The centre-left coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-sinistra) is a political alliance of political parties in Italy active under several forms and names since 1995, when The Olive Tree was formed under the leadership of Romano Prodi. The centre-left coalition has ruled the country for more than fifteen years between 1996 and 2021; to do so, it had mostly to rely on a big tent that went from the more radical left-wing, which had more weight between 1996 and 2008, to the political centre, which had more weight during the 2010s, and its main parties were also part of grand coalitions and national unity governments.
Centre-left coalition Coalizione di centro-sinistra | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Elly Schlein |
| Founder | Romano Prodi |
| Founded | 6 March 1995 |
| Merger of | Alliance of Progressives Pact for Italy |
| Political position | Centre-left to left-wing |
| Colours | Red |
| Chamber of Deputies[a] | 136 / 400 |
| Senate of the Republic[b] | 71 / 200 |
| European Parliament[c] | 35 / 76 |
| Regional Government | 6 / 20 |
| Regional Councils | 270 / 897 |
The coalition mostly competed with the centre-right coalition founded by Silvio Berlusconi. In the 1996 Italian general election, The Olive Tree consisted of the majority of both the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy, the two losing coalitions in the 1994 Italian general election, the first under a system based primarily on first-past-the-post voting. In 2005, The Union was founded as a wider coalition to contest the 2006 Italian general election, which later collapsed due to Clemente Mastella during the 2008 Italian political crisis, with the fall of the second Prodi government.
In the late 2000s and early 2010s, the centre-left coalition has been built around the Democratic Party (PD), which was established in 2007 from a merger of Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom, the main parties affiliated to both The Olive Tree and The Union. The centre-left coalition was part of Italian governments from November 2011 to June 2018, when a coalition government between the Five Star Movement (M5S) and the League was formed.
In September 2019, the centre-left returned to power in coalition with the M5S, with centre-left parties participating in the national unity government of Mario Draghi, who was the country's prime minister from February 2021 until the 2022 Italian government crisis in July that led to the 2022 Italian general election. Under an electoral law (Rosatellum) that favoured unity and coalitions, a divided centre-left, M5S, and PD's centrist split parties suffered a loss to the centre-right coalition, which won a majority of seats since the 2008 Italian general election. Since 2023, PD, M5S, Greens and Left Alliance (AVS) and minor leftist parties often run within the same coalition at local and regional level in the Progressive Camp.[1][2]
History
editRoad to The Olive Tree
edit.jpg)
Following the 1994 Italian general election, which was won by the centre-right coalition of Silvio Berlusconi, the left-wing Alliance of Progressives and the centrist Pact for Italy started a parliamentary cooperation, which brought in March 1995 to the foundation of The Olive Tree.[3] The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former member of Christian Democracy (DC), who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995.[4]
In 1995, Lega Nord exited the Pole of Freedoms and supported Lamberto Dini's technocratic government, together with the Pact for Italy and the Alliance of Progressives. On 21 April 1996, The Olive Tree won 1996 Italian general election with the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) as an external ally, making Romano Prodi the Prime Minister of Italy.[5] The Olive Tree's largest partner was the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), which contained the bulk of the former Italian Communist Party. The PDS supplied 16 ministers and 10 junior ministers; it was the first time that former PCI members had taken part in government since 1947. One of their leaders, Walter Veltroni, who ran in ticket with Prodi in a long electoral campaign, was Deputy Prime Minister of Italy. On 9 October 1998, the first Prodi government fell when PRC left the alliance. Since 21 October 1998, The Olive Tree was the core of the governments led by Massimo D'Alema and by Giuliano Amato. When D'Alema became the new prime minister, it was the first time ever in both Italy and Western Europe that an heir of the Communist party tradition came to lead a government. On 13 May 2001, led by Francesco Rutelli, who ran in ticket with Piero Fassino, the centre-left coalition lost the general elections against Berlusconi and the House of Freedoms.
The Union
editThe Union was the direct heir of The Olive Tree. While The Union was an heterogenous alliance that also included Communist parties, they were not part of The Olive Tree. Prodi won the 2006 Italian general election by a very narrow margin due to the new electoral law enacted by Roberto Calderoli; Berlusconi refused to acknowledge defeat. Prodi's coalition proved to be extremely frail, as the two-vote margin in the Senate of the Republic allowed almost any party in the coalition to veto legislation and political views inside the coalition spanned from communists to Christian democrats.
On 7 May 2006, the centre-left coalition officially endorsed Giorgio Napolitano as its candidate in the 2006 Italian presidential election that began on 8 May. The Holy See endorsed him as the president of Italy through its official newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, just after The Union named him as its candidate, as did Marco Follini, former secretary of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDCC), a member party of the House of Freedoms. On 10 May 2006, Napolitano was elected in the fourth round of voting, the first of those requiring only an absolute majority, unlike the first three which required two-thirds of the votes, with 543 votes (out of a possible 1009). At the age of 80, he became the first former PCI member to become president of Italy
On 21 February 2007, less than a year after he had won the elections, Prodi tendered his resignation to Napolitano after the government was defeated in the Senate by two ballots in a vote on foreign policy. On 24 February, Napolitano invited Prodi to return to office and face a vote of confidence. Major causes of friction inside the coalition were the 2006 Pardon Act (it was criticised by the centre-right coalition and by the Italy of Values party), a draft bill to establish civil unions (vetoed by Christian democrats), Italy's continued involvement in Afghanistan (strongly opposed by left-wing parties), and the much publicised house-arrest of Clemente Mastella's wife (then a prominent politician at the regional level) over a corruption scandal. Mastella's party Union of Democrats for Europe held enough seats in the Senate that his eventual decision to withdraw its support for the government meant the end of the legislature on 6 February 2008. Mastella, who also resigned from his office as Minister of Justice, cited the proposed reform of the electoral system that would have made it difficult for small parties like his own to gain seats in the Italian Parliament, as well as the lack of personal support from his coalition partners' as one of the reasons behind his decision.[6]
Foundation of the Democratic Party
editThe Democratic Party (PD) was founded on 14 October 2007 as a merger of various centre-left parties that had been part of The Union in the 2006 general election. At foundation, the majority of the PD was formed by the Democrats of the Left (DS), heirs of the PCI, and the largely Catholic-inspired Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy.[7] Within the party, an important role is played by Christian leftists, who are direct heirs of the former DC's left wing.[8][9][10] After the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi as prime minister in November 2011, the PD gave external support to Mario Monti's technocratic government.[11][12]
Following the 2013 Italian general election and the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, the PD was the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, and the European Parliament, respectively. Since April 2013, due to the inconclusive results of the 2013 general election held in February despite being the largest party and Pier Luigi Bersani's Italia. Bene Comune centre-left coalition, the PD member Enrico Letta was prime minister at the head of a government sustained by a grand coalition including The People of Freedom, which was later replaced by the New Centre-Right as the new Forza Italia (FI) went to the opposition, Civic Choice, and the Union of the Centre (UdC), the renamed UDCC that was later replaced by the Populars for Italy. Following his election as party leader in February 2014, Matteo Renzi called for "a new phase" and consequently the party's national board voted to ask Letta to resign.[13][14] Subsequently, Renzi was sworn in as prime minister at the head of the same coalition.[15]
By 2015, other than the national government, the PD led fifteen regional governments out of twenty and functioned as coalition partner in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The 2016 Italian constitutional referendum was supported by the majority of the centre-left coalition. Inside the centre-left coalition, UdC, the Federation of the Greens, Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology, Progressive Valdostan Union, Slovene Union, and Christian Popular Union campaigned for the "No" vote. The referendum was lost with 41% of "Yes" against 59% of "No" votes. After the referendum, Renzi tendered his resignation as prime minister and Paolo Gentiloni, also a member of the PD, became his successor. In the 2018 Italian general election, the centre-left coalition led by with Renzi obtained its worst result ever at 22.9% of the vote, well behind the centre-right coalition and the Five Star Movement (M5S). Following the defeat, Renzi resigned from secretary of the PD, and his deputy Maurizio Martina functioning afterwards as acting secretary.[16]
In September 2019, the PD formed a coalition government with the M5S and the PD's left-wing split Free and Equal (LeU), which was supported by the members of the centre-left coalition in 2018.[17][18] Following the 2021 Italian government crisis, which was caused by Renzi's Italia Viva (IV) centrist party, Giuseppe Conte was replaced by Mario Draghi. In February 2021, a national unity government including the PD, MS5, IV, Article One, and Berlusconi's FI and Matteo Salvini's rebranded and renamed League. The Draghi government collapsed during the 2022 Italian government crisis, leading to Draghi's resignation as prime minister that July and a snap general election being called for September. For the 2022 Italian general election, the centre-left coalition centered around the PD's Democratic and Progressive Italy electoral list, which was allied with the Civic Commitment, Greens and Left Alliance,[19] and More Europe lists. Due to the Italian electoral law of 2015 that was supported by Renzi and that favoured unity and coalition, the centre-left coalition, which was not able to form alliances with the M5S (accused of causing the fall of Draghi's government) and the PD's centrist party splits that were opposed to the left-wing parties of the coalition,[20] was defeated by the centre-right coalition led Brothers of Italy (the sole centre-right coalition to oppose the Draghi's government) of Giorgia Meloni, who returned to power for the first time since 2011.
The Olive Tree (1995–2005)
edit1996–1998
editIn the 1996 Italian general election and during the first Prodi government, the coalition was composed of the following parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)[a] | Democratic socialism | Massimo D'Alema | |
| Italian People's Party (PPI)[b] | Christian democracy | Franco Marini | |
| Italian Renewal (RI)[c] | Liberalism | Lamberto Dini | |
| Federation of the Greens (FdV) | Green politics | Carlo Ripa di Meana | |
- ^ Including the Labour Federation, the Social Christians, the Republican Left, the Movement of Unitarian Communists and the Democratic Federation.
- ^ It contested the election under the banner of the Populars for Prodi joint list, along with the Democratic Union, the Italian Republican Party and the South Tyrolean People's Party. The list included also the Federation of Liberals.
- ^ Including the Italian Socialists, the Democratic Italian Movement and Segni Pact.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV) | Veneto | Regionalism | Mario Rigo | |
| Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) | Sardinia | Sardinian nationalism | Franco Meloni | |
The Olive Tree presented candidates of The Network and the Ladin Autonomist Union in some first-past-the-post constituencies. The coalition also made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in some first-past-the-post constituencies,[21] which ran under the banner of the Progressives.
1998–2001
editIn 1998, the Communist Refoundation Party brought down the first Prodi government.[22] with a splinter faction forming the Party of Italian Communists.[23] In 1998–2001, during the two governments led by Massimo D'Alema (1998–2000) and the one led by Giuliano Amato (2000–2001), the coalition was composed of eight parties:
- ^ The party did not participate in D'Alema II Cabinet and briefly formed The Clover coalition, along with the Italian Republican Party and the Union for the Republic.
- ^ Until February 1999.
- ^ Since May 1999.
2001 general election
editIn the 2001 Italian general election, the coalition was led by Francesco Rutelli, and was composed of nine parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats of the Left (DS)[a] | Social democracy | Walter Veltroni | |
| Democracy is Freedom (DL)[b] | Social liberalism / Christian left | Francesco Rutelli | |
| The Sunflower[c] | Green politics / Social democracy | Grazia Francescato / Enrico Boselli | |
| Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) | Communism | Oliviero Diliberto | |
| New Country (PN)[d] | Single-issue politics | None | |
- ^ Including the Mancini List.
- ^ Joint list composed of Italian People's Party, The Democrats, Italian Renewal and Union of Democrats for Europe; the list included also the Federation of Liberals.
- ^ Joint list composed of the Federation of the Greens and the Italian Democratic Socialists.
- ^ New Country was a lista civetta.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Siegfried Brugger | |
| With Illy for Trieste | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | Regionalism | Riccardo Illy | |
The Olive Tree made an agreement of desistance with the Communist Refoundation Party in the first-past-the-post constituencies.
2004 EP election
editIn the 2004 European Parliament election in Italy, the United in the Olive Tree joint list, was composed of four parties:
The list was connected with the following regional partners:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[a] | Regionalism | Siegfried Brugger | |
| Valdostan Union (UV) | Regionalism | Manuela Zublena | |
- ^ Including the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and the Slovene Union.
The Union (2005–2008)
edit2006 general election
editIn the 2006 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of thirteen parties:
- ^ a b c d DS, DL, MRE and PSDI contested the election for the Chamber within The Olive Tree joint list.
- ^ a b SDI and RI contested elections within the Rose in the Fist joint list. The list was also supported by the Federation of Liberals.
- ^ Including the Democratic Republicans.
- ^ Including the Christian Democracy, The Liberals Sgarbi and the Southern Democratic Party.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[a] | Aosta Valley | Regionalism | Carlo Perrin | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Elmar Pichler Rolle | |
| Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda (LAL) | Lombardy | Regionalism | Matteo Brivio | |
| Liga Fronte Veneto (LFV) | Veneto | Regionalism | Fabrizio Comencini | |
- ^ Also including Vallée d'Aoste Vive, Alternative Greens and Valdostan Renewal.
- ^ Including the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party.
The coalition was supported by the Autonomists for Europe, Radicals of the Left, and the New Action Party.
PD-led coalitions (2008–present)
edit2008 general election
editIn the 2008 Italian general election, the coalition was led by Walter Veltroni,[24] and was composed of three parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party[a] (PD) | Social democracy | Walter Veltroni | |
| Italy of Values (IdV) | Anti-corruption politics | Antonio Di Pietro | |
- ^ Also including the Italian Radicals, the European Republicans Movement, the Moderates and the Slovene Union.
The coalition also had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[a] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Philipp Achammer | |
| Autonomy Liberty Democracy[b] (ALD) | Aosta Valley | Regionalism | Roberto Louvin | |
- ^ The SVP ran independently for the Chamber and in 4 out of 6 colleges in Trentino-Alto Adige for the Senate in a joint list with the other centre-left parties (Democratic Party, Italy of Values, Socialist Party, Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and Daisy Civic List).[25]
- ^ Also including the Vallée d'Aoste Vive, the Alternative Greens and the Valdostan Renewal.
2013 general election
editIn the 2013 Italian general election, the coalition ran as Italy. Common Good under the leadership of Pier Luigi Bersani,[26] and was composed of the following parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party (PD)[a] | Social democracy | Pier Luigi Bersani | |
| Left Ecology Freedom (SEL)[b] | Democratic socialism | Nichi Vendola | |
| Democratic Centre (CD) | Christian left | Bruno Tabacci | |
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI) | Social democracy | Riccardo Nencini | |
| Moderates (Mod.) | Liberalism | Giacomo Portas | |
- ^ Including candidates of the Italian Socialist Party, the Moderates and the Slovene Union.[27]
- ^ Including Greens of South Tyrol.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autonomy Liberty Democracy (ALD)[a] | Aosta Valley | Regionalism | Several | |
| South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP)[b][c] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Regionalism | Richard Theiner | |
| The Megaphone – Crocetta List | Sicily | Regionalism | Rosario Crocetta | |
- ^ Including Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP) and Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology (ALPE).
- ^ Including candidates of the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party.
- ^ The SVP contested the election for the Senate in a joint list with the PD and the Union for Trentino in three out of six constituencies and with the PD in one constituency.
2018 general election
editIn the 2018 Italian general election, the coalition was led by Matteo Renzi, and was composed of four electoral lists:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party (PD)[a] | Social democracy | Matteo Renzi | |
| More Europe (+E)[b] | Liberalism | Emma Bonino | |
| Italy Europe Together (IEI)[c] | Progressivism | Giulio Santagata | |
| Popular Civic List (CP)[d] | Christian democracy | Beatrice Lorenzin | |
- ^ Including the Moderates.
- ^ Including the Italian Radicals, Forza Europa, the Democratic Centre and Progressive Area.
- ^ List composed of the Italian Socialist Party, the Federation of the Greens and Civic Area.
- ^ List composed of Popular Alternative, Italy of Values, Centrists for Europe, Union for Trentino and Italy Is Popular; including also Solidary Democracy, Christian Popular Union and Popular Italy.
The coalition had the following regional partners:
The centre-left coalition was also supported by the Ladin Autonomist Union[28] and the Slovene Union.[29]
2022 general election
editIn the 2022 Italian general election, the alliance was formed by four parties:
| Party | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Party – Democratic and Progressive Italy (PD–IDP)[a] | Social democracy | Enrico Letta | |
| More Europe (+E)[b] | Liberalism | Emma Bonino | |
| Civic Commitment (IC)[c] | Centrism | Luigi Di Maio | |
| Greens and Left Alliance (AVS)[d] | Eco-socialism | Angelo Bonelli | |
- ^ Including Democratic Party (PD), Article One (Art.1), Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Solidary Democracy (DemoS), European Republicans Movement (MRE), Volt Italy (Volt), Italian Base (BASE), Brave Emilia-Romagna, Italian Radicals, With Emiliano (CE), Centrists for Europe (CpE), For Apulia (XLP), Green Italia (GI), èViva and supported by Environment 2050.[30]
- ^ Including Forza Europa (FE) and Team K (TK).
- ^ Including Together for the Future (IpF), Democratic Centre (CD) and Innovative Democratic Socialist Proposal (PSDI).
- ^ Including Italian Left (SI), Green Europe (EV), Possible (Pos), Environment Rights Equality (ADU), Greens of South Tyrol (Grüne) and Sardinian Progressives (PS).
The coalition contested the election in some regions under the following banners:
| Party | Region | Ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aosta Valley (VdA)[a] | Aosta Valley | Several | Several | |
| Democratic Alliance for Autonomy (ADU)[b] | Trentino-Alto Adige | Several | Several | |
- ^ Joint list composed of Valdostan Union, Valdostan Alliance, Edelweiss, United Aosta Valley Democratic Party and Action – Italia Viva.
- ^ Joint list composed of Democratic Party, Greens and Left Alliance, More Europe, Edelweiss, Action – Italia Viva and Campobase.
There were regional agreements between the centre-left coalition and Action – Italia Viva in Trentino for the Senate election and in Aosta Valley for both Chamber and Senate elections. The Italian Left ran instead with the Five Star Movement and Democratic Area in Aosta Valley.
Popular support
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Electoral results
editItalian Parliament
edit| Election | Leader | Chamber of Deputies | Senate of the Republic | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | ||
| 1996 | Romano Prodi | 16,355,985 | 43.6 | 323 / 630 |
New | 1st | 14,548,006 | 44.6 | 167 / 315 |
New | 1st |
| 2001 | Francesco Rutelli | 16,209,944 | 43.5 | 247 / 630 |
 75 |
2nd
|
13,282,495 | 39.2 | 128 / 315 |
41 |
2nd
|
| 2006 | Romano Prodi | 19,036,986 | 49.8 | 348 / 630 |
 101 |
1st
|
17,118,364 | 49.2 | 158 / 315 |
30 |
 2nd
|
| 2008 | Walter Veltroni | 13,689,303 | 37.5 | 239 / 630 |
109 |
2nd
|
12,457,182 | 38.7 | 130 / 315 |
28 |
2nd
|
| 2013 | Pier Luigi Bersani | 10,047,603 | 29.5 | 345 / 630 |
106 |
1st
|
9,686,683 | 31.6 | 127 / 315 |
3 |
1st
|
| 2018 | Matteo Renzi | 7,506,723 | 22.9 | 122 / 630 |
223 |
3rd
|
6,947,199 | 23.0 | 58 / 315 |
69 |
3rd
|
| 2022 | Enrico Letta | 7,337,975 | 26.1 | 85 / 400 |
37 |
2nd
|
7,161,688 | 25.4 | 44 / 200 |
14 |
2nd
|
Regional Councils
edit| Region | Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aosta Valley | 2020 | 10,106 (3rd) | 15.5 | 7 / 35
|
7 |
| Piedmont | 2019 | 936,099 (2nd) | 35.2 | 17 / 51
|
3 |
| Lombardy[a] | 2023 | 945,148 (2nd) | 32.8 | 24 / 80
|
7 |
| South Tyrol[b] | 2023 | 66,353 | 23.6 | 8 / 35
|
2 |
| Trentino | 2023 | 78,545 (2nd) | 33.8 | 13 / 35
|
5 |
| Veneto | 2020 | 337,454 (2nd) | 16.4 | 9 / 51
|
3 |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia[a] | 2023 | 117,469 (2nd) | 29.7 | 18 / 49
|
|
| Emilia-Romagna | 2020 | 1,040,482 (1st) | 48.1 | 29 / 50
|
3 |
| Liguria[a] | 2020 | 242,652 (2nd) | 38.7 | 12 / 31
|
2 |
| Tuscany | 2020 | 764,123 (1st) | 47.1 | 25 / 41
|
|
| Marche | 2020 | 227,183 (2nd) | 36.5 | 9 / 31
|
10 |
| Umbria[a] | 2019 | 153,784 (2nd) | 36.8 | 8 / 21
|
7 |
| Lazio | 2023 | 519,066 (2nd) | 33.6 | 15 / 50
|
9 |
| Abruzzo[a] | 2024 | 262,565 (2nd) | 45.3 | 12 / 31
|
|
| Molise[a] | 2023 | 48,936 (2nd) | 34.6 | 7 / 21
|
1 |
| Campania | 2020 | 1,616,540 (1st) | 68.6 | 33 / 51
|
2 |
| Apulia | 2020 | 759,732 (1st) | 45.3 | 28 / 51
|
2 |
| Basilicata[a] | 2024 | 108,135 (2nd) | 41.4 | 8 / 21
|
|
| Calabria[a] | 2021 | 208,980 (2nd) | 27.4 | 8 / 30
|
2 |
| Sicily | 2022 | 341,252 (3rd) | 16.1 | 11 / 70
|
2 |
| Sardinia[a] | 2024 | 293,288 (2nd)[c] | 42.5 | 36 / 60
|
12 |
References
edit- ^ I sondaggi e l’effetto Todde, il campo progressista a un solo punto dal centrodestra. Fratelli d’Italia al secondo ribasso di fila. Il Fatto Quotidiano
- ^ Conte: “Meloni non dura e il M5S da solo non vince. Nel campo progressista il Pd è un protagonista”. la Repubblica
- ^ Roberto Biorcio (2002). "Italy". In Ferdinand Muller-Rommel; Thomas Poguntke (eds.). Green Parties in National Governments. Routledge. pp. 42–44. ISBN 978-1-135-28826-6.
- ^ "Ulivo, L' nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it.
- ^ Christina Holtz-Bacha; Gianpietro Mazzoleni (2004). The Politics of Representation: Election Campaigning and Proportional Representation. Peter Lang. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8204-6148-9.
- ^ BBC, 16 January 2008 Italian justice minister resigns(in English)
- ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Vespa, Bruno (2010). Il Cuore e la Spada: Storia politica e romantica dell'Italia unita, 1861-2011. Mondadori. p. 650. ISBN 9788852017285.
- ^ Augusto, Giuliano (8 December 2013), "De profundis per il Pd", Rinascita, archived from the original on 1 March 2014
- ^ Gioli, Sergio (19 November 2013), "Ultimo treno a sinistra", Quotidiano.net
- ^ "Via libera definitivo a Monti "Clima nuovo, ce la faremo"". Corriere della Sera. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
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- ^ "Italian PM Enrico Letta to resign", The Guardian
- ^ "Renzi liquida Letta: "Via dalla palude" Venerdì il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni", Corriere.it
- ^ Rubino, Monica, "Il governo Renzi ha giurato al Colle, è in carica. Gelo con Letta alla consegna della campanella", Repubblica.it
- ^ "Dimissioni Renzi: La guida del partito va a Martina - Corriere.it".
- ^ Johnson, Miles (21 May 2019). "Italy's centre-left confident it can challenge the populists". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Italy's center left green-lights potential coalition with 5Stars". Politico. 21 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Amante, Angelo (6 August 2022). "Italian centre-left alliance boosted as another group signs up". Reuters. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Italy's centre-left suffers blow as centrist party quits electoral pact". www.euractiv.com. 8 August 2022.
- ^ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
- ^ Giuseppe Ieraci (2008). Governments and Parties in Italy: Parliamentary Debates, Investiture Votes and Policy Positions (1994-2006). Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-906221-72-0.
- ^ Gianfranco Pasquino (2002). "The political context 1996-2001". In James L. Newell (ed.). The Italian General Election of 2001: Berlusconi's Victory. Manchester University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6100-4.
- ^ "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
- ^ "Svp e Insieme per le autonomie firmano il "patto di Salorno"(". 5 March 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Italian election results: gridlock likely – as it happened". Guardian. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ^ "Partito Democratico e Slovenska skupnost di nuovo insieme". Bora.La. 20 February 2013.
- ^ "Union Autonomista Ladina". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Vodstvo SSk se je sestalo z neodvisnim kandidatom za senat Riccardom Illyjem". www.slovenskaskupnost.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "D'Incà: "Non sarò candidato ma il mio impegno prosegue con Ambiente 2050"". 21 August 2022.