] Toghon Temür Huìzōng (惠宗)
Zhiyuan Yuanbao 至元元寶 Chinese script Toghon Temür Huìzōng (惠宗)
Muqing Tongbao 穆清銅寶 Chinese script Toghon Temür Huìzōng (惠宗)
Zhizheng Tongbao 至正通寶 Chinese script, Mongol 'Phags-pa script Toghon Temür Huìzōng (惠宗)  
Zhizheng Zhibao 至正之寶 Chinese script Toghon Temür Huìzōng (惠宗)  

Rebels of the Yuan dynasty

edit

During the Red Turban rebellion organised by the White Lotus society; many of its leaders proclaimed their own kingdoms and empires that ruled over different regions of China, the most successful of these was Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming dynasty which would unify China. Though the majority of these countries were short-lived some did produce their own coinage.[99]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Denominations Years of mintage Monarch Rebel faction Image
Longfeng Tongbao 龍鳳通寶 龙凤通宝 1, 2文, 3文, 5文 1355–1366 Han Lin’er (韓林兒) Early Red Turban rebellion  
Tianyou Tongbao 天祐通寶 天祐通宝 1文, 2文, 3文, 5文 1354–1357 Zhang Shicheng (張士誠) Kingdom of Great(er) Zhou (大周)  
Tianqi Tongbao 天啟通寶 天启通宝 1文, 2文, 3文 1358 Xu Shouhui (徐壽輝) Tianwan (天完)
Tianding Tongbao 天定通寶 天定通宝 1文, 2文, 3文 1359–1360 Xu Shouhui (徐壽輝) Tianwan (天完)  
Dayi Tongbao 大義通寶 大义通宝 1文, 2文, 3文 1360–1361 Chen Youliang (陳友諒) Kingdom of Dahan (大漢)

Ming dynasty

edit

Under the Ming dynasty the policy of predominantly using paper money (such as the Da Ming Baochao banknotes) which was started under the Mongols would continue until 1505 when Spanish dollars and other silver coins became the dominant currency. Native production of cash coins had ceased between 1375 and 1376, from 1387 until 1379, from 1393 (as paper money superseded cast coinage completely) until 1433, and finally from 1435 until 1503.[100]

Yongle Tongbao cash coins were mostly cast for foreign trade.[citation needed]

From the Ming dynasty onwards only period titles were used for coin inscriptions and these period titles would (usually) remain constant throughout the reign of an Emperor.[2][1]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of production Emperor Image
Dazhong Tongbao 大中通寶 大中通宝 1361–1393 Zhu Yuanzhang  
Hongwu Tongbao 洪武通寶 洪武通宝 1367–1393 Hongwu Emperor  
Yongle Tongbao 永樂通寶 永乐通宝 1408–1424 Yongle Emperor  
Xuande Tongbao 宣德通寶 宣德通宝 1426–1435 Xuande Emperor  
Hongzhi Tongbao 弘治通寶 弘治通宝 1488–1505 Hongzhi Emperor  
Jiajing Tongbao 嘉靖通寶 嘉靖通宝 1527–1567 Jiajing Emperor  
Jiajing Anbao 嘉靖安寶 嘉靖安宝 1527–1567 Jiajing Emperor
Longqing Tongbao 隆慶通寶 隆庆通宝 1570–1572 Longqing Emperor
Wanli Tongbao 萬曆通寶 万历通宝 1572–1620 Wanli Emperor  
Wanli Nianzao[101] 萬曆年造 万历年造 1572–1620 Wanli Emperor  
Taichang Tongbao 泰昌通寶 泰昌通宝 1620 Taichang Emperor  
Tianqi Tongbao 天啟通寶 天启通宝 1620–1627 Tianqi Emperor  
Chongzhen Tongbao 崇禎通寶 崇祯通宝 1628–1644 Chongzhen Emperor  

Note that under the reign of the Zhengde Emperor no copper-alloy cash coins were minted however a very large number of Zhengde Tongbao (正德通寶) coin amulets exist, the production of these coin-like amulets started from the late Ming dynasty period and these amulets are still being produced today.

Guizhou local issues

edit

During the Hongzhi period from 1488 until 1505 some Tribal Commissioners in the province of Guizhou issued their own cash coins, rather than being bases on reign titles the inscriptions were based on place names.[102]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Emperor Image
Shuiguan Tongbao 水官通寶 水官通宝 Hongzhi Emperor  
Taiguan Tongbao 太官通寶 太官通宝 Hongzhi Emperor  
Huoguan Tongbao 火官通寶 火官通宝 Hongzhi Emperor
Dading Tongbao 大定通寶 大定通宝 Hongzhi Emperor  
Taiding Tongbao 太定通寶 太定通宝 Hongzhi Emperor  
Taizi Tongbao 太子通寶 太子通宝 Hongzhi Emperor

Yunnan local issues

edit

Under the Ming dynasty the territory which used to belong to the Dali Kingdom cast their own coins, these cash coins were issued in the province of Yunnan under the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor and are known to be of poor workmanship and crude casting, it is often unknown if these cash coins were cast by the Bai people in Dali, the Hmong tribes living in the area, or one of the many other tribes that live in Yunnan as records of their casting weren't bring kept.[103] Many of these cash coins were also cast by using regular cash coins as "mother coins" which explains their rather crude appearances.

These Yunnan local issue cash coins include:[104][105][106][107]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Emperor Image
Huoping Xinbao 火平信寶 火平信宝 Hongzhi Emperor  
Hongwu Tongbao 洪武通寶 洪武通宝 Hongzhi Emperor
Hongzhi Tongbao 弘治通寶 弘治通宝 Hongzhi Emperor
Taiping Tongbao 太平通寶 太平通宝 Hongzhi Emperor  
Dazhou Tongbao 大周通寶 大周通宝 Hongzhi Emperor
Kaiyuan Tongbao 開元通寶 开元通宝 Hongzhi Emperor

Ming-Qing transitional period

edit

This is a list of cash coins produced during the transition from Ming to Qing.

Southern Ming dynasty

edit

List of cash coins produced by the Southern Ming dynasty:[108][109]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of production Emperor Image
Hongguang Tongbao 弘光通寶 弘光通宝 1644–1645 Hongguang Emperor  
Daming Tongbao 大明通寶 大明通宝 1644–1646 Zhu Changfang  
Longwu Tongbao 隆武通寶 隆武通宝 1645–1646 Longwu Emperor  
Yongli Tongbao 永曆通寶 永历通宝 1646–1659 Yongli Emperor  

Kingdom of Tungning (Taiwan)

edit

Under Koxinga the Kingdom of Tungning (which was a state loyal to the Southern Ming dynasty) had ordered Yongli Tongbao cash coins to be produced (presumably) in Nagasaki, these coins circulated exclusively in Taiwan. The production of these coins lasted until 1682.[110]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of production Kings Image
Yongli Tongbao 永曆通寶 永历通宝 1651–1682 All  

Rebels

edit
Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Years of production Monarch Image
Yongchang Tongbao 永昌通寶 永昌通宝 1644–1645 Li Zicheng  
Dashun Tongbao[111][112] 大順通寶 大顺通宝 1644–1647 Zhang Xianzhong  
Xiwang Shanggong[113] 西王賞功 西王赏功 1644–1647 Zhang Xianzhong  
Xingchao Tongbao[114] 興朝通寶 兴朝通宝 1648–1657 Sun Kewang[115]  
Yumin Tongbao 裕民通寶 裕民通宝 1674–1676 Geng Jingzhong  
Liyong Tongbao 利用通寶 利用通宝 1674–1678 Wu Sangui  
Zhaowu Tongbao 昭武通寶 昭武通宝 1678 Wu Sangui  
Honghua Tongbao 洪化通寶 洪化通宝 1679–1681 Wu Shifan  

Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636)

edit

The following coins were issued by the Later Jin dynasty:[116][117][118]

Inscription Latin script Denominations Years of mintage Khan Image
Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
ᡥᠠᠨ
ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
Abkai fulingga han jiha 1 wén 1616–1626 Abkai fulingga Khan  
天命通寳 Tiān Mìng Tōng Bǎo 1 wén 1616–1626 Abkai fulingga Khan  
Manchu: ᠰᡠᡵᡝ
ᡥᠠᠨ
ᠨᡳ
ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
Sure han ni jiha 10 wén 1627–1643 Sure Khan  

A cash coin with the inscription "Tiancong Tongbao" (天聰通寳) reported to be in the denominations of 1 wén and 10 wén has also been attributed to Hong Taiji, however the authenticity of this coin is doubtful.[119]

Qing dynasty

edit

Qing dynasty era cash coins generally bear the reign title of the Emperor in Chinese characters, with only a single change of reign title occurring with the Qixiang Emperor becoming the Tongzhi Emperor by decision of his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi.[1][120][121]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Denominations Years of mintage Image Emperor
Shunzhi Tongbao 順治通寶 顺治通宝 shùn zhì tōng bǎo 1 wén 1643–1661   Shunzhi Emperor
Kangxi Tongbao 康熙通寶 康熙通宝 kāng xī tōng bǎo 1 wén 1661–1722   Kangxi Emperor
Yongzheng Tongbao 雍正通寶 雍正通宝 yōng zhèng tōng bǎo 1 wén 1722–1735   Yongzheng Emperor
Qianlong Tongbao 乾隆通寶 乾隆通宝 qián lóng tōng bǎo 1 wén, 10 wén 1735–1796 (1912)[p]   Qianlong Emperor
Jiaqing Tongbao 嘉慶通寶 嘉庆通宝 jiā qìng tōng bǎo 1 wén 1796–1820   Jiaqing Emperor
Daoguang Tongbao 道光通寶 道光通宝 dào guāng tōng bǎo 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén 1820–1850   Daoguang Emperor
Xianfeng Tongbao 咸豐通寶 咸丰通宝 xián fēng tōng bǎo 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén, 100 wén 1850–1861   Xianfeng Emperor
Xianfeng Zhongbao 咸豐重寶 咸丰重宝 xián fēng zhòng bǎo 4 wén, 5 wén, 8 wén, 10 wén, 20 wén, 30 wén, 40 wén, 50 wén, 100 wén 1850–1861   Xianfeng Emperor
Xianfeng Yuanbao 咸豐元寶 咸丰元宝 xián fēng yuán bǎo 80 wén, 100 wén, 200 wén, 300 wén, 500 wén, 1000 wén 1850–1861   Xianfeng Emperor
Qixiang Tongbao 祺祥通寶 祺祥通宝 qí xiáng tōng bǎo 1 wén 1861 Tongzhi Emperor
Qixiang Zhongbao 祺祥重寶 祺祥重宝 qí xiáng zhòng bǎo 10 wén 1861   Tongzhi Emperor
Tongzhi Tongbao 同治通寶 同治通宝 tóng zhì tōng bǎo 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén 1862–1875   Tongzhi Emperor
Tongzhi Zhongbao 同治重寶 同治重宝 tóng zhì zhòng bǎo 4 wén, 10 wén 1862–1875   Tongzhi Emperor
Guangxu Tongbao 光緒通寶 光绪通宝 guāng xù tōng bǎo 1 wén, 10 wén 1875–1908   Guangxu Emperor
Guangxu Zhongbao 光緒重寶 光绪重宝 guāng xù zhòng bǎo 5 wén, 10 wén 1875–1908   Guangxu Emperor
Xuantong Tongbao 宣統通寶 宣统通宝 xuān tǒng tōng bǎo 1 wén, 10 wén 1909–1911   Xuantong Emperor

Xinjiang issues

edit

Certain parts of Xinjiang under Qing rule had a monetary system separate from that was separate from that of China proper, this was largely due to the fact that the area which formerly belonged to Dzungaria paid with pūl coins which were made from almost pure copper, when some these pūl coins were melted down to make "red cash coins" the pūl-system was essentially continued and 1 "red cash coin" had a value of 10 regular cash coins. Another differentiating feature of Xinjiang as a whole was that under the Jiaqing Emperor it was ordered that 1 in 5 coins produced in Xinjiang should bear the inscription Qianlong Tongbao (乾隆通寶) to honour the Qianlong Emperor, and celebrate his conquest of the region. New obverse inscriptions were introduced by the Kucha mint during the early twentieth century however the production of "red cash coins" with these new inscriptions didn't last very long as they featured only two different dates from the Chinese cyclical calendar during the Guangxu era and the Kucha mint closed in 1909.

The following "red cash coins" with new inscriptions were produced by the Kucha mint in Xinjiang:[122][123]

Inscription Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Denominations Years of mintage Emperor Image
Guangxu Dingwei 光緒丁未 光绪丁未 10 wén 1907 Guangxu Emperor
Guangxu Wushen 光緒戊申 光绪戊申 10 wén 1908 Guangxu Emperor

Rashidin Khan Khoja

edit

During the Dungan revolt from 1862 to 1877, Sultan Rashidin Khan Khoja proclaimed a Jihad against the Qing dynasty in 1862, he issued Chinese-style cash coins minted at the Aksu and Kucha mints with exclusive Arabic inscriptions.[124][125]

Obverse inscription
(Romanised)
Reverse inscription
(Romanised)
Sultan Mint Years of production Image
سيد غازي راشدين خان
(Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)
زرب دار السلطانات كوجا
(Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa)
Rashidin Khan Khoja Kucha 1864–1865
سيد غازي راشدين خان
(Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)[q]
زرب دار السلطانات كوجا
(Zarb dar al-Sultanat Kuqa)
Rashidin Khan Khoja Kucha 1865–1867  
سيد غازي راشدين خان
(Sayyid Ghazi Rashidin Khan)
زرب دار السلطانات أقسو
(Zarb dar al-Sultanat Aqsu)
Rashidin Khan Khoja Aksu 1864–1867

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

edit

In 1850 the Taiping Rebellion was started by the head of the God worshippers Hong Xiuquan who founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, this rebellion lasted until 1864. Although very little documentation exists about the coinage manufactured by the Taiping rebels, it is known that in June 1853 the occupying Taiping rebels ordered copper workers in Tianjing (present day Nanjing) with the skills to cast coins to open new furnaces for the production of cash coins with the inscription Tianguo Shengbao that were reported to be "the size of foreign coins" (Mexican pesos), these coins were reported to be of very poor workmanship and their production was quickly discontinued and although no coins fitting this description are extend it is known that Taiping rebels in other areas and provinces did cast coinage.

The following cash coins are known to have been cast by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom:[126]

Obverse inscription
(Romanised)
Reverse inscription
(Romanised)
Denominations Years of production Image
天囯
(Tianguo)
通寳
(Tongbao)
10 wén 1853–1855  
天囯
(Tianguo)
聖寶
(Shengbao)
10 wén 1856–1860
天囯聖寶
(Tianguo Shengbao)
太平
(Taiping)
1 wén 1858–1864
天囯聖寶
(Tianguo Shengbao)
5 wén 1850s
太平天囯
(Taiping Tianguo)
聖寶
(Shengbao)
1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén 1860–1862
天囯太平
(Tianguo Taiping)
聖寶
(Shengbao)
1 wén 1861–1864
太平聖寶
(Taiping Shengbao)
天囯
(Tianguo)
1 wén, 5 wén 1861–1864
太平聖宝
(Taiping Shengbao)[2]
天囯
(Tianguo)
1860s
太平
(Taiping)[127][r]
聖寶
(Shengbao)
1860s

Heaven and Earth Society, Shanghai Small Swords Society, and other secret societies during the Taiping rebellion

edit

At the time of the Taiping rebellion a large number of secret societies such as the Heaven and Earth Society took advantage of the chaos and started to flourish, these secret societies all claimed to want to overthrow the Qing dynasty and restore the Ming dynasty, for this reason many of the coins cast by these secret societies contain hidden messages such as some of them containing characters from the reign titles of Ming dynasty emperors.[128]

Shanghai Small Swords Society

edit

The Shanghai Small Swords Society under the leadership of Liu Lichuan seized control of the city of Shanghai in September 1853 and awarded themselves the period title of "Tianyun" (天運), as Shanghai had a lot of gold and silver but not much cash coins the rebels confiscated all scrap copper they could find and this was all cast into cash coins with the inscription "Taiping Tongbao" (太平通寶) on the obverse and a sun and a crescent on the reverse, the sun (日) and moon (月) symbolised their intent on restoring the Ming (明). As merchants who traded with Shanghai entered the Qing those found carrying cash coins issued by rebels were arrested and put on trial and after a few were executed the Shanghai Small Swords society decided that these coins were essentially useless and decided to cast coins based on the Xianfeng reign title.[129]

Obverse inscription
(Romanised)
Reverse inscription
(Romanised)
Calligraphic style Years of production Image
太平通寶
(Taiping Tongbao)
Northern Song era Li script 1854–1855
太平通寶
(Taiping Tongbao)
Crescent (moon) above.
明 (Ming) below.
Northern Song era Li script 1854–1855
太平通寶
(Taiping Tongbao)
Sun (circle) above,
Crescent (moon) below.
Contemporary regular script 1854–1855  
太平通寶
(Taiping Tongbao)
ᠪᠣᠣ
ᠶᡡᠨ

(Boo Yūn)
Contemporary regular script 1854–1855

Other secret societies

edit
Obverse inscription
(Romanised)
Reverse inscription
(Romanised)
Years of production Secret society Image
太平通寶
(Taiping Tongbao)

(Wen) above.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
太平通寶
(Taiping Tongbao)

(Wen) sideways right.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
開元通寶
(Kaiyuan Tongbao)

(Wu) above.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
開元通寶
(Kaiyuan Tongbao)

(Wu) sideways right.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
天朝通寶
(Tianchao Tongbao)

(Yong) above.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
天朝通寶
(Tianchao Tongbao)

(Yong) upside down below.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
黃帝通寶
(Huangdi Tongbao)

(Sheng) above.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
黃帝通寶
(Huangdi Tongbao)

(Sheng) sideways right.
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
黃帝通寶
(Huangdi Tongbao)
ᠪᠣᠣ
(Boo Zhe)
1858–1864 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
義記金錢
(Yiji Jinqian)[130][131]
Two intertwined lozenges on the right and left side. 1858–1863 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)  
義記金錢
(Yiji Jinqian)
The Chinese character "離" () above and two intertwined lozenges on the right and left side. 1858–1863 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
義記金錢
(Yiji Jinqian)[132]
震忠團練
(Zhenzhong Tuanlian)
1858–1863 Small Sword and Heaven and Earth Societies (天地會)
明道通寶
(Mingdao Tongbao)

(Tian)
1850s The Triad Society (三合會)

Other contemporary rebellions

edit

Other than secret societies several other rebellions cast their own coinages contemporary to the Taiping rebellion, in Guizhou the rebel Zhang Baoshan who claimed descent from the Hongwu Emperor is said by David Hartill to have cast the Sitong Tongbao (嗣統通寶) cash coins according to two references. Li Wenmao who was the leader of the Triad Society in the province of Guangdong proclaimed half to be "the King who shall restore peace" (平靖王) in March 1857 but his rebellion got suppressed by the Qing in 1858. The coinage cast by Li Wenmao often contains the character "勝" (victory or to vanquish) which is often found in lodges of Tiandihui groups creating the inscription "勝寶" (victorious treasure or vanquishing treasure), meanwhile as the guerilla tactics of the Guangdong Triad relied on having their forces be divided into a "left flank", "right flank", "middle flank", "front flank", and "rear flank" this is reflected in the reverse inscriptions of the coins cast by this rebellion as "营" (garrison or camp) is accompanied by which flank the garrison belonged to.[133]

Obverse inscription
(Romanised)
Reverse inscription
(Romanised)
Years of production Rebel leader Image
平靖通寶
(Pingjing Tongbao)

(Zhong) in seal script on the right.
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
中营
(Zhongying)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
前营
(Qianying)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
後营
(Houying)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
左营
(Zuoying)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
右营
(Youying)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
御林軍
(Yulinjun)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
平靖勝寶
(Pingjing Shengbao)
長勝軍
(Changshengjun)
1857–1858 Li Wenmao (李文茂)
嗣統通寶
(Sitong Tongbao)
1860–1863 Zhang Baoshan (張保山)

Republic of China

edit

Chinese cash coins continued to be produced into the first year of the Republic of China until their production was completely phased out in 1912. A large number of trial coins were also cast, however these weren't ever officially issued.

The following cash coins were cast during the Republic of China in 1912:[134]

Inscription
(Obverse,
Reverse)
Traditional Chinese
(Obverse,
Reverse)
Simplified Chinese
(Obverse,
Reverse)
Issuing office Image
Fujian Tongbao,
1 cash
福建通寶,
一文
福建通宝,
一文
Fujian province
Fujian Tongbao,
2 cash
福建通寶,
二文
福建通宝,
二文
Fujian province  
Minguo Tongbao,
Dongchuan
民國通寶,
東川
民国通宝,
东川
Dongchuan, Yunnan  
Minguo Tongbao,
10 cash
民國通寶,
當十
民国通宝,
当十
Dongchuan, Yunnan  

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ A version of this coin exists with the inscription reversed.
  2. ^ A version of this coin exists with the inscription reversed.
  3. ^ "Yuan Fa" (圜法) was a contemporary term for early round coinage.
  4. ^ As this was the first coin with a square hole this could be considered to be the first "true" Chinese cash coin. This inscription was formerly read as "Yi Dao" (一刀, "one knife"). A version exists where the inscription is reversed, and one where the character "吉" (, "auspicious") is on its reverse side.
  5. ^ The "Liu" (六) was formerly read as "Bao" (寶, "treasure").
  6. ^ Could alternatively be read as "兩錙".
  7. ^ Some historical records state that San Zhu cash coins were produced between 140 BC until 136 BC.
  8. ^ A "goose eye" variant of the Tai Ping Bai Qian where the "Qian" (錢) is abbreviated as "Jin" (金).
  9. ^ This is presumed based on archeological evidence.
  10. ^ This is the first recorded use of a period title on a Chinese cash coin.
  11. ^ Only one specimen of this cash coin is known to exist.
  12. ^ A rare variety of this cash coin has its inscription written in Nine-fold seal script (九叠篆) which was a style of Chinese calligraphy used during this period that was usually only reserved for official Song dynasty seals.
  13. ^ These cash coins were cast to celebrate the period title of Jian Zhing Jing Guo which was considered too long to use as an inscription and these cash coins were not made for general circulation. The Jian Guo Tong Bao is notably made from white copper.
  14. ^ The transliterations are those from Tangutologist Li Fanwen, as opposed to David Hartill's usage "Lee Ndzen" and similar phonetics which are common in the numismatics community.
  15. ^ Chinese, and 'Phags-pa scripts would generally appear on the obverse of these coins, while Mongol script would appear on the reverse and would serve as a mint mark (and in one instance the Mongol 'Phags-pa, Uighur Chagatai, and Tangut scripts); Kublai Khan's Zhongtong Yuanbao (中統元寶) was the only coin that contained Seal script, all other Chinese inscriptions during the Mongol period were written in regular script
  16. ^ In Xinjiang coins bearing the inscription Qián Lóng Tōng Bǎo (乾隆通寶) continued to be produced until the fall of the Qing dynasty to commemorate the regions annexation under the Qianlong Emperor, 1 in every 5 coins cast in Xinjiang bear this inscription regardless of era.
  17. ^ The characters on this series are larger than the previous one which featured rather small Arabic writing.
  18. ^ These are perhaps the rarest of all cash coins issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia. A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista) Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013. Retrieved: 02 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Chinese coins – 中國錢幣". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Charms.ru Coincidences of Vietnam and China cash coins legends. Francis Ng, People's Republic of China, Thuan D. Luc, United States, and Vladimir A. Belyaev, Russia March–June, 1999 Retrieved: 17 June 2017.
  4. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE - 700 BC TO 255 BC". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  5. ^ "huanqian 圜錢, round coins of the Warring States and the Qin Periods.". By Ulrich Theobald (Chinaknowledge - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art). 24 June 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  6. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 80.
  7. ^ Cao Guicen (曹桂岑) (1998). "Huanqian (圜錢)", in Tang Jiahong (唐嘉弘), ed. Zhongguo gudai dianzhang zhidu cidian (中國古代典章制度大辭典) (Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou guji chubanshe), 324. (in Mandarin Chinese)
  8. ^ Chen Dewei (陳德維), ed. (1992). Shichang da cidian (市場大辭典) (Beijing: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 977. (in Mandarin Chinese)
  9. ^ Guo Tiexuan (郭鐵宣) (1993). "Huanqian (圜錢)", in Shi Quanchang (石泉長), ed. Zhonghua baike yaolan 中華百科要覽 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 137. (in Mandarin Chinese)
  10. ^ Li Zhaochao (李召朝) (1997). "Huanqian (圜錢)", in Men Kui (門巋), Zhang Yanjin (張燕瑾), ed. Zhonghua guocui da cidian (中華國粹大辭典) (Xianggang: Guoji wenhua chuban gongsi), 103. (in Mandarin Chinese)
  11. ^ Zhou Fazeng (周發增), Chen Longtao (陳隆濤), Qi Jixiang (齊吉祥), ed. (1988). Zhongguo gudai zhengzhi zhidu shi cidian (中國古代政治制度史辭典) (Beijing: Shoudu shifan daxue chubanshe), 345. (in Mandarin Chinese)
  12. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - ANCIENT CHINESE COINAGE - 255 BC TO AD 221". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  13. ^ The Numismatic Legacy of Wang Mang, AD 9 - 23 (Ancient Cast Chinese Coins Series - Lidai Guqian) by Heinz Gratzer and A.M. Fishman. Published: 20 March 2017. ISBN 1540437299.
  14. ^ "Ancient Chinese Coins: Xin Dynasty Normal Coins". Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives). 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  15. ^ "Ancient Chinese Coins: Xin Dynasty Shuiyin Gu". Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives). 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  16. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 86–90.
  17. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 91.
  18. ^ "Wu Zhu – One of the longest lived coin types". by Bob Reis (Professional Coin Grading Service - Collectors Universe). 17 July 2000. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  19. ^ "Khotan lead coin". Vladimir Belyaev (Chinese Coinage Web Site). 3 December 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  20. ^ "Ancient Khotan" (PDF). by Stein Márk Aurél (hosted on Wikimedia Commons). 1907. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  21. ^ Cribb, Joe, "The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 1", Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 144 (1984), pp. 128–152; and Cribb, Joe, "The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 2", Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 145 (1985), pp. 136–149.
  22. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 95–97.
  23. ^ "Xinjiang, Qiuzi Kingdom - Bilingual Cash Coins". By Vladimir Belyaev (Chinese Coinage Website - Charm.ru). 11 February 2002. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  24. ^ Jen, David Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide, 340 p, 2000.
  25. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 94.
  26. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 98.
  27. ^ "Ancient Chinese Coins: Later Wu Zhu". Content and photographs by Adrian Loder, archives hosted by James Peirce (Kongming's Archives). 2006. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  28. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 99–101.
  29. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - A TIME OF DISUNITY". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  30. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 101.
  31. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS - THE SUI, T'ANG AND POST TANG DYNASTIES". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  32. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 103–110.
  33. ^ a b Hartill 2005, p. 111.
  34. ^ "A Cash-like Coin of Uyghur Qaghan Boquq". Vladimir Belyaev, François Thierry de Crussol, and Dr. V.N. Nastich (Chinese Coinage Web Site). 5 September 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  35. ^ iCollector.com – UYGHUR KHAGANATE: Boquq khaqan, 795–808, AE cash (2.53g), written in Uyghur script, words reading from right to left: KWYL PYLK' - TNKRY -PWXWX `WYXWR - X'X'N (Kol bilga Tangri Boquq Uighur qagan) / `YL TWTMYS - YRLXYNK', nice patination, VF, RRR, ex Nicholas Rhodes Collection. Retrieved: 01 September 2018.
  36. ^ Les Monnies de Boquq Qaghan des Ouighours (795–808) by François Thierry de Crussol. (in French)
  37. ^ Dong Qingxuan, Jiang Qixiang Xinjiang Numismatics, Hong Kong, 1991, p.25. (in Mandarin Chinese)
  38. ^ "Xinjiang - Western Uyghur Kaganat - "Xizhou Huihu" Cash Coin". Vladimir Belyaev and François Thierry de Crussol (Chinese Coinage Web Site). 5 September 2000. Retrieved 9 February 2002.
  39. ^ a b c d Hartill 2005, p. 113..
  40. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 113–114..
  41. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette Zhou yuan 周元 zodiacale (Zhou yuan zodiacal charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  42. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 115..
  43. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 116–117..
  44. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 117..
  45. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 118..
  46. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 119–120..
  47. ^ “Coins in China’s History” published in 1936 by Arthur B. Coole (邱文明).
  48. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - SOUTHERN T'ANG DYNASTY AD 937-978". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  49. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 121–123..
  50. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 122.
  51. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 123–124..
  52. ^ Gao Han-ming "Jianming Guqian Cidian" ("Short Dictionary of Ancient Cash Coins"), in Chinese.
  53. ^ Wan Young-Jun, Li Guohui "New gold coin with Kidan inscription found", Inner Mongolia Ancient Financial Research Journal, 1992, issue No.1, p.46. (in Mandarin Chinese).
  54. ^ Chinese Coinage Website (Charms.ru) The Liao Dynasty Cash Coin with Kidan Inscription by Vladimir A. Belyaev, Published: Last updated: 18 June 2002 Retrieved: 18 June 2017.
  55. ^ Sun Jimin (孫繼民) (1994). "內蒙古剋什剋騰旗發現契丹大字金銀錢". Kaogu 考古 (2): 179. ISSN 0453-2899.
  56. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS - TARTAR, MONGOL, MING DYNASTIES - (A.D. 960 to 1644)". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  57. ^ Charms.ru Coins of the Liao Dynasty (Ch'i-tan, Tartar) a.d.907-1125 by Vladimir A. Belyaev (Moscow), Russia Retrieved: 24 June 2017.
  58. ^ Pei Yuan-Bo The Liao Dynasty Coins Inscribed ‘Ten Thousand Years’. Published: 10 December 2016. Retrieved: 19 June 2017.
  59. ^ 焦阳 (2016). "辽金故地话"辽钱"". 《中国钱币界》 (20期). 即使在辽代中期经济鼎盛时期,流通货币仍以外来钱为主,铸币业始终处于相对落后状态,货币紧俏现象十分明显。
  60. ^ 王永生 (2020). "第四章第二十四节". 《三千年来谁铸币:50枚钱币串联的极简中国史》 (in Chinese). 中信出版社. ISBN 9789570855975. 造假者最善于浑水摸鱼,他们利用辽钱铸造技术粗糙,拙而不秀的特点,以及《辽史》记载上的简陋、缺失以及相互矛盾之处,伪造了早期的年号钱。更有甚者干脆补铸齐了所有年号的金银铜三种材质的钱币。
  61. ^ "天朝万顺(契丹文)". Shanghai Museum (in Chinese). 上海博物馆. 2015.
  62. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS - THE NORTHERN SUNG DYNASTY". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  63. ^ Northern Song Dynasty Cash Variety Guide, Volume 1 Fugo Senshi - Norman F. Gorny, 2001.
  64. ^ David Hartill. Cast Chinese Coins. Trafford Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-41205466-4. p. 130.
  65. ^ David Hartill. Cast Chinese Coins. Trafford Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-41205466-4. pp. 142-143.
  66. ^ David Hartill. Cast Chinese Coins. Trafford Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-41205466-4. pp. 148-150.
  67. ^ "Coins and Charms of the Shui Nationality". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 1 June 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  68. ^ Pan Chaolin (潘朝霖) - Guizhou University for Nationalities (贵州民族学院).
  69. ^ Qi Geng 贵州水族的古老文字和待解之迷。2009-03-17 11:20. Retrieved: 14 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
  70. ^ Jen, David Chinese Cash: Identification and Price Guide, Rebel coins "Ying Yun yuan bao" and "Ying Gan tong bao" (Coins No. 307 & 308).
  71. ^ "Earliest Peasant Rebellion in China to Mint Coins". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  72. ^ Ulrich Theobald (2000). "Chinese History - Song Period Event History § The reform politics of Wang Anshi". Chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  73. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 159.
  74. ^ 古錢天地 (18 November 2010). "北宋錢幣(Northern Song Dynasty 960~1127)" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). PChome.com.tw. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  75. ^ Jeffrey Young & Vladimir Belyaev (15 January 2002). "Unlisted 5-cash iron coin Jia Ding Yong Bao". Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru). Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  76. ^ Vladimir Belyaev (3 October 2002). "The Southern Song Dynasty Rebel Cash Coin". Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru). Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  77. ^ "Southern Song Coin for Jin Army Defectors". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 13 October 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  78. ^ Yu Liuliang and Yu Hong (1 April 2004). Chinese Coins: Money in History and Society (Arts of China). Long River Press. ISBN 9781592650170. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  79. ^ "贞观2016年春季大型艺术品拍卖会钱币精品推荐- 发布日期:2016-04-18信息来源: 北京贞观拍卖". 中国成都在线。 (in Chinese (China)). 18 April 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  80. ^ "康國通寶". 國立歷史博物館 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 中華民國文化部-Ministry of Culture.
  81. ^ "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)" (PDF). By Vladimir Belyaev, Vladimir Nastich, and Sergey Sidorovich. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  82. ^ Belyaev (别利亚耶夫), V.A.; Sidorovich (西多罗维奇), S.V. (2022). "天喜元宝"辨—记新发现的西辽钱币" (PDF). 中国钱币: 36–38.
  83. ^ 1994. “西夏的衡制與幣制 Xixia de hengzhi yu bizhi (The weight and coin systems of the West Xia)” 《中國錢幣》 Zhongguo qianbi / China Numanistics 1994.1: 3-8,17, 81 (in Mandarin)
  84. ^ 2002. “西夏货币制度概述 (The Outline of monetary system of West Xia dynasty).” 《中國錢幣》 Zhongguo qianbi / China Numanistics 2002.3:43-46 (in Mandarin)
  85. ^ Niú Dáshēng (牛达生) Research into Western Xia Coins. (2013).
  86. ^ BabelStone (Andrew West) Tangut Coins Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine. Monday, 29 January 2007. Retrieved: 18 June 2017.
  87. ^ in Li Fanwen (李範文), Xia-Han Zidian (夏漢字典) [A Tangut-Chinese Dictionary] (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1997).
  88. ^ "Unique Western Xia Coin Written in Seal Script Unearthed in Ningxia". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 4 October 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  89. ^ “China Numismatics” (2016年1期). 宁夏首次出土篆书乾祐元宝。 朱 浒 盛世隆泉 Published 25 April 2016 by Dr. Zhu Hu (朱浒) of the Art Research Institute of East China Normal University (华东师范大学艺术研究所) Retrieved: 20 June 2017. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
  90. ^ "大金朝合". National Museum of China (in Chinese). 中国国家博物馆.
  91. ^ Fisher's Ding, entry #1610.
  92. ^ Hartill, 221. State of Qi
  93. ^ Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (1994). "Introduction". In Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John K. Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–42. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
  94. ^ a b Hartill 2005, p. 224.
  95. ^ Mongolian Coins Yuan State Archived 2016-08-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 14 June 2017.
  96. ^ "Yuan Dynasty coins". Vladimir A. Belyaev (Charms.ru). 2 August 1998. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  97. ^ 沙朝振 (2006). "元朝钱币的铸行". 中国政府网. 元英宗铸有"至治元宝"、"至治通宝"等钱,又有一大钱面文由三个少数民族文字组成,分别为八思巴文、察合台文、西夏文,四个字由三种文字组成的"至治通宝"极少见。
  98. ^ BabelStone by Andrew West (魏安) Zhida Tongbao Archived 2018-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Wednesday, 10 January 2007. Retrieved: 20 June 2017.
  99. ^ Tamar Lan Walker, Class of 2010 Wu Collection of Chinese Coinage. The Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library. Retrieved: 20 June 2017.
  100. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 237.
  101. ^ "萬曆年造 背一錢 銀錢。". 古錢天地 (PChome) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 19 November 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  102. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 247.
  103. ^ Sun Zhonghui. Qianbi Jianshang ("Coins identification"), 1992, Shanghai. (in Mandarin Chinese written in Simplified Chinese characters)
  104. ^ Zhongguo Guqian Xinpinji" '中国古钱新品集‘. Hunan, 2008, page 154. (in Mandarin Chinese written in Simplified Chinese characters)
  105. ^ Zhou Xiang. Zhongguo Zhen Xi Qianbi ("Rare and valuable Chinese coins"), vol.2, Shanghai, 1996. (in Mandarin Chinese written in Simplified Chinese characters)
  106. ^ Hua Guangpu. Zhongguo Guqian Mulu ("The Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Coins"). vol.2, 1998. P.990. (in Mandarin Chinese written in Simplified Chinese characters)
  107. ^ Hua Guangpu. Zhongguo Guqian Mulu ("The Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Coins"). vol.3, 2004. P.1017. (in Mandarin Chinese written in Simplified Chinese characters)
  108. ^ Auburn Tripod Ming dynasty rebel coinage. Retrieved: 13 June 2017
  109. ^ Chinazeug.de Während des chaotischen Übergangs von der Ming zur Qing Dynastie versuchten verschiedene lokale Herrscher die Macht in China zu erobern. Einige ließen eigene Münzen produzieren by Yi and Ralf Thomann (in German) Coins of the rebels during the transition from the Ming>Qing period. Retrieved: 04 August 2018.
  110. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 270.
  111. ^ "【腾越印象】◆古玩收藏◆古币◆明朝◆大顺通宝方孔铜钱(背工)-搜牛网". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  112. ^ Yale University Art Gallery - Da Shun Tong Bao from the Shun Dynasty. Yale University Art Gallery. Retrieved: 13 June 2017.
  113. ^ Coin Quest China Xi Wang Shang Gong 1644 Retrieved: 13 June 2017.
  114. ^ "明晚期铜钱兴朝通宝行情报表分析_钱币邮品_新浪财经_新浪网".
  115. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  116. ^ ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art Qing Period Money. Retrieved: 03 July 2017.
  117. ^ China Ancient Coins Collection Blog (中國古錢集藏網誌). To share my collection and what I have know related to the Chinese Ancient Coins to global coins collectors. Tian Ming Tong Bao (天命通寶). By Learner (檢視我的完整簡介) 於 下午11:28. Published: 2009年5月10日 星期日。Retrieved: 02 July 2017.
  118. ^ Ma Feihai (馬飛海), Wang Yuxuan (王裕巽), Zou Zhiliang (鄒誌諒) (ed. 2004), Zhongguo lidai huobi daxi 中國歷代貨幣大系, Vol. 6, Qingdai bi (清代幣) (Shanghai: Shanghai shiji chuban jituan/Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe), here nos. 4, 33. (in Mandarin Chinese).
  119. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 280.
  120. ^ The Collection Museum An introduction and identification guide to Chinese Qing-dynasty coins. by Qin Cao. Retrieved: 02 July 2017.
  121. ^ "Chinese Cast Coins - THE CH'ING DYNASTY". By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins). 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  122. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 423.
  123. ^ Anything Anywhere - CHINA, coins of that western region called Xinjiang/Sinkiang. - Xinjiang means "new land." Formerly known to westerners as "Chinese Turkestan." Approximately 5000 years of history, not particularly well written up in English and perhaps some of the Chinese studies are somewhat politically/ethnically biased. By Bob Reis. Retrieved: 25 August 2018.
  124. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 404.
  125. ^ ChinaZeug.de Qing Rebellen - Rashidin Khan - XinJiang Rebell by Yi and Ralf Thomann. Retrieved: 04 August 2018. (in German)
  126. ^ Hartill 2005, pp. 425–428.
  127. ^ "Money of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace". The Currency Collector. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  128. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 428.
  129. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 429.
  130. ^ 888 Auctions - Lot 254: 1858-1863 Chinese Qing Rebel Yiji Jijian Coin. Retrieved: 27 August 2018.
  131. ^ Invaluable - Lot 254: 1858-1863 Chinese Qing Rebel Yiji Jijian Coin - 888 Auctions - July 5, 2018 - Richmond Hill, ON, CA. Retrieved: 27 August 2018.
  132. ^ My.So-Net.net.tw - 太 平 天 國. Retrieved: 27 August 2018.
  133. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 430.
  134. ^ Hartill 2005, p. 431.

Sources

edit