Carcharhiniformes /kɑːrkəˈraɪnɪfɔːrmiːz/, the ground sharks, are the largest order of sharks, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and requiem sharks.
| Ground sharks Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| A finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Division: | Selachii |
| Superorder: | Galeomorphii |
| Order: | Carcharhiniformes Compagno, 1977 |
Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits.
The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.
The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late Jurassic, which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to living catsharks.[1] Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the Late Cretaceous, initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the Cenozoic.[2][3]
Families
editEschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes classifies the Carcharhiniformes into two suborders and nine families:[4]
- Suborder Scyliorhinoidei
- Family Scyliorhinidae Gill, 1862 (catsharks)
- Suborder Carcharhinoidei
- Family Atelomycteridae E. G. White, 1936 (coloured catsharks)
- Family Pentanchidae Smith, 1912 (deepwater catsharks)
- Family Dichichthyidae W. T. White, Stewart, O'Neill & Naylor, 2024 (bristle sharks)
- Family Pseudotriakidae Gill, 1893 (false catsharks)
- Family Proscylliidae Fowler, 1941 (finback catsharks)
- Family Leptochariidae Gray, 1851 (barbeled houndsharks)
- Family Triakidae Gray, 1851 (houndsharks)
- Subfamily Triakinae Gray, 1851 (smouth-hounds)
- Subfamily Galeorhininae Gill, 1862 (school sharks)
- Family Hemigaleidae J.C.F. Hasse, 1878 (weasel sharks)
- Family Carcharhinidae D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (requiem sharks)
- Family Galeocerdonidae Poey, 1875 (tiger sharks)
- Family Sphyrnidae Bonaparte, 1840 (hammerhead sharks)
Fossil genera
editThe following fossil genera of Carcharhiniformes are also known:[5]
- Genus †Altusmirus Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2017
- Genus †Corysodon Saint-Seine, 1949
- Genus †Platyrhizodon Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
- Genus †Vectiscyllium Duffin & Batchelor, 2024
- Family Carcharhinidae
- Genus †Abdounia Cappetta, 1980
- Genus †Archaeogaleus Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
- Genus †Danogaleus Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
- Genus †Eogaleus Cappetta, 1975
- Genus †Eorhincodon Li, 1997
- Genus †Fornicatus Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2018
- Genus †Kruckowlamna Laurito Mora, 1999
- Genus †Misrichthys Case & Cappetta, 1990
- Genus †Pseudabdounia Ebersole, Cicimurri & Stringer, 2019
- Family †Florenceodontidae Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
- Genus †Florenceodon Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019
- Family Hemigaleidae
- Genus †Moerigaleus Underwood & Ward, 2011
- Family Galeocerdonidae
- Genus †Physogaleus Cappetta, 1980
- Family †Pseudoscyliorhinidae Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019
- Genus †Diprosopovenator Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019
- Genus †Pseudoscyliorhinus Müller & Diedrich, 1991
- Family Pentanchidae
- Genus †Pseudoapristurus Pollerspöck & Straube, 2017
- Family Proscyllidae
- Genus †Praeproscyllium Underwood & Ward, 2004
- Family Scyliorhinidae
- Genus †Bavariscyllium Thies, 2005
- Genus †Cadiera Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
- Genus †Casieria Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
- Genus †Crassescyliorhinus Underwood & Ward, 2008
- Genus †Cretascyliorhinus Underwood & Mitchell, 1999
- Genus †Foumtizia Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
- Genus †Megascyliorhinus Cappetta & Ward, 1977
- Genus †Microscyliorhinus Case, 1994
- Genus †Orthodon Coquand, 1860
- Genus †Pachyscyllium Reinecke, Moths, Grant & Breitkreuz, 2005
- Genus †Palaeoscyllium Wagner, 1857
- Genus †Platyrhizoscyllium Adnet, 2006
- Genus †Porodermoides Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
- Genus †Premontreia Cappetta, 1992
- Genus †Prohaploblepharus Underwood & Ward, 2008
- Genus †Protoscyliorhinus Herman, 1977
- Genus †Pteroscyllium Cappetta, 1980
- Genus †Scyliorhinotheca Kiel, Peckmann & Simon, 2013
- Genus †Sigmoscyllium Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
- Genus †Stenoscyllium Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
- Genus †Thiesus Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014
- Genus †Tingaleus Cappetta, 1993
- Family Triakidae
- Genus †Archaeotriakis Case, 1978
- Genus †Gomphogaleus Adnet & Cappetta, 2008
- Genus †Kallodentis Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017
- Genus †Khouribgaleus Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997
- Genus †Meridiogaleus Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017
- Genus †Pachygaleus Cappetta, 1992
- Genus †Palaeogaleus Gurr, 1962
- Genus †Palaeotriakis Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013
- Genus †Rhaibodus Böhm, 1926
- Genus †Squatigaleus Cappetta, 1989
- Genus †Xystrogaleus Adnet, 2006
References
edit- ^ Stumpf, Sebastian; Scheer, Udo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019-03-04). "A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, †Diprosopovenator hilperti, gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (2): e1593185. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E3185S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 155785248.
- ^ Condamine, Fabien L.; Romieu, Jules; Guinot, Guillaume (2019-10-08). "Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (41): 20584–20590. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620584C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1902693116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6789557. PMID 31548392.
- ^ Brée, Baptiste; Condamine, Fabien L.; Guinot, Guillaume (2022-12-19). "Combining palaeontological and neontological data shows a delayed diversification burst of carcharhiniform sharks likely mediated by environmental change". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 21906. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1221906B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26010-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9763247. PMID 36535995.
- ^ "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ "Extinct - valid species | Species | Shark-References". shark-references.com. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
Further reading
edit- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) Fish Identification: Ground sharks in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2011-05-17.