Wikipedia

List of Asteraceae of South Africa

Asteraceae or Compositae is a family of flowering plants (anthophytes) in the order Asterales. Asteraceae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite,[1] or sunflower family), is a very large and widespread family,[2][3] which includes over 32,000 currently accepted species, in over 1,900 genera (list) in 13 subfamilies.[4] In terms of numbers of species, the Asteraceae are rivaled only by the Orchidaceae.[2][5] Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense heads (capitula or pseudanthia) surrounded by involucral bracts. When viewed from a distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitula may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx. The name Asteraceae comes from the type genus Aster, from the Ancient Greek ἀστήρ, meaning star, and refers to the star-like form of the inflorescence. The alternative name Compositae is still valid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.[6] It refers to the "composite" nature of the capitula, which consist of a few or many individual flowers.

Most members of Asteraceae are annual or perennial herbs, but a significant number are also shrubs, vines, or trees. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species ranging from subpolar to tropical regions, colonizing a wide variety of habitats. The largest proportion of the species occur in the arid and semiarid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes.[7]

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[8] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[9]

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[10]

329 genera are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing.[10] Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.

Acanthospermum

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Genus Acanthospermum:[10]

Acanthotheca

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Genus Acanthotheca:[10]

Achillea

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Genus Achillea:[10]

Achyrocline

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Genus Achyrocline:[10]

Acmella

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Genus Acmella:[10]

Adenachaena

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Genus Adenachaena:[10]

Adenanthellum

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Genus Adenanthellum:[10]

Adenoglossa

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Genus Adenoglossa:[10]

Adenostemma

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Genus Adenostemma:[10]

Afroaster

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Genus Afroaster:[10]

Ageratina

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Genus Ageratina:[10]

Ageratum

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Genus Ageratum:[10]

Alatoseta

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Genus Alatoseta:[10]

Alciope

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Genus Alciope:[10]

Ambrosia

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Genus Ambrosia:[10]

Amellus

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Genus Amellus:[10]

  • Amellus alternifolius Roth, indigenous
    • Amellus alternifolius Roth subsp. alternifolius, endemic
    • Amellus alternifolius Roth subsp. angustissimus (DC.) Rommel, endemic
  • Amellus asteroides (L.) Druce, indigenous
    • Amellus asteroides (L.) Druce subsp. asteroides, endemic
    • Amellus asteroides (L.) Druce subsp. mollis Rommel, endemic
  • Amellus capensis (Walp.) Hutch. endemic
  • Amellus coilopodius DC. endemic
  • Amellus epaleaceus O.Hoffm. indigenous
  • Amellus flosculosus DC. indigenous
  • Amellus microglossus DC. endemic
  • Amellus nanus DC. indigenous
  • Amellus strigosus (Thunb.) Less. indigenous
    • Amellus strigosus (Thunb.) Less. subsp. pseudoscabridus Rommel, endemic
    • Amellus strigosus (Thunb.) Less. subsp. scabridus (DC.) Rommel, endemic
    • Amellus strigosus (Thunb.) Less. subsp. strigosus, endemic
  • Amellus tenuifolius Burm. endemic
  • Amellus tridactylus DC. indigenous
    • Amellus tridactylus DC. subsp. arenarius (S.Moore) Rommel, indigenous
    • Amellus tridactylus DC. subsp. olivaceus Rommel, endemic
    • Amellus tridactylus DC. subsp. tridactylus, endemic

Amphiglossa

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Genus Amphiglossa:[10]

Anaglypha

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Genus Anaglypha:[10]

Anaxeton

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Genus Anaxeton:[10]

Anderbergia

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Genus Anderbergia:[10]

Anisochaeta

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Genus Anisochaeta:[10]

Anisopappus

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Genus Anisopappus:[10]

Anisothrix

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Genus Anisothrix:[10]

Anthemis

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Genus Anthemis:[10]

Antithrixia

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Genus Antithrixia:[10]

Aphelexis

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Genus Aphelexis:[10]

Arctotheca

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Genus Arctotheca:[10]

Arctotis

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Genus Arctotis:[10]

Argyrocome

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Genus Argyrocome:[10]

Arnica

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Genus Arnica:[10]

Arrowsmithia

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Genus Arrowsmithia:[10]

Artemisia

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Genus Artemisia:[10]

Artemisiopsis

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Genus Artemisiopsis:[10]

Ascaricida

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Genus Ascaricida:[10]

Aspilia

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Genus Aspilia:[10]

Aster

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Genus Aster:[10]

Athanasia

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Genus Athanasia:[10]

Athrixia

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Genus Athrixia:[10]

Atractylis

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Genus Atractylis:[10]

Atrichantha

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Genus Atrichantha:[10]

Baccharis

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Genus Baccharis:[10]

Baccharoides

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Genus Baccharoides:[10]

Berkheya

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Genus Berkheya:[10]

Bertilia

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Genus Bertilia:[10]

Bidens

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Genus Bidens:[10]

Blainvillea

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Genus Blainvillea:[10]

Blumea

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Genus Blumea:[10]

Bolandia

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Genus Bolandia:[10]

Bothriocline

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Genus Bothriocline:[10]

Brachylaena

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Genus Brachylaena:[10]

Brachymeris

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Genus Brachymeris:[10]

Brachyrhynchos

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Genus Brachyrhynchos:[10]

Bryomorphe

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Genus Bryomorphe:[10]

Cacalia

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Genus Cacalia:[10]

Cadiscus

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Genus Cadiscus:[10]

Calendula

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Genus Calendula:[10]

Callilepis

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Genus Callilepis:[10]

Calostephane

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Genus Calostephane:[10]

Calotesta

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Genus Calotesta:[10]

Campuloclinium

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Genus Campuloclinium:[10]

Candidea

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Genus Candidea:[10]

Capelio

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Genus Capelio:[10]

Caputia

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Genus Caputia:[10]

Carduus

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Genus Carduus:[10]

Carthamus

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Genus Carthamus:[10]

Castalis

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Genus Castalis:[10]

Cenia

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Genus Cenia:[10]

Centaurea

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Genus Centaurea:[10]

Centipeda

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Genus Centipeda:[10]

Centrapalus

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Genus Centrapalus:[10]

Chondrilla

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Genus Chondrilla:[10]

Chromolaena

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Genus Chromolaena:[10]

Chrysanthellum

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Genus Chrysanthellum:[10]

Chrysanthemoides

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Genus Chrysanthemoides:[10]

Chrysanthemum

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Genus Chrysanthemum:[10]

Chrysocoma

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Genus Chrysocoma:[10]

Cineraria

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Genus Cineraria:[10]

Cirsium

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Genus Cirsium:[10]

Cnicus

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Genus Cnicus:[10]

Comborhiza

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Genus Comborhiza:[10]

Conyza

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Genus Conyza:[10]

Corymbium

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Genus Corymbium:[10]

  • Corymbium africanum L. indigenous
    • Corymbium africanum L. subsp. africanum, endemic
    • Corymbium africanum L. subsp. scabridum (P.J.Bergius) Weitz var. fourcadei, endemic
    • Corymbium africanum L. subsp. scabridum (P.J.Bergius) Weitz var. gramineum, endemic
    • Corymbium africanum L. subsp. scabridum (P.J.Bergius) Weitz var. scabridum, endemic
  • Corymbium congestum E.Mey. ex DC. endemic
  • Corymbium cymosum E.Mey. ex DC. endemic
  • Corymbium elsiae Weitz, endemic
  • Corymbium enerve Markotter, endemic
  • Corymbium glabrum L. indigenous
    • Corymbium glabrum L. var. glabrum, endemic
    • Corymbium glabrum L. var. rogersii (Markotter) Weitz, endemic
  • Corymbium laxum Compton, indigenous
    • Corymbium laxum Compton subsp. bolusii Weitz, endemic
    • Corymbium laxum Compton subsp. laxum, endemic
  • Corymbium theileri Markotter, endemic
  • Corymbium villosum L.f. endemic

Cosmos

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Genus Cosmos:[10]

Cotula

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Genus Cotula:[10]

Crassocephalum

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Genus Crassocephalum:[10]

Crassothonna

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Genus Crassothonna:[10]

Crepis

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Genus Crepis:[10]

Cullumia

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Genus Callumia:[10]

Curio

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Genus Curio:[10]

Cuspidia

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Genus Cuspidia:[10]

  • Cuspidia cernua (L.f.) B.L.Burtt, indigenous
    • Cuspidia cernua (L.f.) B.L.Burtt subsp. annua (Less.) Roessler, endemic
    • Cuspidia cernua (L.f.) B.L.Burtt subsp. cernua, endemic

Cyanthillium

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Genus Cyanthillium:[10]

Cymbopappus

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Genus Cymbopappus:[10]

Cypselodontia

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Genus Cypselodontia:[10]

Decaneurum

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Genus Decaneurum:[10]

Delairea

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Genus Delairea:[10]

Denekia

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Genus Denekia:[10]

Dicerothamnus

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Genus Dicerothamnus:[10]

Dichrocephala

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Genus Dichrocephala:[10]

Dicoma

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Genus Dicoma:[10]

Didelta

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Genus Didelta:[10]

Dimorphanthes

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Genus Dimorphanthes:[10]

Dimorphotheca

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Genus Dimorphotheca:[10]

Disparago

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Genus Disparago:[10]

Distephanus

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Genus Distephanus:[10]

Dittrichia

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Genus Dittrichia:[10]

Doellia

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Genus Doellia:[10]

Dolichothrix

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Genus Dolichothrix:[10]

Doria

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Genus Doria:[10]

Doronicum

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Genus Doronicum:[10]

Dymondia

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Genus Dymondia:[10]

Eclipta

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Genus Eclipta:[10]

Edmondia

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Genus Edmondia:[10]

Elephantopus

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Genus Elephantopus:[10]

Elytropappus

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Genus Elytropappus:[10]

Emilia

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Genus Emilia:[10]

Enydra

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Genus Enydra:[10]

Erigeron

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Genus Erigeron:[10]

Eriocephalus

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Genus Eriocephalus:[10]

Erlangia

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Genus Erlangia:[10]

Eschenbachia

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Genus Eschenbachia:[10]

Ethulia

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Genus Ethulia:[10]

Eumorphia

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Genus Eumorphia:[10]

Eupatorium

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Genus Eupatorium:[10]

Euryops

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Genus Euryops:[10]

Facelis

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Genus Facelis:[10]

Felicia

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Genus Felicia:[10]

Flaveria

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Genus Flaveria:[10]

Foveolina

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Genus Foveolina:[10]

Gaillardia

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Genus Gaillardia:[10]

Galeomma

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Genus Galeomma:[10]

Galinsoga

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Genus Galinsoga:[10]

Gamochaeta

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Genus Gamochaeta:[10]

Garuleum

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Genus Garuleum:[10]

Gazania

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Genus Gazania:[10]

Geigeria

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Genus Geigeria:[10]

  • Geigeria acaulis (Sch.Bip.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Oliv. & Hiern, indigenous
  • Geigeria aspera Harv. indigenous
    • Geigeria aspera Harv. var. aspera, indigenous
    • Geigeria aspera Harv. var. rivularis (J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans) Merxm. endemic
  • Geigeria brevifolia (DC.) Harv. indigenous
  • Geigeria burkei Harv. indigenous
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. burkei, indigenous
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. elata, indigenous
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. hirtella, endemic
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. intermedia, endemic
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. zeyheri, indigenous
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. diffusa (Harv.) Merxm. indigenous
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. fruticulosa Merxm. indigenous
    • Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. valida Merxm. endemic
  • Geigeria elongata Alston, endemic
  • Geigeria filifolia Mattf. indigenous
  • Geigeria obtusifolia L.Bolus, indigenous
  • Geigeria ornativa O.Hoffm. indigenous
  • Geigeria ornativa O.Hoffm. subsp. ornativa, indigenous
  • Geigeria pectidea (DC.) Harv. indigenous
  • Geigeria vigintisquamea O.Hoffm. indigenous

Gerbera

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Genus Gerbera:[10]

Gibbaria

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Genus Gibbaria:[10]

Glebionis

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Genus Glebionis:[10]

Gnaphalium

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Genus Gnaphalium:[10]

Gongrothamnus

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Genus Gongrothamnus:[10]

Gongyloglossa

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Genus Gongyloglossa:[10]

Gorteria

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Genus Gorteria:[10]

Grangea

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Genus Grangea:[10]

Guizotia

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Genus Guizotia:[10]

Gymnanthemum

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Genus Gymnanthemum:[10]

Gymnodiscus

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Genus Gymnodiscus:[10]

Gymnopentzia

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Genus Gymnopentzia:[10]

Gymnostephium

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Genus Gymnostephium:[10]

Haplocarpha

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Genus Haplocarpha:[10]

Hedypnois

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Genus Hedypnois:[10]

Helianthus

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Genus Helianthus:[10]

Helichrysopsis

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Genus Helichrysopsis:[10]

Helichrysum

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Genus Helichrysum:[10]

Helminthotheca

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Genus Helminthotheca:[10]

Hertia

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Genus Hertia:[10]

Heterolepis

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Genus Heterolepis:[10]

Heteromma

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Genus Heteromma:[10]

Heterorhachis

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Genus Heterorhachis:[10]

Hilliardia

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Genus Hilliardia:[10]

Hilliardiella

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Genus Hilliardiella:[10]

Hippia

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Genus Hippia:[10]

Hirpicium

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Genus Hirpicium:[10]

Hoplophyllum

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Genus Hoplophyllum:[10]

Hydroidea

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Genus Hydroidea:[10]

Hymenolepis

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Genus Hymenolepis:[10]

Hyoseris

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Genus Hyoseris:[10]

Hypericophyllum

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Genus Hypericophyllum:[10]

Hypochaeris

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Genus Hypochaeris:[10]

Ifloga

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Genus Ifloga:[10]

Inezia

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Genus Inezia:[10]

Inula

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Genus Inula:[10]

Inulanthera

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Genus Inulanthera:[10]

Inuloides

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Genus Inuloides:[10]

Iocaste

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Genus Iocaste:[10]

Keringa

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Genus Keringa:[10]

Kleinia

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Genus Kleinia:[10]

Klenzea

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Genus Klenzea:[10]

Lachnospermum

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Genus Lachnospermum:[10]

Lactuca

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Genus Lactuca:[10]

Laevicarpa

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Genus Laevicarpa:[10]

Laggera

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Genus Laggera:[10]

Lamprocephalus

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Genus Lamprocephalus:[10]

Langebergia

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Genus Langebergia:[10]

Lapsana

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Genus Lapsana:[10]

Lasiopogon

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Genus Lasiopogon:[10]

Lasiopus

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Genus Lasiopus:[10]

Lasiospermum

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Genus Lasiospermum:[10]

Launaea

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Genus Launaea:[10]

Lepidostephium

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Genus Lepidostephium:[10]

Leptilon

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Genus Leptilon:[10]

Leucanthemum

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Genus Leucanthemum:[10]

Leucoptera

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Genus Leucoptera:[10]

Leysera

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Genus Leysera:[10]

Lidbeckia

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Genus Lidbeckia:[10]

Linzia

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Genus Linzia:[10]

Litogyne

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Genus Litogyne:[10]

Lopholaena

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Genus Lopholaena:[10]

Macledium

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Genus Macledium:[10]

Macowania

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Genus Macowania:[10]

Mairia

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Genus Mairia:[10]

Mantisalca

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Genus Mantisalca:[10]

Marasmodes

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Genus Marasmodes:[10]

Marsea

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Genus Marsea:[10]

Matricaria

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Genus Matricaria:[10]

Melanthera

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Genus Melanthera:[10]

Mesogramma

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Genus Mesogramma:[10]

Metalasia

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Genus Metalasia:[10]

Microglossa

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Genus Microglossa:[10]

Mikania

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Genus Mikania:[10]

Mikaniopsis

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Genus Mikaniopsis:[10]

Minurothamnus

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Genus Minurothamnus:[10]

Monoculus

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Genus Monoculus:[10]

Montanoa

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Genus Montanoa:[10]

Monticapra

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Genus Monticapra:[10]

Morysia

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Genus Morysia:[10]

Myrovernix

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Genus Myrovernix:[10]

Myxopappus

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Genus Myxopappus:[10]

Namibithamnus

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Genus Namibithamnus:[10]

Nephrotheca

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Genus Nephrotheca:[10]

Nestlera

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Genus Nestlera:[10]

Nicolasia

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Genus Nicolasia:[10]

  • Nicolasia nitens (O.Hoffm.) Eyles, indigenous
    • Nicolasia nitens (O.Hoffm.) Eyles var.nitens, indigenous
  • Nicolasia stenoptera (O.Hoffm.) Merxm. indigenous
    • Nicolasia stenoptera (O.Hoffm.) Merxm. subsp.stenoptera, indigenous

Nidorella

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Genus Nidorella:[10]

Nolletia

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Genus Nolletia:[10]

Norlindhia

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Genus Norlindhia:[10]

Oedera

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Genus Oedera:[10]

Oldenburgia

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Genus Oldenburgia:[10]

Oligocarpus

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Genus Oligocarpus:[10]

Oligoglossa

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Genus Oligoglossa:[10]

Oligothrix

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Genus Oligothrix:[10]

Oncosiphon

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Genus Oncosiphon:[10]

Oocephala

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Genus Oocephala:[10]

Orbivestus

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Genus Orbivestus:[10]

Oreoleysera

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Genus Oreoleysera:[10]

Oresbia

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Genus Oresbia:[10]

Osmitopsis

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Genus Osmitopsis:[10]

Osteospermum

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Genus Osteospermum:[10]

Othonna

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Genus Othonna:[10]

Oxylaena

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Genus Oxylaena:[10]

Parapolydora

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Genus Parapolydora:[10]

Parthenium

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Genus Parthenium:[10]

Pechuel-loeschea

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Genus Pechuel-loeschea:[10]

Pegolettia

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Genus Pegolettia:[10]

Pentanema

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Genus Pentanema:[10]

Pentatrichia

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Genus Pentatrichia:[10]

Pentzia

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Genus Pentzia:[10]

Perdicium

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Genus Perdicium:[10]

Petalacte

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Genus Petalacte:[10]

Peyrousea

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Genus Peyrousea:[10]

Phaenocoma

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Genus Phaenocoma:[10]

Phaneroglossa

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Genus Phaneroglossa:[10]

Philyrophyllum

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Genus Philyrophyllum:[10]

Phymaspermum

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Genus Phymaspermum:[10]

Picris

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Genus Picris:[10]

Planea

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Genus Planea:[10]

Platycarpha

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Genus Platycarpha:[10]

Platycarphella

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Genus Platycarphella:[10]

Plecostachys

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Genus Plecostachys:[10]

Plectreca

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Genus Plectreca:[10]

Pluchea

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Genus Pluchea:[10]

Poecilolepis

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Genus Poecilolepis:[10]

Polyarrhena

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Genus Polyarrhena:[10]

Polydora

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Genus Polydora:[10]

Printzia

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Genus Printzia:[10]

Pseudoconyza

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Genus Pseudoconyza:[10]

Pseudognaphalium

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Genus Pseudognaphalium:[10]

Pseudopegolettia

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Genus Pseudopegolettia:[10]

Psiadia

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Genus Psiadia:[10]

Pteronia

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Genus Pteronia:[10]

Pterothrix

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Genus Pterothrix:[10]

Pulicaria

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Genus Pulicaria:[10]

Relhania

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Genus Relhania:[10]

Rennera

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Genus Rennera:[10]

Rhynchopsidium

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Genus Rhynchopsidium:[10]

Roldana

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Genus Roldana:[10]

Roodebergia

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Genus Roodebergia:[10]

Rosenia

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Genus Rosenia:[10]

Schistostephium

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Genus Schistostephium:[10]

Schkuhria

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Genus Schkuhria:[10]

Senecio

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Genus Senecio:[10]

Seneciodes

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Genus Seneciodes:[10]

Seriphium

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Genus Seriphium:[10]

Sigesbeckia

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Genus Sigesbeckia:[10]

Silybum

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Genus Silybum:[10]

Solanecio

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Genus Solanecio:[10]

Solidago

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Genus Solidago:[10]

Soliva

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Genus Soliva:[10]

Sonchus

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Genus Sonchus:[10]

Sphaeranthus

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Genus Sphaeranthus:[10]

Sphagneticola

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Genus Sphagneticola:[10]

Spilanthes

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Genus Spilanthes:[10]

Staehelina

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Genus Staehelina:[10]

Steirodiscus

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Genus Steirodiscus:[10]

Stengelia

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Genus Stengelia:[10]

Stilpnogyne

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Genus Stilpnogyne:[10]

Stoebe

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Genus Stoebe:[10]

Stomatanthes

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Genus Stomatanthes:[10]

Symphyotrichum

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Genus Symphyotrichum:[10]

Syncarpha

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Genus Syncarpha:[10]

Tagetes

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Genus Tagetes:[10]

Tanacetum

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Genus Tanacetum:[10]

Taraxacum

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Genus Taraxacum:[10]

Tarchonanthus

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Genus Tarchonanthus:[10]

Tenrhynea

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Genus Tenrhynea:[10]

Thaminophyllum

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Genus Thaminophyllum:[10]

Tithonia

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Genus Tithonia:[10]

Tolpis

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Genus Tolpis:[10]

Tragopogon

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Genus Tragopogon:[10]

Trichogyne

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Genus Trichogyne:[10]

Tridax

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Genus Tridax:[10]

Tripteris

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Genus Tripteris:[10]

Troglophyton

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Genus Troglophyton:[10]

Urospermum

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Genus Urospermum:[10]

Ursinia

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Genus Ursinia:[10]

Vellereophyton

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Genus Vellereophyton:[10]

Verbesina

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Genus Verbesina:[10]

  • Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray subsp. encelioides, not indigenous
    • Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray subsp. exauriculata (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.), not indigenous
    • Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray var. exauriculata B.L.Rob. & Greenm. accepted as Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray subsp. exauriculata (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.), not indigenous

Vernonella

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Genus Vernonella:[10]

Vernonia

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Genus Vernonia:[10]

Vernoniastrum

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Genus Vernoniastrum:[10]

Vicoa

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Genus Vicoa:[10]

  • Vicoa auriculata Cass. was accepted as Pentanema indicum (L.) Y.Ling, not indigenous

Waitzia

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Genus Waitzia:[10]

Webbia

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Genus Webbia:[10]

Wedelia

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Genus Wedelia:[10]

Xanthium

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Genus Xanthium:[10]

Xenismia

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Genus Xenismia:[10]

Xeranthemum

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Genus Xeranthemum:[10]

Youngia

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Genus Youngia:[10]

Zinnia

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Genus Zinnia:[10]

Zoutpansbergia

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Genus Zoutpansbergia:[10]

Zyrphelis

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Genus Zyrphelis:[10]

References

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  1. ^ Blackwell, Laird R. (2006). Great Basin Wildflowers. p. 275.
  2. ^ a b P.F. Stevens (2001). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
  3. ^ Jeffrey, C. (2007). "Compositae: Introduction with key to tribes". In Kadereit, J. W.; Jeffrey, C. (eds.). Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VIII, Flowering Plants, Eudicots, Asterales. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 61–87.
  4. ^ "The Plant List: Compositae". Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  5. ^ Panero, J.L.; Crozier, B.S. "Tree of Life – Asteraceae".
  6. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Article 18.5". iapt-taxon.org.
  7. ^ Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc; Strother, John L. "Asteraceae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 19, 20 and 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. ^ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  9. ^ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Oligocarpus calendulaceus". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  12. ^ "Oligocarpus calendulaceus Less. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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