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Intertrappean Beds

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The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene geologic formation in India. The beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. The formation spans the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, with a stratigraphic range of only a few hundred thousand years before and after the boundary, and a significant debate exists about whether specific sites belong to the Cretaceous or the Paleocene.[2][1]

Intertrappean Beds
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Danian, 66.1–65.9 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofDeccan Traps
OverliesInfratrappean Beds
Location
Coordinates17°12′N 77°54′E / 17.2°N 77.9°E / 17.2; 77.9
Approximate paleocoordinates28°00′S 59°00′E / 28.0°S 59.0°E / -28.0; 59.0
RegionMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[1]
CountryIndia
Intertrappean Beds is located in India
Intertrappean Beds
Intertrappean Beds (India)

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.[6] The Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.[7][8] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Paleobiota

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Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Invertebrates

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Genus Species Material Location Time Period Notes Images
?Buprestidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Jewel beetle.
Lomatus[9] L. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Jewel beetle.
?Curculionidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Meristos M. hunteri Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Ostracoda Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian An Ostracod.
Palaeotanymecides P. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Bivalvia Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Clam.
Limnaea sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.
Valvata sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.
Paludina sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.
Physa P. prinsepii Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snail.

Fish

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anthracoperca A. bhatiai Naskal, Rangapur Otolith. A percoid otolith.
Apateodus A. striatus Asifabad[10] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae incertae sedis Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar Otolith. An ariid catfish otolith.
?Belonostomus B. indicus Nagpur[3][11] An aspidorhynchid.
Coupatezia C. sp Asifabad[10] An eagle ray.
Cyprinidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A cyprinid.
Dapalis D. erici Rangapur Otolith. A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon" "E." wardhaensis Asifabad[10] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12]
Enchodus E. sp Asifabad[10] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea H. intertrappea Bamanbor[7] Complete skeleton. A clupeid.
Igdabatis I. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] An eagle ray.
Indiaichthys I. bamanborensis Bamanbor[8] Multiple complete skeletons. A possible percoid.[15]
"Indotrigonodon" "I." ovatus Asifabad[10] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12]
"Lepidotes" "L." sp Asifabad[10] A lepisosteiform.
Lepisosteus L. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] A gar.
Nandidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A nandid.
Osteoglossidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
Palaeolabrus P. dormaalensis Asifabad[10] A palaeolabrid.
Palaeopristolepis P. chiplonkari Bamanbor[7] Multiple partial skeletons. A questionable leaffish.[15]
P. feddeni
"Perca" "P." angusta Bamanbor[7] Skull. A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.[15]
Percomorpha incertae sedis Bamanbor[8] Partial skeleton. A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus P. sp. Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[10] A bonytongue.
Polycanthidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon" "P." spatulatus Asifabad[10] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[12]
Pycnodontidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus" "P." lametae Asifabad[10] A pycnodontid.
Raja R. sudhakari Asifabad[10] A skate.
Rhombodus R. sp. Asifabad[10] A stingray.
Serranidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A serranid.
Siluriformes incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[13][14] A catfish of uncertain affinities.
Sphenodus S. sp. Asifabad[10] A shark.
Stephanodus S. lybicus Asifabad & Marepalli[10] A pycnodontid.


Otolith-based taxa

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Genus[16] Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Ambassidarum" A. cappettai Nagpur Otolith An ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum" A. curvatus Naskal, Rangapur Otolith A cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum" B. sp Rangapur Otolith A blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum" C. takliensis Nagpur Otolith A possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum" C. valdiyai Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A clupeid otolith.
C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum" G. rectangulus Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum" H. heterotoides Naskal Otolith An arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum" N. nolfi Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta Otolith A notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum" O. deccanensis Naskal, Otolith An osteoglossid otolith.
O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum" P. citreum Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith Percoid otoliths.
P. nagpurensis
P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum" P. jaegeri Nag Otolith A possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum" S. sp. Anjar Otolith A serranid otolith.

Amphibians

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Gobiatidae incertae sedis Naskal A gobiatid frog.[3][17]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae" incertae sedis Naskal A frog of uncertain affinities.[3][17]
Indobatrachus I. pusillus Worli Hill Multiple complete skeletons[18] A frog of uncertain affinities.  
Pelobatidae incertae sedis Nagpur A pelobatid frog.[3]
Ranoidea incertae sedis Naskal A ranoid frog.[3][17]
Costata incertae sedis A costatan frog[17]
?Caudata incertae sedis A possible salamander.[17]

Turtles

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Carteremys C. leithii Worli Hill Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible A turtle of uncertain affinities.
Sankuchemys S. sethnai Amboli Quarry[19] Skull[19] A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acrosphenodontia Incertae sedis Naskal[20] Dentary with teeth.[20] An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama" A. sp. Rangapur An indeterminate agamid lizard.
Anguidae Incertae sedis Naskal An indeterminate anguid lizard.[17]
?"Contogenys" ?"C." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.[17]
Deccansaurus D. palaeoindicus Kesavi[21] Jaws & several osteoderms.[21] A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus" "E." estestai Nagpur An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.[17]
"Eumeces" "E." sp. Rangapur An indeterminate scincid lizard.[17]
Indophis I. sahnii Naskal[22] Over 160 vertebrae.[22] A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis" "L." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana" "P." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate iguanid lizard.
Serpentes Incertae sedis Naskal[22] A trunk vertebra & left dentary.[22] A snake.
Serpentes[17] Incertae sedis Possibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae[17] Incertae sedis Three individuals. Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis[17] cf. I. sahnii Nigerophiidae snake.
Booidea[17] Incertae sedis Possibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Crocodylidae incertae sedis Worli Hill[3][23] Teeth and dentary. A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae incertae sedis Kisalpuri[24] Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformes incertae sedis Naskal[23] Teeth. Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
?"Hypselosaurus" "H." sp Mohgaon Kalan[3] A titanosaurian sauropod.
Massospondylus[25] M. rawesi Tooth Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda Incertae sedis Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3] Bones Sauropod bones.

Oogenera

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Megaloolithus baghensis Kisalpuri[13] Eggshell fragments A Titanosaur egg.
Subtiliolithus kachhensis Kisalpuri[13] Eggshell fragments A Enantiornithine bird egg.

Pterosaurs

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pterosauria incertae sedis Sirol-khal locality[5] An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[26]

Mammals

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bharattherium B. bonapartei Kisalpuri A fragmentary cheek-tooth. A sudamericid mammal.
Deccanolestes D. hislopi Naskal microvertebrate site Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna. A eutherian mammal.
D. robustus Naskal microvertebrate site "Dental material and an astragalus". A eutherian mammal.
D. narmadensis Kisalpuri "Isolated rear molar." A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia I. naskalensis Naskal microvertebrate site[1] Right second Molar. A eutherian mammal.
I. magnus Naskal microvertebrate site[1] Left second Molar. A eutherian mammal.
Indotriconodon I. magnus Kutch[27] Single lower Molar. A eutriconodont mammal.
Kharmerungulatum K. vanvaleni Kisalpuri[28] Isolated right lower molar. A eutherian mammal.
Sahnitherium S. rangapurensis Rangapur microvertebrate site[29] Upper Molar. A eutherian mammal.

Flora

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Connaroxylon C. dimorphum Dhagaon, Mandla district[30] Wood[30] Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca E. deccanensis Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.[31]
Hyphaeneocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[32]
Palmocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[33]
Palmoxylon P. dindoriensis Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.[34]
Pantocarpon Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.[35]
Phyllanthocarpon P. singpurensis Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[36]
Rhizopalamoxylon Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[37]
Pediastrum Algae.[38]
Lecaniella Algae.[38]
Pierceites P. deccanensis A Dinocyst.[38]
Aulacoseira A Diatom.[38]
Azolla Member of Salviniaceae.[38]
Crybelosporites Member of Marsileaceae.[38]
Sparganiaceaepollenites Pollen grains, Member of [38]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
Marsilea Member Marsileaceae.[38]
Regnellidium Member of Marsileaceae.[38]
Nymphaeaceae indet.[38]
Typhaceae indet.[38]
Liliaceae indet.[38]
Acanthaceae indet.[38]
Pontederiaceae indet.[38]
Ovoidites Member of Zygnemataceae.[38]
Gabonisporis Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[38]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Renne, Paul R.; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Dhobale, Anup; Tholt, Andrew J.; Tobin, Thomas S.; Widdowson, Mike; Anantharaman, S.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-04-01). "New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591: 110857. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110857W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857. ISSN 0031-0182.
  2. ^ Khosla, Ashu; Verma, Omkar; Kania, Sachin; Lucas, Spencer (2023). "Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". Topics in Geobiology. 54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. ISBN 978-3-031-28854-8. ISSN 0275-0120.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Sahni, Ashok (2014), "Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity", Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects, Geological Society of America, doi:10.1130/2014.2505(09), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, retrieved 2024-04-03
  4. ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. ^ a b Barrett, P.M; Edwards, N.P.; Milner, A.R.; Butler, R.J., "Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas." (PDF), Flugsaurier: Pterosaur Papers in Honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (Eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp.
  6. ^ "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  7. ^ a b c d Borkar, V. D. (1973-10-01). "Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra". Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences. 78 (4): 181–193. doi:10.1007/BF03045500. ISSN 0370-0097.
  8. ^ a b c Arratia, G; López-Arbarello, A; Prasad, GVR; Parnar, V; Kriwet, J (2004), Arratia, G; Wilson, MVH; Cloutier, R (eds.), "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes", Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 635–655, ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2, retrieved 2024-04-03
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  14. ^ a b c d e Lourembam, Ranjit Singh; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Grover, Pooja (2017). "Ichthyofauna (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Upper Cretaceous intertrappean beds of Piplanarayanwar, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India". Island Arc. 26 (1). Bibcode:2017IsArc..26E2180L. doi:10.1111/iar.12180. ISSN 1038-4871.
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  16. ^ Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78: 239–259.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Parmar, Varun (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev (eds.), "Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate", Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8, retrieved 2024-04-03
  18. ^ Noble, G. K. (1930-02-08). "The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India". American Museum Novitates (401): 1–13. hdl:2246/3061.
  19. ^ a b Gaffney, Eugene S. (2003). Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
  20. ^ a b Anantharaman, S.; DeMar, David G.; Sivakumar, R.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-06-30). "First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (1). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E8059A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059. ISSN 0272-4634.
  21. ^ a b Yadav, Ravi; Bajpai, Sunil; Maurya, A.S.; Čerňanský, Andrej (June 2023). "The first potential cordyliform (Squamata, Scincoidea) from India (uppermost Cretaceous – lowermost Paleocene): an African lizard clade brings possible implications for Indo-Madagascar biogeographic links". Cretaceous Research. 150: 105606. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005606Y. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606.
  22. ^ a b c d Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (November 1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India". N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 187 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1127/njgpa/187/1992/83.
  23. ^ a b Prasad, Guntupalli V. R; de Lapparent de Broin, France (2002-01-01). "Late Cretaceous crocodile remains from Naskal (India): comparisons and biogeographic affinities". Annales de Paléontologie. 88 (1): 19–71. Bibcode:2002AnPal..88...19P. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01036-4. ISSN 0753-3969.
  24. ^ Khosla, Ashu; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar (2009-12-12). "Dyrosaurid remains from the Intertrappean Beds of India and the Late Cretaceous distribution of Dyrosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1321–1326. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1321K. doi:10.1671/039.029.0416. ISSN 0272-4634.
  25. ^ Weishampel, David B. (1990). "Dinosaur distribution". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 63–139. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1.
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  27. ^ Bajpai, Sunil; Rautela, Abhay; Yadav, Ravi; Mantilla, Gregory P. Wilson (29 February 2024). "The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (4). doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234.
  28. ^ Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Parmar, V.; Khosla, A. (2007-11-09). "A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India". Science. 318 (5852): 937. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..937P. doi:10.1126/science.1149267. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17991854.
  29. ^ Rana, Rajendra S.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2003). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 48 (3): 331–348.
  30. ^ a b Baas, Pieter; Manchester, Steven R.; Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Srivastava, Rashmi (2017-02-13). "Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India – the oldest fossil Connaraceae?". IAWA Journal. 38 (1): 124–133. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170162. ISSN 0928-1541. S2CID 91159009.
  31. ^ Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1086/717691. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 239507275.
  32. ^ Matsunaga, Kelly K S; Manchester, Steven R; Srivastava, Rashmi; Kapgate, Dashrath K; Smith, Selena Y (2019-06-21). "Fossil palm fruits from India indicate a Cretaceous origin of Arecaceae tribe Borasseae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (3): 260–280. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boz019. ISSN 0024-4074.
  33. ^ Manchester, Steven R.; Bonde, Suresh D.; Nipunage, Dinesh S.; Srivatava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, Rakesh C.; Smith, Selena Y. (2016-07-19). "Trilocular Palm Fruits from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 177 (7): 633–641. doi:10.1086/687290. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 88667232.
  34. ^ Khan, Mahasin Ali; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Bera, Subir (2020-01-01). "A New Coryphoid Palm from the Maastrichtian-Danian Sediments of Madhya Pradesh and its Palaeoenvironmental Implications". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 95 (1): 75–83. Bibcode:2020JGSI...95...75K. doi:10.1007/s12594-020-1388-1. ISSN 0974-6889. S2CID 210134584.
  35. ^ Manchester, Steven R.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Patil, Sharadkumar P.; Ramteke, Deepak; Matsunaga, Kelly K.S.; Smith, Selena Y. (2019-10-23). "Morphology and Affinities of Pantocarpon Fruits (cf. Apiales: Torricelliaceae) from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 181 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1086/706856. ISSN 1058-5893.
  36. ^ Kapgate, Dashrath; Manchester, Steven R.; Stuppy, Wolfgang (2017-06-01). "Oldest fruit of Phyllanthaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singpur, Madhya Pradesh, India" (PDF). Acta Palaeobotanica. 57 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1515/acpa-2017-0004. ISSN 2082-0259.
  37. ^ Kathal, P. K.; Srivastava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, R. C.; Alexander, P. O. (2017-03-29). "Rhizopalmoxylon nypoides – a new palm root from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Earth System Science. 126 (3): 35. Bibcode:2017JESS..126...35K. doi:10.1007/s12040-017-0815-1. ISSN 0973-774X.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Samant, Bandana; Puranik, Sumedha; Kapgate, D. K.; Mohabey, D. M.; Dhobale, Anup (2022-11-01). "Palynoflora from an Upper Cretaceous freshwater paleolake in central India: paleoecological implications". Cretaceous Research. 139: 105302. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13905302S. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105302. ISSN 0195-6671.

References

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  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
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