The Karkin people (also called Los Carquines in Spanish) are one of eight Ohlone peoples, indigenous peoples of California.
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 United States ( California) | |
| Languages | |
| English, formerly Karkin | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional tribal religion |
History
editThe Karkin people have historically lived in the Carquinez Strait region in the northeast portion of the San Francisco Bay estuary.[1] They spoke the Karkin language, the only documentation of which is a single vocabulary obtained by linguist-missionary Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta at Mission Dolores in 1821[2] from Karkin speaker Mariano Antonio Sagnegse.[3] According to de la Cuesta, karkin means 'to trade.'[4][5] Although meager, the records of Karkin show that it constituted a distinct branch of Costanoan/Ohlone, strikingly different from the neighboring Chochenyo and other Ohlone languages spoken farther south and across the bay.[4] It is believed that there were about 200 Karkin speakers before colonization.[6]
Starting in 1787, some Karkin people began moving to Mission Dolores in present-day San Francisco.[7] In 1804 and 1807, Karkins resisted attempts by Mission Indians to recapture fugitive Indians who had escaped the mission.[8] The last Karkins moved to the mission between 1809 and 1810.[9] At the end of 1817, 49 Karkins were living at Mission Dolores.[10] By the end of 1823, 35 Karkin people lived at Mission Dolores, Mission San Francisco Solano, and Mission San Jose, seven of whom had been born in the missions.[11]
In 1925, Alfred Kroeber, then director of the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, declared the Ohlone extinct, which directly led to its losing federal recognition and land rights.[12]
The Confederated Villages of Lisjan is a tribe made up of Karkin and six other neighboring indigenous groups.[13]
Corrina Gould is a Karkin and Chochenyo activist who co-founded Indian People Organizing for Change and the Sogorea Te’ Land Trust,[14] and is the spokesperson for the Confederated Villages of Lisjan.[13]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Milliken 1995:238
- ^ Milliken 2008:6
- ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:20
- ^ a b Beeler 1961
- ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:21
- ^ Levy 1978, cited in Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:110
- ^ Milliken 1995:180-182, 204-206, cited in Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:110
- ^ Milliken 1995:209-211, cited in Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:110
- ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:119
- ^ Milliken, Shoup, and Ortiz 2009:122
- ^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (2022-12-11). "Indigenous Founders of a Museum Cafe Put Repatriation on the Menu". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
- ^ a b "Tribal History". Confederated Villages of Lisjan. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ NoiseCat, Julian Brave (2018-03-22). "'It's About Taking Back What's Ours': Native Women Reclaim Land, Plot By Plot". HuffPost. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
References
edit- Beeler, Madison S. 1961. "Northern Costanoan." International Journal of American Linguistics 27: 191–197.
- Callaghan, Catherine A. 1997. "Evidence for Yok-Utian." International Journal of American Linguistics 63:18–64.
- Golla, Victor. 2007. "Linguistic Prehistory." California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds., pp. 71–82. New York: Altamira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
- Levy 1978, cited in "Karkin". Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- Milliken, Randall T. 1995. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Region, 1769–1810. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press.
- Milliken, Randall T. 2008. Native Americans at Mission San Jose. Banning, CA: Malki-Ballena Press. ISBN 978-0-87919-147-4.
- Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H.; Ortiz, Beverly R.; Archaeological and Historical Consultants Oakland, California (June 2009). Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today (PDF) (Report). National Park Service Golden Gate National Recreation Area, San Francisco, California. Retrieved 16 August 2021.