Since its beginnings in 1995, the Internet in Malaysia has become the main platform for free discussion in the country's otherwise tightly controlled media environment.[1] As of Q1 2017, Malaysia had broadband penetration rates of 103.6% (per 100 inhabitants) and 81.8% (per 100 households).[2]
History
editMalaysia began its Internet services in 1987 with MIMOS (Malaysian Institutes of Microelectronics Systems) as the sole provider. MIMOS was first established in 1985 to provide critical infrastructure for the advancement of the local electronics industry. The first Internet service in Malaysia, known as the Rangkaian Komputer Malaysia (RangKoM), connects all the universities in Malaysia to MIMOS to enable researchers from the universities to communicate with each other. The main applications used at that time were e-mails and electronic forums (such as Usenet) and because the main users were mainly academicians and researchers, the information being exchanged were mostly academic related. The conception of RangKoM allowed MIMOS and the universities to create the local talent pool in computer networks which at that time was a very new subject area in Malaysia.
In 1992, the Joint Advanced Research Integrated Network (JARING) was conceived by MIMOS as part of the 6th Malaysia Plan to provide Internet services to the nation. JARING was connected to many research and academic institutions, including several government and private agencies. Its main objective is to support the education, research and commercialization activities in Malaysia. JARING also had a gateway to the international Internet. A leased line to the United States with the speed of 64 kbit/s was introduced in November 1992.
Datacraft Asia provided the Cisco Systems AGS router for the Internet connection to JARING in February 1993.
The year 1995 is considered the beginning of the Internet age in Malaysia. The growth in the number of Internet hosts in Malaysia began around 1996. The country's first search engine and web portal company, Cari Internet, was also founded that year.[3] According to the first Malaysian Internet survey conducted from October to November 1995 by MIMOS and Beta Interactive Services, one out of every thousand Malaysians had access to the Internet (20,000 Internet users out of a population of 20 million).[4][better source needed] In 1998, this number grew to 2.6% of the population. The total number of computer units sold, which was 467,000 in 1998 and 701,000 in 2000 indicated an increasing growth.[5][better source needed][6]
In 2005 the National Public Policy Workshop (NPPW) proposed a strategy to increase the uptake of Information and communications technology (ICT) and the Internet. Among the outcomes of the NPPW was the High Speed Broadband initiative launched in 2010. As of July 2012 Internet users in Malaysia reached 25.3 million. Out of that number, there are 5 million broadband users, 2.5 million wireless broadband users and 10 million 3G subscribers.[7]
In January 2013, Maxis launch their 4G FDD-LTE network, and this is the first ISP in Malaysia launch 4G FDD-LTE network. After a few months, Celcom in April launch their 4G FDD-LTE network. Following ISP is DiGi in July, U Mobile in December. After 3 years in 2016 April, Unifi Mobile launch their 4G TDD-LTE network, and this is the first ISP in Malaysia launch 4G TDD-LTE network. After a few months, Yes 4G in June launch their 4G TDD-LTE network.
Speed
editAs of September 2023, Malaysia's average internet speed for fixed broadband is 100.57 Mbit/s, ranking it 41st in the world. Average speed for mobile connection speed has also gone up to 61.50 Mbit/s, ranking 41st overall.[8]
For this market analysis in Q3 2023, TIME dot com was the fastest fixed broadband provider among top providers in Malaysia, with a speed up to 110.23 Mbit/s. U Mobile is the fastest mobile operator among Malaysia's top providers, with speeds of up to 39.40 Mbit/s in 4G network.[9]
Access technologies
editCellular data
editIn 2019, the government of Malaysia started trials of the 5G network,[10] which is officially rolled out by the end of 2021 on Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya.[11]
All ISP are closedown the 3G network nationwide on 31 December 2021. But Digi extended the 3G network shutdown in Northern (Perak, Penang, Kedah, Perlis) and Central (WP.KL/Putrajaya/Selangor) to January 3 / January 6, 2022 respectively because of floods.[12]
5G services in Malaysia was launched on 15 December 2021, and the first run ISP was Yes. But the Malaysia 5G network was provided by Digital Nasional Berhad as a Single Wholesale Network (SWN) companies. Customers of unifi Mobile should be able to enjoy the 5G services in Malaysia at the same time with Yes 4G, but unfortunately Telekom Malaysia didn't provide any further details after they announced signing up for 5G trials with DNB.[13]
| Internet Service Provider | Cellular Service Technology | Voice Over LTE
(VoLTE) |
Voice Over WiFi
(VoWiFi) |
CA | MIMO | QAM | Frequency (MHz) | Internet Download Speed / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celcom
Digi |
EDGE | Yes | Yes | 2CA (1A-3A, 3A-8A)
900(B8), 1800(B3), 2100(B1) |
up to 32T32R | download up to 256; upload up to 64 | 2G: 900, 1800
4G: 900(B8), 1800(B3), 2100(B1), 2600(B7) 5G: 700(n28), 3500(n78) |
- Celcom up to 780 Mbit/s, average to 30 Mbit/s.
- DiGi up to 780 Mbit/s, average to 35 Mbit/s. - Telco using same network with Celcom by MVNO are Hello SIM, redONE, Tune Talk, XOX & yoodo. - Telco using same network with DiGi by MVNO are Mcalls, speakOUT & Tone Wow. - Total subscribers in Q4 2022 is 20.3 million excluding MVNO. |
| 2CA (1A-3A, 3A-8A)
900(B8), 1800(B3), 2100(B1) |
2G: 900, 1800
4G: 900(B8), 1800(B3), 2100(B1), 2600(B7) 5G: 700(n28), 3500(n78) | |||||||
| Maxis | EDGE | 3CA (1A-3A-7A)
1800(B3), 2100(B1), 2600(B7) |
4T4R | 2G: 900, 1800
4G: 900(B8), 1800(B3), 2100(B1), 2600(B7) 5G: 700(n28), 3500(n78) |
- Up to 1 Gbit/s, average to 40 Mbit/s.
- Telco using same network by MVNO are Ansar Mobile. - Total subscribers in Q3 2021 is 11.65million | |||
| U Mobile | 4G LTE, 4G LTE-A | 2CA (3A-7A, 3A-8A)
900(B8), 1800(B3), 2600(B7) |
2G: by Celcom
4G: 900(B8), 1800(B3), 2100(B1), 2600(B7) 5G: 700(n28), 3500(n78) |
- Up to 480 Mbit/s, average to 40 Mbit/s.
- 2G services are provided by Celcom through roaming agreements. - Total subscribers in Q2 2021 is 8.02 million | ||||
| Unifi Mobile | EDGE | 2CA (40C)
2300(B40) |
up to 4T4R | 64 | 2G: by Celcom
4G: 850(B5), 2300(B40), 2600(B38) 5G: 700(n28), 3500(n78) |
- Up to 100 Mbit/s, average to 35 Mbit/s.
- 2G services are provided by Celcom through roaming agreements. - Total subscribers in Q2 2021 is 2.01 million | ||
| Yes | 4G LTE, 4G LTE-A | 2CA (20A-38A, 38A-40A)
800(B20), 2300(B40), 2600(B38) |
4G: 800(B20), 2300(B40), 2600(B38)
5G: 700(n28), 3500(n78) |
- Up to 125 Mbit/s, average to 30 Mbit/s.
- Total subscribers in Q4 2020 is 1.30 million |
*: Note that the bolded parts of the "CA" and "Frequency" section is the most used frequency by the mobile operator.
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
editAs of June 2012 there were 1,705,000 DSL connections. TM Net (Unifi), a subsidiary of Telekom Malaysia (TM), is Malaysia's largest Internet service provider. While there are many ISPs in Malaysia, TM's ownership of the nation's last mile connections restricts competition to densely populated areas in major cities. Since there is no local loop unbundling, TM Net enjoys a virtual monopoly of the broadband market.
DSL connections are provided by:
| Internet service provider | DSL service technology | Internet download speed | Internet upload speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maxis | VDSL2 (for high-rise buildings only) |
Maximum 50 Mbit/s | Maximum 50 Mbit/s | Low availability, will be use fiber FTTH. |
| Unifi | ||||
| Unifi Lite (Streamyx) | ADSL, ADSL2/ADSL2+ | Maximum 10 Mbit/s | Maximum 5 Mbit/s | Closed for registration. Current unifi Lite users are suggested to migrate to unifi Air.[14] |
Fiber Optics
editTelekom Malaysia Bhd. has spent about RM1.9 billion, with the inclusion government funds amounting to RM990 million in the installation of high-speed broadband services throughout Malaysia.[15] The four initial areas that will be covered by high speed broadband services, that is being launched in March 2010 are Shah Alam, Subang Jaya, Taman Tun Dr Ismail and Bangsar.[16]
The benefits announced with the implementation of high speed broadband include smoother e-commerce activities, Internet-based health services, voice over IP (VoIP) communications, web surfing that contains detailed pictures and graphics, as well as faster data downloads. It has been promised that video-streaming will be smoother and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) could take off in Malaysia.
Fiber to the x connections are provided by:
| Internet Service Provider | Fiber service coverage | Internet download speed | Internet upload speed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unifi | East and West Malaysia | From 100 Mbit/s to 2 Gbit/s | From 50 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s |
| Maxis | East and West Malaysia | From 100 Mbit/s to 2 Gbit/s | From 50 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s |
| TIME | West Malaysia
(for high-rise or business building only)[17] |
From 100 Mbit/s to 2 Gbit/s | From 100 Mbit/s to 500 Mbit/s |
| Celcom
Digi |
East and West Malaysia | From 50 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s | From 20 Mbit/s to 200 Mbit/s[18] |
| PR1MA Communications | 1Malaysia People's Housing Programme | From 30 Mbit/s and 60 Mbit/s | From 30 Mbit/s and 60 Mbit/s |
| Allo City Broadband | Selected areas in West Malaysia
(Melaka, Perak, Cyberjaya, Kedah, Penang)[19] |
From 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s | From 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s |
| Symphonet | Selected areas in West Malaysia | From 30 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s | From 30 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s |
| ViewQwest | Selected areas in West Malaysia | From 100 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s | From 100 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s |
Hotspot
editHotspot connections are provided by:
| Internet service provider | Hotspot quantity count | Internet service registration | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| DiGi | Over 7,000 | Required | Payment required for connecting to the hotspot.[20] |
| Unifi (branded as wifi@unifi) | Over 8,000 | Not required | Can be used with the i-foundit! app.[21] |
| Y5ZONE | Over 5,500 | Required | For F&B merchants, Y5ZONE Wi-Fi mostly requires a code printed on the receipt. |
| YES Public Wi-Fi (YES Terragraph) | Over 400[22] | Required | Registration requires linking of social network accounts |
| WiFi Smart Selangor | Almost 800[23] | Required | Provided by Selangor Government through SMARTSEL Shd Bhd |
Currently discontinued hotspot services
edit| Internet service provider | Hotspot quantity count | Internet service registration | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Penang Free Wi-Fi (REDtone[24]) | Over 1,550[25] | Required | Suspended from February 13, 2019 due to its poor network speeds.[26] Most of the hotspots replaced with YES Public Wi-Fi. |
Internet censorship in Malaysia
editOn 30 May 2011, the Malaysian government started to ban some websites, mostly file sharing websites;[27][28] this is despite a promise not to censor the Internet made by the sixth prime minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak.[29]
JENDELA Program
editDuring the Movement Control Order (MCO) that was imposed to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, Malaysia's internet traffic has increased by 30% to 70%, while the internet speed has dropped by 30% to 40%.[30] Therefore, the Government of Malaysia launched the JENDELA Program (Jalinan Digital Negara).
The program will be the national digital communication enhancement platform under the 12th Malaysia Plan (2021–2025) that will be implemented in two phases:
Phase 1 (2020 – 2022):
Phase 1, which started from 2020 to 2022, will involve optimising existing resources and infrastructure for both mobile and fixed connectivity by:
- Expanding 4G mobile broadband coverage from 91.8% to 96.9% in populated areas;
- Increasing mobile broadband speeds from 25 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit/s; and
- Enabling as many as 7.5 million premises to access gigabit speeds with fixed broadband services.
This will also involve the gradual switch-off/sunset of 3G networks until the end of 2021, allowing further upgrades to 4G networks as well as strengthening the foundation for 5G networks.
Phase 2 (Beyond 2022):
- Phase 2 of JENDELA involves addressing the remainder of the digital divide not covered under Phase 1, primarily utilising FWA and other fit-for-purpose technologies, as well as priming the nation's transition to 5G; which will take place once action plans to build a robust 4G and fibre platform under Phase 1 are achieved.[31]
This also means that Malaysia's 3G network will gradually be closed. If only 2G/3G network coverage is available in some areas, only 2G networks will be available after the 3G network is closed, which will affect consumers’ experience.
Therefore, the current priority of the Malaysian government is to increase 4G network coverage, from 91.8% of Malaysia's 4G coverage to 96.9%.
In addition, they plan to increase the mobile network speed of mobile phones from 25 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit/s.
They will also ensure that 83% premises nationwide will have access to gigabit speed of fixed broadband
In order to ensure that users using 4G to make calls will not fall back to 2G without 3G network coverage, Malaysian telecom operators have launched VoLTE, and some also provide VoWiFi services.
Issues with International Routing
editTelekom Malaysia
editFor a long time, there has been criticism[by whom?] surrounding the international routing of Malaysian telecommunications companies. One example is Telekom Malaysia (TM), which faces a cumbersome connection process when linking to a server located in mainland China. To reach China Telecom, for instance, Telekom Malaysia's data packets have to travel through Europe and connect to Points of Presence (PoPs) for Chinese telecommunications companies before finally reaching the China backbone network. This routing method significantly degrades latency and connection quality for TM users attempting to connect to Chinese servers.[32][original research?]
Additionally, Telekom Malaysia's routing to certain Cloudflare IP addresses leaves much to be desired. Despite the implementation of Anycast IP, most TM users are redirected to Osaka, Japan, or Hong Kong, China before being connected to the Cloudflare PoP in either of those locations. This routing practice leads to a subpar user experience.[33]
Furthermore, there is a persistent issue of internet congestion between Malaysia and Singapore data centers, particularly during the afternoon to midnight period. This congestion directly affects users accessing platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Telegram, Instagram, gaming servers, and voice servers that have their servers hosted in Singapore. The severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, which has prompted the government to encourage citizens to work from home, has exacerbated the problem of congested networks for Telekom Malaysia's international connections. To compound matters, TM users have voiced complaints about the degradation of the quality of service, which have been consistently ignored by the company. Reports submitted by users to the Malaysia Communication and Multimedia Commissioner have also failed to yield any response from the authorities.[34]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Malaysia profile: Media", BBC News, 10 September 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ "Communications and Multimedia : Facts and Figures, 1Q 2017" Archived 12 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, 2 August 2017, retrieved 12 September 2017
- ^ Sreejit Pillai (13 November 2001). "M'sia oldest search engine upbeat in trying times". ZDNet. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Beta Interactive Services, 1996
- ^ Lee, 2000c
- ^ "Drivers and Impediments to E-commerce in Malaysia", John Paynter and Jackie Lim, Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol.6, no.2, December 2001: 1-19. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ Salman Ali, Ah Choy Er, Amizah Wan Mahmud Wan, Abdul Latif Roslina (2013). "Tracing the Diffusion of Internet in Malaysia: Then and Now". Asian Social Science. 9 (6). doi:10.5539/ass.v9n6p9.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Malaysia's Mobile and Broadband Internet Speeds". Speedtest Global Index - Malaysia.
- ^ "Malaysia, September 2023, Mobile Network Experience Report | Opensignal". www.opensignal.com. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ Barton, James (1 October 2019). "Malaysia set to trial 5G in six states". Developing Telecoms. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "5G rollout in 3 cities by year-end", The Malaysian Reserve. 7 July 2021, Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Digi Malaysia 3G shutdown".
- ^ "TM confirms signing up for 5G trials with DNB". The Star. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ "TM to migrate Streamyx users to Unifi Lite at RM69 a month; offers Unifi Air as alternative". The Star. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "TM To Launch HSBB Retail Service March 24". Bernama. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2010. Alt URL Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "TM Invests RM1.9 Billion, To Date, To Develop HSBB". Bernama. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Check Coverage | Time Internet". Time. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ "Digi Help Centre | FAQ, Guides & How-Tos for Postpaid, Prepaid, Broadband & Devices". help.digi.com.my. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ "Residential Coverage - Allo Wifi". Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "How To Get Digi Wi-Fi". community.digi.com.my. 3 December 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ wifi@unifi FAQ, Telekom Malaysia / unifi. February 24, 2020, retrieved on October 20, 2021.
- ^ Yeoh, Angelin. "YTL completes Terragraph trial, now offers free public WiFi at 50 locations in George Town". The Star. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "WiFi Smart Selangor - SMARTSEL Sdn Bhd". smartsel.co. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ penangfreewifi.com.my now redirects to wp.redtone.com.
- ^ "Penang Free Wifi". penangfreewifi.com.my. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "Free wifi service in Penang to be suspended from Feb 13". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ "MCMC wants block of 10 websites that allow illegal movie downloads", Wong Pek Mei, Star Online, 10 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
- ^ "Malaysian Govt Orders ISPs to Block Pirate Bay, Megaupload" Archived 2012-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, Jared Moya, ZeroPaid, 10 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ^ "No censorship of the Internet", Lester Kong and Zulkifli Abd Rahman, The Star, 8 August 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ^ "JENDELA Program". myjendela.my. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
- ^ "JENDELA FAQ - What is the Lab outcome that has transpired into JENDELA?".
- ^ "Imgur - Photos of Best Trace from TM Network to China Telecom Server". 2 January 2020.
- ^ "Imgur - Best Trace to Cloudflare IP from TM network". 2 January 2020.
- ^ "Masalah Sambungan Unifi Ke Server Singapore". 8 June 2021.
