Wikipedia

India at the Asian Games

India is a member of the South Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and has participated in the Asian Games since their inception in 1951. The Indian Olympic Association, established in 1927, and recognised in the same year by the International Olympic Committee, is the National Olympic Committee for India.[1][2]

India at the
Asian Games
IOC codeIND
NOCIndian Olympic Association
Medals
Ranked 5th
Gold
183
Silver
238
Bronze
358
Total
779
Summer appearances
Winter appearances

India was one of the first five founding members of the Asian Games Federation on 13 February 1949, in New Delhi; the organisation was disbanded on 26 November 1981 and replaced by the Olympic Council of Asia.[3][4]

Membership of Olympic Council of Asia edit

India is a member of the South Asian Zone of the Olympic Council of Asia, the governing body of all the sports in Asia, recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the continental association of Asia.[5][6][a] Being a member of South Asian Zone, India also participates in the South Asian Games, sub-regional Games for South Asia.[7]

The Olympic Council of Asia organises five major continental-level multi-sport events: the Asian Summer Games (which are commonly known as the Asian Games), Asian Winter Games, Asian Indoor-Martial Arts Games, Asian Beach Games, and Asian Youth Games. Before 2009, Indoor and Martial Arts were two separate events for indoor and martial arts sports respectively. However, the OCA has since amalgamated them into a single event, the Asian Indoor-Martial Arts Games, which was debuted in 2013 in Incheon, South Korea.[8] As a member of OCA, India is privileged to participate in all these multi-sport events.

Hosted games edit

New Delhi, the national capital of India, has hosted the Asian Games on two occasions: the inaugural 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games.[9]

Asian Games edit

See also: Asian Games and Asian Games medal count

Medals by Games edit

*Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.

India is one of the only seven countries that have competed in all the editions of the Asian Games.[10] The other six are Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Thailand.[11] India has won at least one gold medal at every Asian Games, and always ranked within the top 10 nations of the medal table except in the 1990 Asian Games.[12] After completing the 2022 Asian Games, India's medal count is as follows:

A tabular form of the details of the medals won by India is as follows:

Games Host Nations Rank   Gold   Silver   Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi[13]   India 2 15 16 20 51
1954 Manila[13]   Philippines 5 5 4 8 17
1958 Tokyo[13]   Japan 7 5 4 4 13
1962 Jakarta[13]   Indonesia 3 10 13 10 33
1966 Bangkok[13]   Thailand 5 7 3 11 21
1970 Bangkok[13]   Thailand 5 6 9 10 25
1974 Tehran[13]   Iran 7 4 12 12 28
1978 Bangkok[13]   Thailand 6 11 11 6 28
1982 New Delhi[13]   India 5 13 19 25 57
1986 Seoul[13]   South Korea 5 5 9 23 37
1990 Beijing[13]   China 11 1 8 14 23
1994 Hiroshima[13]   Japan 8 4 3 16 23
1998 Bangkok[13]   Thailand 9 7 11 17 35
2002 Busan[13]   South Korea 7 11 12 13 36
2006 Doha[13]   Qatar 8 10 17 26 53
2010 Guangzhou   China 6 14 17 34 65
2014 Incheon[13]   South Korea 8 11 9 37 57
2018 Jakarta & Palembang   Indonesia 8 16 23 31 70
2022 Hangzhou   China 4 28 38 41 107
2026 Aichi–Nagoya   Japan Future event
2030 Doha   Qatar
2034 Riyadh   Saudi Arabia
Total 5 183 238 358 779

Medals by sport edit

Board games consist of bridge, chess, go, and xiangqi.

Sport Rank   Gold   Silver   Bronze Total
  Athletics 3 85 102 96 283
  Shooting 6 16 30 34 80
  Wrestling 7 11 15 39 65
  Kabaddi 1 11 1 1 13
  Lawn tennis 5 10 7 17 34
  Boxing 8 9 17 36 62
  Archery 3 6 6 7 19
  Field hockey 3 5 11 7 23
  Cue sports 3 5 4 6 15
  Equestrian 3 4 3 7 14
  Squash 3 3 4 11 18
  Golf 5 3 4 0 7
  Board games 2 3 3 4 10
  Rowing 6 2 7 19 28
  Diving 3 2 1 2 5
  Football 6 2 0 1 3
  Cricket 2 2 0 0 2
  Sailing 10 1 8 14 23
  Badminton 7 1 2 10 13
  Swimming 14 1 2 6 9
  Water polo 5 1 1 1 3
  Weightlifting 19 0 5 9 14
  Wushu 14 0 2 8 10
  Cycling 17 0 1 2 3
  Volleyball 5 0 1 2 3
  Kurash 8 0 1 1 2
  Judo 17 0 0 5 5
  Roller sports 7 0 0 4 4
  Table tennis 11 0 0 3 3
  Sepaktakraw 11 0 0 2 2
  Canoeing 11 0 0 2 2
  Gymnastics 13 0 0 1 1
  Taekwondo 24 0 0 1 1
Total 5 183 238 358 779

Most successful athletes edit

The most successful athletes for India at the Asian Games.[14]

Athlete Sport Years Sex Gold Silver Bronze Total
Leander Paes Lawn tennis 1990–2006 M 5 0 3 8
P. T. Usha Athletics 1982–1994 F 4 7 0 11
Jaspal Rana Shooting 1994–2006 M 4 2 2 8
Milkha Singh Athletics 1958–1962 M 4 0 0 4
Parduman Singh Brar Athletics 1954–1962 M 3 1 1 5
Jyothi Surekha Vennam Archery 2014–2022 F 3 1 1 5
Manjeet Kaur Athletics 2002–2010 F 3 1 0 4
Harinder Pal Sandhu Squash 2010–2022 M 3 0 2 5
M. R. Poovamma Athletics 2014–2018 F 3 0 1 4
Navneet Gautam Kabaddi 2006–2014 M 3 0 0 3
Rakesh Kumar Kabaddi 2006–2014 M 3 0 0 3
Ojas Pravin Deotale Archery 2022 M 3 0 0 3

Summary by sport edit

Archery edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2006 Doha 5 0 0 1 1
2010 Guangzhou 3 0 1 2 3
2014 Incheon 3 1 1 2 4
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 5 0 2 0 2
2022 Hangzhou 1 5 2 2 9
Total 3 6 6 7 19

Athletics edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 2 10 12 12 34
1954 Manila 2 5 3 6 14
1958 Tokyo 3 5 2 2 9
1962 Jakarta 2 5 5 4 14
1966 Bangkok 3 5 1 5 11
1970 Bangkok 2 4 5 5 14
1974 Tehran 3 4 7 4 15
1978 Bangkok 3 8 7 3 18
1982 New Delhi 3 4 9 8 21
1986 Seoul 4 4 2 3 9
1990 Beijing 8 0 4 2 6
1994 Hiroshima 10 0 1 2 3
1998 Bangkok 6 2 6 7 15
2002 Busan 2 7 6 4 17
2006 Doha 8 1 4 4 9
2010 Guangzhou 2 5 2 5 12
2014 Incheon 6 2 3 8 13
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 3 8 9 3 20
2022 Hangzhou 3 6 14 9 29
Total 3 85 102 96 283

Badminton edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1974 Tehran 4 0 0 1 1
1982 New Delhi 5 0 0 5 5
1986 Seoul 5 0 0 1 1
2014 Incheon 7 0 0 1 1
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 5 0 1 1 2
2022 Hangzhou 3 1 1 1 3
Total 7 1 2 10 13

Board games edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2006 Doha - Chess 1 2 0 0 2
2010 Guangzhou - Chess 6 0 0 2 2
2018 Jakarta-Palembang - Bridge 3 1 0 2 3
2022 Hangzhou - Bridge, Chess 7 0 3 0 3
Total 2 3 3 4 10

Boxing edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1958 Tokyo 8 0 1 1 2
1962 Jakarta 6 1 0 2 3
1966 Bangkok 3 1 1 0 2
1970 Bangkok 4 1 1 0 2
1974 Tehran 5 0 3 2 5
1978 Bangkok 7 0 1 2 3
1982 New Delhi 3 1 2 3 6
1986 Seoul 2 0 4 5 9
1990 Beijing 11 0 0 1 1
1994 Hiroshima 11 0 0 4 4
1998 Bangkok 4 1 0 1 2
2006 Doha 10 0 0 2 2
2010 Guangzhou 2 2 3 4 9
2014 Incheon 4 1 0 4 5
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 4 1 0 1 2
2022 Hangzhou 10 0 1 4 5
Total 8 9 17 36 62

Canoeing edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1994 Hiroshima 6 0 0 1 1
2022 Hangzhou 10 0 0 1 1
Total 11 0 0 2 2

Cricket edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2022 Hangzhou 1 2 0 0 2
Total 2 2 0 0 2

Cue sports edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1998 Bangkok 2 2 1 1 4
2002 Busan 4 1 1 1 3
2006 Doha 5 1 1 2 4
2010 Guangzhou 4 1 1 2 4
Total 3 5 4 6 15

Cycling edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 2 0 1 2 3
Total 17 0 1 2 3

Diving edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 1 2 1 1 4
1954 Manila 3 0 0 1 1
Total 3 2 1 2 5

Equestrian edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1982 New Delhi 1 3 1 1 5
1986 Seoul 4 0 0 2 2
1998 Bangkok 5 0 0 1 1
2002 Busan 5 0 0 1 1
2006 Doha 9 0 0 1 1
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 5 0 2 0 2
2022 Hangzhou 3 1 0 1 2
Total 3 4 3 7 14

Field hockey edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1958 Tokyo 2 0 1 0 1
1962 Jakarta 2 0 1 0 1
1966 Bangkok 1 1 0 0 1
1970 Bangkok 2 0 1 0 1
1974 Tehran 2 0 1 0 1
1978 Bangkok 2 0 1 0 1
1982 New Delhi 1 1 1 0 2
1986 Seoul 4 0 0 2 2
1990 Beijing 3 0 1 0 1
1994 Hiroshima 2 0 1 0 1
1998 Bangkok 1 1 1 0 2
2002 Busan 3 0 1 0 1
2006 Doha 4 0 0 1 1
2010 Guangzhou 5 0 0 1 1
2014 Incheon 1 1 0 1 2
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 2 0 1 1 2
2022 Hangzhou 1 1 0 1 2
Total 3 5 11 7 23

Football edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 1 1 0 0 1
1962 Jakarta 1 1 0 0 1
1970 Bangkok 3 0 0 1 1
Total 6 2 0 1 3

Golf edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1982 New Delhi 1 2 1 0 3
2002 Busan 3 1 0 0 1
2006 Doha 4 0 1 0 1
2010 Guangzhou 3 0 1 0 1
2022 Hangzhou 4 0 1 0 1
Total 5 3 4 0 7

Gymnastics edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2010 Guangzhou 7 0 0 1 1
Total 13 0 0 1 1

Judo edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1986 Seoul 4 0 0 4 4
1994 Hiroshima 9 0 0 1 1
Total 17 0 0 5 5

Kabaddi edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1990 Beijing 1 1 0 0 1
1994 Hiroshima 1 1 0 0 1
1998 Bangkok 1 1 0 0 1
2002 Busan 1 1 0 0 1
2006 Doha 1 1 0 0 1
2010 Guangzhou 1 2 0 0 2
2014 Incheon 1 2 0 0 2
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 2 0 1 1 2
2022 Hangzhou 1 2 0 0 2
Total 1 11 1 1 13

Kurash edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 4 0 1 1 2
Total 8 0 1 1 2

Lawn tennis edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1966 Bangkok 8 0 0 1 1
1978 Bangkok 7 0 0 1 1
1982 New Delhi 5 0 1 0 1
1990 Beijing 5 0 0 1 1
1994 Hiroshima 3 2 0 1 3
1998 Bangkok 7 0 0 4 4
2002 Busan 3 1 1 2 4
2006 Doha 1 2 2 0 4
2010 Guangzhou 2 2 1 2 5
2014 Incheon 3 1 1 3 5
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 2 1 0 2 3
2022 Hangzhou 3 1 1 0 2
Total 5 10 7 17 34

Roller sports edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2010 Guangzhou 5 0 0 2 2
2022 Hangzhou 7 0 0 2 2
Total 7 0 0 4 4

Rowing edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1982 New Delhi 5 0 0 1 1
1990 Beijing 5 0 0 4 4
1994 Hiroshima 6 0 0 1 1
1998 Bangkok 7 0 0 2 2
2002 Busan 9 0 0 1 1
2006 Doha 5 0 2 1 3
2010 Guangzhou 3 1 3 1 5
2014 Incheon 9 0 0 3 3
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 6 1 0 2 3
2022 Hangzhou 5 0 2 3 5
Total 6 2 7 19 28

Sailing edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1970 Bangkok 6 0 0 1 1
1978 Bangkok 4 0 1 0 1
1982 New Delhi 3 1 1 1 3
1986 Seoul 6 0 1 0 1
1990 Beijing 7 0 0 2 2
1994 Hiroshima 8 0 0 2 2
2002 Busan 7 0 1 2 3
2006 Doha 8 0 1 1 2
2010 Guangzhou 8 0 1 0 1
2014 Incheon 8 0 0 1 1
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 7 0 1 2 3
2022 Hangzhou 8 0 1 2 3
Total 10 1 8 14 23

Sepak takraw edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 9 0 0 1 1
2022 Hangzhou 9 0 0 1 1
Total 11 0 0 2 2

Shooting edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1962 Jakarta 7 0 0 1 1
1974 Tehran 6 0 1 1 2
1978 Bangkok 5 1 0 0 1
1982 New Delhi 6 0 2 1 3
1986 Seoul 5 0 1 2 3
1990 Beijing 6 0 0 1 1
1994 Hiroshima 7 1 0 1 2
1998 Bangkok 9 0 2 1 3
2002 Busan 10 0 2 0 2
2006 Doha 4 3 5 6 14
2010 Guangzhou 5 1 3 4 8
2014 Incheon 8 1 1 7 9
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 3 2 4 3 9
2022 Hangzhou 2 7 9 6 22
Total 6 16 30 34 80

Squash edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2006 Doha 3 0 0 1 1
2010 Guangzhou 4 0 0 3 3
2014 Incheon 2 1 2 1 4
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 3 0 1 4 5
2022 Hangzhou 2 2 1 2 5
Total 3 3 4 11 18

Swimming edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 3 1 1 4 6
1986 Seoul 5 0 1 0 1
2010 Guangzhou 7 0 0 1 1
2014 Incheon 8 0 0 1 1
Total 14 1 2 6 9

Table tennis edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 4 0 0 2 2
2022 Hangzhou 7 0 0 1 1
Total 11 0 0 3 3

Taekwondo edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2002 Busan 13 0 0 1 1
Total 24 0 0 1 1

Volleyball edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1958 Tokyo 4 0 0 1 1
1962 Jakarta 3 0 1 0 1
1986 Seoul 4 0 0 1 1
Total 5 0 1 2 3

Water polo edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 1 1 0 0 1
1970 Bangkok 2 0 1 0 1
1982 New Delhi 3 0 0 1 1
Total 5 1 1 1 3

Weightlifting edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1951 New Delhi 3 0 1 1 2
1982 New Delhi 8 0 0 2 2
1986 Seoul 7 0 0 1 1
1990 Beijing 5 0 2 2 4
1994 Hiroshima 8 0 1 3 4
1998 Bangkok 9 0 1 0 1
Total 19 0 5 9 14

Wrestling edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
1954 Manila 5 0 1 1 2
1962 Jakarta 3 3 6 3 12
1966 Bangkok 4 0 1 5 6
1970 Bangkok 3 1 1 3 5
1974 Tehran 5 0 0 4 4
1978 Bangkok 2 2 1 0 3
1982 New Delhi 4 1 1 2 4
1986 Seoul 5 1 0 2 3
1990 Beijing 7 0 1 1 2
2002 Busan 11 0 0 1 1
2006 Doha 7 0 1 5 6
2010 Guangzhou 11 0 0 3 3
2014 Incheon 7 1 1 3 5
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 6 2 0 1 3
2022 Hangzhou 10 0 1 5 6
Total 7 11 15 39 65

Wushu edit

Games Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total
2006 Doha 12 0 0 1 1
2010 Guangzhou 9 0 1 1 2
2014 Incheon 11 0 0 2 2
2018 Jakarta-Palembang 10 0 0 4 4
2022 Hangzhou 9 0 1 0 1
Total 14 0 2 8 10

Asian Winter Games edit

See also: Asian Winter Games and Asian Winter Games medal count

Medals by Games edit

India has sent athletes to every celebration of the Asian Winter Games. Through the last revision of the Games in Astana and Almaty in 2011, India has never won a medal in the Winter Games.[15]

Asian Para Games edit

See also: Asian Para Games and All-time Asian Para Games medal table

Medals by Games edit

Games Host Nations Rank   Gold   Silver   Bronze Total
2010 Guangzhou   China 15 1 4 9 14
2014 Incheon   South Korea 15 3 14 16 33
2018 Jakarta   Indonesia 9 15 24 33 72
2022 Hangzhou   China 5 29 31 51 111
Total 8 48 73 109 230

source:[16]

Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games edit

See also: Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games and Asian Indoor Games

Medals by Games edit

Games Host Nation Rank   Gold   Silver   Bronze Total
Asian Indoor Games
2005 Bangkok[17]   Thailand 5 7 3 8 18
2007 Macau   China 6 9 9 10 28
2009 Hanoi[18]   Vietnam 7 6 9 25 40
Asian Martial Arts Games
2009 Bangkok   Thailand 10 3 7 23 33
Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
2013 Incheon   South Korea 12 2 3 5 10
2017 Ashgabat   Turkmenistan 11 9 12 19 40
2021 Bangkok–Chonburi   Thailand Future event
2025 Riyadh   Saudi Arabia
Total 9 36 43 90 169

Asian Beach Games edit

See also: Asian Beach Games

Medals by Games edit

India has participated in both the editions of the Asian Beach Game. In the 2008 Games, India won a total of five medals, including three gold, and ranked seventh in the final medal table.[19] Three gold medals were won by India in the 2010 Asian Beach Games in Muscat, Oman, earning the country sixth place in the medal table.[20]

Games Host Nations Rank   Gold   Silver   Bronze Total
2008 Bali   Indonesia 7 3 0 2 5
2010 Muscat   Oman 6 3 0 1 4
2012 Haiyang   China 6 2 0 1 3
2014 Phuket   Philippines 20 2 1 7 10
2016 Da Nang   Vietnam 16 2 4 18 24
2023 Sanya   China Future event
Total 11 12 5 29 46

Asian Youth Games edit

See also: Asian Youth Games

Medals by Games edit

Indian athletes competed in the inaugural Asian Youth Games in Singapore. Indian competitors earned medals in only two sports— athletics and swimming. Four of the five gold medals came from athletics and one came from the swimming competition. Aaron Agnel Dsouza was the only multiple medal winner. Dsouza won a gold in the 200 m freestyle and a bronze in the 100 m freestyle.[21] India's membership in IOC was suspended when the 2013 games took place so Indian athletes competed in the event as independent athletes.

Games Host nation Rank   Gold   Silver   Bronze Total
2009 Singapore   Singapore 7 5 3 3 11
2013 Nanjing   China 10 3 4 7 14
2021 Shantou   China Cancelled
Total 6 8 7 10 25

See also edit

Notes and references edit

Notes edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Countries – India". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  2. ^ "India at Asian Games: A storied history and why PT Usha is jewel in the crown". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  3. ^ "The First Asian Games Championships will be held in March 1951 at New Delhi" (PDF). la84foundation.org. LA84 Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  4. ^ "Council – OCA History". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  5. ^ "NOCs". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  6. ^ "National Olympic Committees". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  7. ^ "Games – South Asian Games". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  8. ^ "Games". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  9. ^ "Games – Asian Games – Past and future Asian Games". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  10. ^ "India at Asian Games". Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  11. ^ "What is 'Asian Games'". Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  12. ^ "India at Asian Games: A storied history and why PT Usha is jewel in the crown". Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Medal Winners – Asian Games" (PDF). olympic.ind.in. Indian Olympic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  14. ^ "India's most successful athletes in Asian Games history". 15 September 2023.
  15. ^ "Asian Winter Games Medal Count". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Retrieved 2 February 2012.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ https://resultsapg.hangzhou2022.com.cn/rds/nations/detail/IND [bare URL]
  17. ^ "Medal Winners – Asian Indoor Games" (PDF). olympic.ind.in. Indian Olympic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  18. ^ "Vietnam 2009 – Overall medal standings". ocasia.org. Olympic Council of Asia. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  19. ^ "Medal Winners – Asian Beach Games" (PDF). olympic.ind.in. Indian Olympic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  20. ^ "2nd Asian Beach Games – Medal Tally of 2nd Asian Beach Games". sports.gov.pk. Pakistan Sport Board. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  21. ^ "Medal Winners – 1st Asian Youth Games" (PDF). olympic.ind.in. Indian Olympic Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
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