The Enchodontoidei are an extinct superorder of aulopiform fish known from the Early Cretaceous to the Eocene.[1] They were among the dominant predatory marine fish groups in the Late Cretaceous, achieving a worldwide distribution. They were an extremely diverse group, with some developing fusiform body plans whereas others evolved elongated body plans with long beaks, superficially similar to eels and needlefish.[2] They could also grow to very large sizes, as seen with Cimolichthys and Stratodus, the latter of which is the largest aulopiform known. Their most famous member is the widespread, abundant, and long-lasting genus Enchodus.
| Enchodontoidei Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Specimen of Eurypholis boissieri (Enchodontidae) | |
| |
| Specimen of Dercetis serpentinus (Dercetidae) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Aulopiformes |
| Suborder: | †Enchodontoidei Berg, 1937 |
| Families | |
|
See text | |
Most enchodontoids went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous, although some dercetids survived into the Early Paleocene and Stratodus into the Early Eocene of the Trans-Saharan seaway.[3][4] Some remains of Enchodus have also been recovered from the Paleocene and Eocene, although this may just represent reworked material.[5][6][7]
Taxonomy edit
Although initially classified among Stomiiformes and then the Salmoniformes in the mid-20th century, studies since the 1970s have found them to be deeply nested among the lizardfishes and lancetfishes in the order Aulopiformes. Some studies group them with the extant superorder Alepisauroidei, although a majority consider them their own distinct group. Their taxonomy is disputed, with some studies finding the group to be polyphyletic with its members scattered among the Aulopiformes, although most recent studies have recovered the group as monophyletic, based on the synapomorphy of maxilla included in the gape of the mouth.[8][9][10] Other studies have classified the different superfamilies as their own individual suborders, though most now classify them as one suborder.[7] The taxonomy within the group is even more disputed, with multiple families within the group recovered as paraphyletic in some studies.[11][12]
Classification edit
The following taxonomy is partially based on Silva & Gallo (2011).[2] Other studies have found differing classifications for the group.[13]
- Suborder †Enchodontoidei
- Genus †Atolvorator
- Genus †Hemisaurida (possibly in the Halecidae)
- Genus †Spinascutichthys[9]
- Genus †Stratodus (possibly in the Dercetidae)
- Genus †Rharbichthys (possibly in the Enchodontidae)
- Genus †Yabrudichthys
- Family †Nardorexidae
- Family ? †Serrilepidae (alternatively within the Halecidae)
- Superfamily †Ichthyotringoidea
- Genus †Ursichthys[14]
- Family †Ichthyotringidae
- Family †Apateopholidae
- Superfamily †Cimolichthyoidea
- Family †Cimolichthyidae
- Family †Dercetidae
- Family †Prionolepididae
- Superfamily †Enchodontoidea
- Family †Enchodontidae
- Superfamily †Halecoidea
- Family †Halecidae
References edit
- ^ "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
- ^ a b Silva, Hilda M. A; Gallo, Valéria (June 2011). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (2): 483–511. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000200010. PMID 21670874.
- ^ Chida, Mori; Brinkman, Donald B.; Murray, Alison M. (October 2023). "A large, new dercetid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Campanian Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 150: 105579. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15005579C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105579. S2CID 258803963.
- ^ O'leary, Maureen A.; Bouaré, Mamadou L.; Claeson, Kerin M.; Heilbronn, Kelly; Hill, Robert V.; Mccartney, Jacob; Sessa, Jocelyn A.; Sissoko, Famory; Tapanila, Leif; Wheeler, Elisabeth; Roberts, Eric M. (28 June 2019). "Stratigraphy and Paleobiology of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene Sediments from the Trans-Saharan Seaway in Mali". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2019 (436): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.436.1.1. S2CID 198398386.
- ^ Fielitz, Christopher; González-Rodríguez, Katia A. (2010). "A New Species of Enchodus (aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Cretaceous (albian to Cenomanian) of Zimapán, Hidalgo, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1343–1351. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1343F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501438. JSTOR 40864352. S2CID 84281080.
- ^ Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H.; Rose, K. D. (2005). "Lower vertebrates from the Late Palaeocene–Earliest Eocene Akli Formation, Giral Lignite Mine, Barmer District, western India". Current Science. 89 (9): 1606–1613. JSTOR 24110948. OCLC 9979790250.
- ^ a b Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID 20854916.
- ^ Near, Thomas J; Thacker, Christine E (18 April 2024). "Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65. doi:10.3374/014.065.0101.
- ^ a b Murray, Alison M.; Chida, Mori; Holmes, Robert B. (30 June 2022). "New enchodontoid fish (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (1). Bibcode:2022JVPal..42E1370M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2101370. S2CID 251679183.
- ^ Chida 2022, p. 100.
- ^ Chida 2022, p. 33.
- ^ Fielitz, Christopher (1999). Phylogenetic analysis of the family Enchodontidae and its relationships to recent members of the order Aulopiformes (Thesis). OCLC 41928771. ProQuest 304510360.[page needed]
- ^ Chida 2022, p. [page needed].
- ^ Newbrey, Michael G.; Konishi, Takuya (2015-05-04). "A new lizardfish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada, with a revised diagnosis of Apateodus (Aulopiformes, Ichthyotringoidei)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e918042. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.918042. ISSN 0272-4634.
Sources edit
- Chida, Mori (Fall 2022). A new species of dercetid and the assessment of the phylogeny of the Enchodontoidei (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) (Thesis). doi:10.7939/r3-nqmz-nf15.
Further reading edit
- Chalifa, Yael (May 1989). "New species of Enchodus (Pisces: Enchodontoidei) from the lower Cenomanian of Ein-Yabrud, Israel". Journal of Paleontology. 63 (3): 356–364. Bibcode:1989JPal...63..356C. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019521. S2CID 133171626.
- da Silva, Hilda Maria Andrade; Gallo, Valéria (October 2016). "Distributional patterns of enchodontoid fishes in the Late Cretaceous". Cretaceous Research. 65: 223–231. Bibcode:2016CrRes..65..223D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.03.009.
- Díaz-Cruz, Jesús Alberto; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Carbot-Chanona, Gerardo (June 2016). "The Cenomanian short snout enchodontid fishes (Aulopifomes, Enchodontidae) from Sierra Madre Formation, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 61: 136–150. Bibcode:2016CrRes..61..136D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.026.
- Chalifa, Yael (1996). "New species of Enchodus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from the Northern Negev, Israel, with comments on evolutionary trends in the Enchodontoidei" (PDF). In Arratia, Gloria; Viohl, Günter (eds.). Mesozoic Fishes, Systematics and Paleoecology. F. Pfeil. pp. 349–367. ISBN 978-3-923871-90-2.