Kufungisisa is a culture bound syndrome prevalent in Zimbabwe similar to anxiety disorders and depression.[1]
Among the Shona, who make up a large part of Zimbabwe's population, kufungisisa is characterized by thinking too much or overthinking a situation. There is a widespread belief that such behavior not only contributes to mental illnesses, but also causes physical discomfort.[2]
Kufungisisa is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).[1]
Origin
editIt is unclear when the term Kunfungisisa first appeared but it translates to the term "thinking too much".[3]
The concept of "thinking too much" has significant cultural and historical roots in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly within the Shona language in Zimbabwe. Since the mid-1990s the idiom is used by people across the world to communicate distress.[4]
One of the earliest references to the idiom of "too much thinking" in Sub-Saharan Africa can be found in Peltzer's (1989) research in Malawi on the spirit disorder of vimbuza.[5] The research done by Patel on the Shona idiom of kufungisisa, which was published 1995, represents one of the first in-depth analyses of the idiom as both a cause and a symptom of mental illness and distress.[3]
Symptoms
editKufungisisa presents with symptoms similar to those of depression and anxiety. Affected individuals often find themselves in a poor emotional state.[6]
Psychologically, they may experience persistent fatigue,[4] sadness,[4] forgetfulness,[4] and apathy.[4] Additional symptoms include grief,[4] chronic stress or burnout,[4] low self-esteem,[4] solitude,[4] increased irritability,[4] and a sense of not being oneself.[4] Agitation[6] and inattentiveness[6] is also very common. In more severe cases, symptoms can expand to suicidal thoughts,[4] hallucinations,[4] substance abuse,[4] and psychosis.
Physically, individuals with kufungisisa often report body aches,[1] pain,[1] headaches,[1] insomnia,[1] stomach ulcers,[1] and unintended weight loss.[4]
Cultural implications
editIn Zimbabwe, kufungisisa translates to “thinking too much” in Shona and is considered a fundamental aspect of mental illness, with 80% of Zimbabweans with common mental illness experiencing it.[7] This concept of “overthinking” as a key experience of different mental illnesses has been observed in various other countries around the world, such as Uganda,[7] Tanzania,[7] Australia (“kulini-kulini”),[8] Nepal,[7] Nicaragua (“pensando much”),[8] Cambodia,[7] and Haiti (“kalkile twop”).[8] Kufungisisa is an idiom that often suggests both interpersonal and social issues and can manifest as a range of physical and mental ailments, such as feelings of negative rumination, pain, irritability, depression, and anxiety.[8]
The term kufungisisa describes both the causes and symptoms of an illness and can encompass afflictions of a mental, spiritual, and social nature. While the term is associated with biomedical constructs of non-psychotic mental illness, it is not simply an equivalent term for anxiety or depression.[3] In psychiatric settings, it has been referred to as a non-specific neurotic mental illness, while the base description is simply “feeling stressed.” Increased usage of kufungisisa can help with acceptance and awareness of the condition.[3]
Symptoms of illnesses such as anxiety and depression can be commonly understood in Zimbabwe using terms such as kufungisisa (‘thinking too much’), kusuwisisa (‘deep sadness’), and moyo unorwadza (‘painful heart’). These cultural terms have been used since the mid-1990s to further research in understanding individuals' experiences with common mental disorders.[6]
Impact on female communities
editKufungisisa often also presents within female communities in Zimbabwe. The presence of both poverty and patriarchal structures in Zimbabwe can place significant pressure on women in these communities, which can result in the development of mental disorders or kufungisisa. In a study done in the rural area of the Shurugwi District in Zimbabwe, it appeared that the convergence of poverty and patriarchy is where women tend to experience kufungisisa.[6] While women in rural areas of Zimbabwe are no longer physically restricted by colonial rule, they are still confined to their communal areas due to cultural customs and laws that maintain patriarchy as a system of domination within the community. These restrictions and practices help mold women’s experience or development of kufungisisa, as they have little control over their household and resources even while their husbands are often absent. Participants described this patriarchal system as obstructing them from being able to play a part in providing household provisioning.[6]
Clinical significance
editWhile similar idioms and phrases can be found around the globe to describe the general concept of overthinking, there are still notable differences in the scale of what people experience, as well as the different cultural nuances present within different countries and communities. Grouping together terms such as kufungisisa under the umbrella term of “thinking too much” can mean that the different cultural nuances of these terms become lost.[4] Understanding the cultural implications of kufungisisa can be essential for clinicians in understanding the extent of what individuals are experiencing and therefore being able to provide them with care and treatment that is culturally informed. The cultural nuances of kufungisisa are relevant in understanding how cultures and communities deal with mental illness in terms of support and management.[4]
Related illnesses
editKufungisisa shares many symptoms with common mental disorders, namely anxiety disorders and depression.[7] The belief that supernatural factors caused the symptoms is also linked closely to depression.[9]
In low to middle-income countries, common mental disorders are often linked to diagnoses of chronic illnesses, like HIV/AIDS and diabetes. Poor mental health also predicts a faster HIV progression, as common mental disorders, especially depression, make it hard to adhere to regular medication schedules, as are needed in HIV treatment.[7]
Severe forms of common mental disorders, like PTSD, amongst people living with HIV who have a history of trauma are also called “kufungisisa kwe njodzi”, meaning "thinking too much due to trauma". Njodzi is seen as both the cause of these mental health issues and as being linked to ongoing stigma due to their HIV diagnosis.[10] In a Zimbabwean cross-sectional study of people living with HIV, 45% exhibited PTSD symptoms.[11] Generally, the presence of PTSD symptoms, for example intrusion and hyper-arousal, are often acknowledged but treated as a severe form of kufungisisa.[10]
In people with HIV, kufungisisa has also been linked to substance abuse as a coping mechanism.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Gandhi, Dr Vishal Anilkumar (2023-12-18). "What Is Kufungisisa?". www.icliniq.com. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
- ^ "Kufungisisa - oder die Gefahr, zu viel nachzudenken". Gedankenwelt (in German). 2019-03-09. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
- ^ a b c d Patel, V.; Simunyu, E.; Gwanzura, F. (July 1995). "Kufungisisa (thinking too much): a Shona idiom for non-psychotic mental illness". The Central African Journal of Medicine. 41 (7): 209–215. ISSN 0008-9176. PMID 7553793.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Backe, Emma Louise; Bosire, Edna N.; Kim, Andrew Wooyoung; Mendenhall, Emily (2021-12-01). ""Thinking Too Much": A Systematic Review of the Idiom of Distress in Sub-Saharan Africa". Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 45 (4): 655–682. doi:10.1007/s11013-020-09697-z. ISSN 1573-076X. PMID 33387159.
- ^ Peltzer, Karl (1989). "Nosology and Etiology of a Spirit Disorder (Vimbuza) in Malawi". Psychopathology. 22 (2–3): 145–151. doi:10.1159/000284588. ISSN 1423-033X. PMID 2762473.
- ^ a b c d e f Brown, Tim; Datta, Kavita; Fernando, Shamiso (November 2022). "Gender, caring work, and the embodiment of kufungisisa: Findings from a global health intervention in Shurugwi District, Zimbabwe". Health & Place. 78: 102935. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102935. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 36356381.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gandhi, Dr Vishal Anilkumar (2023-12-18). "What Is Kufungisisa?". www.icliniq.com. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ a b c d Teodoro, Tomás; Afonso, Pedro (2020-12-30). "Culture‑Bound Syndromes and Cultural Concepts of Distress in Psychiatry". Revista Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental. 6 (3): 118–126. doi:10.51338/rppsm.2020.v6.i3.139. ISSN 2184-5417.
- ^ Patel, Vikram; Abas, Melanie; Broadhead, Jeremy; Todd, Charles; Reeler, Anthony (2001-02-24). "Depression in developing countries: lessons from Zimbabwe". BMJ. 322 (7284): 482–484. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.482. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1119689. PMID 11222428.
- ^ a b c Verhey, Ruth; Chibanda, Dixon; Vera, Aquila; Manda, Ethel; Brakarsh, Jonathan; Seedat, Soraya (February 2020). "Perceptions of HIV-related trauma in people living with HIV in Zimbabwe's Friendship Bench Program: A qualitative analysis of counselors' and clients' experiences". Transcultural Psychiatry. 57 (1): 161–172. doi:10.1177/1363461519850337. ISSN 1363-4615. PMID 31180824.
- ^ Verhey, Ruth; Chibanda, Dixon; Gibson, Lorna; Brakarsh, Jonathan; Seedat, Soraya (December 2018). "Validation of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist – 5 (PCL-5) in a primary care population with high HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe". BMC Psychiatry. 18 (1): 109. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1688-9. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 5913864. PMID 29685117.