The LAPD Red Squad raid on the John Reed Club art show raid took place in Los Angeles, California, United States, on Saturday, February 11, 1933. The LAPD Red Squad, the police department's anti-radical unit, crashed a political meeting and art show hosted by a number of leftist organizations. Red Squad members destroyed several works of art in a manner that suggested racial animus as well as an anti-communist motive.
 "Where Vandals Wrecked Paintings" Illustrated Daily News, February 13, 1933 | |
| Date | February 11, 1933 |
|---|---|
| Location | John Reed Club (Hollywood), 1743 N. New Hampshire Avenue, Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 34°06′12″N 118°17′37″W / 34.1032°N 118.2936°W |
Art show
editThe event in question was a multiracial affair at which Los Angeles leftists had gathered to publicize the plight of and to express support for the Scottsboro Boys.[1] The sponsors were Puroretaria Geijutsu Kai (Japanese Proletarian Art Club), Rodo Shimbun, and the Horiuchi Tetsuji Japanese branch of the Los Angeles International Labor Defense. The venue was the Communist-affiliated John Reed Club in Hollywood, located at 1743 N. New Hampshire Avenue between Franklin Avenue and Hollywood Boulevard.[2][3] A handbill later claimed that 450 people were guests at the event. Open Forum, the newsletter of the Los Angeles branch of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), reported that 200 people were present.[4] As the crowd moved from a theater space to an auditorium for a dance, Red Hynes and his Red Squad burst in the building, smashing doors.[5][6] The police were apparently assisted by civilian gentlemen wearing American Legion caps.[6] Hynes claimed that LAPD officers present had actually "intervened to prevent an attack by American Legionnaires".[5]
The LAPD cleared out the building and arrested Karl Yoneda (then known as Karl Hama), who had been the evening's emcee.[2][5] Loren Miller, an African-American attorney, was present at the event. According to an article about his lifetime of social activism and communist leanings, "The Club paid for a hall and the audience began to gather, 'when up steps the Red Squad and lets us know that the thing was off.' Miller had a bitter face to face confrontation with a cop afterwards who had told him to leave the scene."[7]
The Red Squad then turned its attention to portable "frescos on cement" created by Bloc of Painters artists Philip Guston, Reuben Kadish, Harold Lehman, Murray Hantman, and Luis Arenal for the Negro America show, which was intended to highlight the racist railroading of the Scottsboro Boys as well as other racial justice issues in the United States.[8] The paintings were confrontational "if somewhat aesthetically unsophisticated, images deploring the recent increase in the United States of atrocities against African Americans. Among the situations pictured were a black man hanging from a tree, the whipping of an African American by a member of the Ku Klux Klan, and a rapt white audience awaiting the imminent demise of a 'boy' tied to a stake while flames licked at his feet."[8] According to a history of Japanese-American activism during the 1930s, the Red Squad seemed "to have been especially disturbed by a mural painted by the Japanese Proletarian Art Club symbolizing cross-racial solidarity. Underneath a bilingual English-Japanese banner reading 'Workers of the World Unite' was a large painting of the Scottsboro Boys." Eyewitnesses described the Red Squad firing bullets into the foreheads of "each of the nine defendants" depicted in Murray Hantman's mural.[9] Guston described the policemen also aiming for the genitals and eyes of the images of Alabama defendants.[10] All told, a dozen artworks were destroyed.[4]
Aftermath
editThe artists and attendees were disregarded when they went to the press and the courts about the incident. The media described the Communist and leftist-aligned partygoers as "misguided individuals", and "a reactionary judge dismissed their case" when they tried to sue.[10] When members of the John Reed Club and the Workers Ex-Service Men's League protested the raid in front of the Los Angeles City Council, the Red Squad was there to eject them, along the way taking the time to pummel lawyer Leo Gallagher, "leaving him with broken glasses and two black eyes".[5] For their part, the Red Squad proudly claimed that the raid was a successful attack on "Japanese militarist elements".[2] Hynes, the captain of the Red Squad, released a statement that the "so-called harmless writers and artists club the John Reed club of Hollywood is in reality just another communist tentacle, reaching into the artistic and intellectual life of Los Angeles. The so-called Japanese Press Conference, who were to hold a 'chop suey and social', are, in reality, a group of Japanese communists and the entire event was for the purpose of raising money for the Rodo Shibum, official Japanese communist newspaper published in San Francisco".[11] In 1934, Arthur Millier, art critic for the arch-conservative Los Angeles Times (Harry Chandler was all but a personal sponsor of the Red Squad),[12] wrote a column about anti-communist censorship, arguing, "There is room and need for legitimate art which shows, in their true proportion to the whole, the imperfections of society. Communist propaganda, however, has no such reasonable aim. It purposely paints a false and exaggerated picture to accomplish one end—the destruction of existing institutions. No matter how brilliant such work may sometimes be, its merit as art is no justification for its preservation."[13][14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ McClellan (2011), pp. 196.
- ^ a b c Kurashige (2009), p. 225.
- ^ "Reed Club Denied Hynes Indictment for Recent Raid". Daily News. February 17, 1933. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ a b "Red Squad-Communists Clash at City Hall". Open Forum. Vol. 10, no. 8. February 1933. p. 1. ISSN 0030-3429. OCLC 4098587.
- ^ a b c d Stevens (2021), p. 106.
- ^ a b "Movies as Evidence". Open Forum. Vol. 10, no. 29. July 1933. p. 1. ISSN 0030-3429. OCLC 4098587.
- ^ Gordon (2012), p. no pag.
- ^ a b Landau (2007), p. 82.
- ^ Kurashige (2009), p. 226.
- ^ a b Landau (2007), p. 83.
- ^ "Reed Club Denied Hynes Indictment for Recent Rais & Red Squad Defends Police Procedure". Illustrated Daily News. Vol. 10, no. 144. Los Angeles, California. February 17, 1933. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-05-28. & "Raided Club Aide Says Grand Jury Blocked Defense". Daily News. February 17, 1933. p. 21.
- ^ McClellan (2011), pp. 74–75.
- ^ "D.A. Siqueiros & Bloc of Painters". HaroldLehman.com. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ Millier, Arthur (August 26, 1934). "Communists Incited to Stir Up Trouble Through Artists' Propaganda-Paintings [part 1 of 2]". Part II: Arts & Entertainment. The Los Angeles Times. Vol. LIII. p. 1. & "Artists Paint Red Doctrines [part 2 of 2]". The Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1934. p. 3.
Sources
edit- Gordon, Walter Lear III (Fall 2012). "Loren Miller: The Red and The Black, A Political Portrait". Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire. 12 (1). Institute of African-American Affairs (IAAA): no pag. ISSN 1089-3148.
- Kurashige, Scott (2009). "Chapter 9. Organizing from the Margins: Communists in Los Angeles During the Great Depression". In Koditschek, Theodore; Cha-Jua, Sundiata Keita; Neville, Helen A. (eds.). Race Struggles. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 211–230. ISBN 978-0-252-03449-7. OCLC 317922889.
- Landau, Ellen G. (March 2007). "Double Consciousness in Mexico: How Philip Guston and Reuben Kadish Painted a Morelian Mural". American Art. 21 (1): 74–97. doi:10.1086/518295. ISSN 1073-9300.
- McClellan, Scott Allen (2011). Policing the Red Scare: The Los Angeles Police Department's Red Squad and the Repression of Labor Activism in Los Angeles, 1900–1940 (Thesis). University of California, Irvine. OCLC 837684679. ProQuest 3442998.
- Stevens, Errol Wayne (2021). In Pursuit of Utopia: Los Angeles in the Great Depression. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-6924-8. LCCN 2020053112. OCLC 1226076500.