In Ekker was a series of 13 underground nuclear tests and five atmospheric nuclear tests by France between November 1961 and February 1966.[1] The bombs were detonated at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker, French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. At the beginning of the test series, the area was controlled by France as part of French Algeria, which was in the midst of its war of independence. While Algeria won its independence in 1962, the tests were controversially allowed to continue until 1966 as part of the peace treaty.[2]
| In Ekker series | |
|---|---|
  Location of the Oasis Military Experiments Centre (CEMO) | |
| Information | |
| Country |  France,  Algeria |
| Test site | In Ekker, French Algeria, later independent Algeria |
| Coordinates | 24°03′25″N 05°03′06″E / 24.05694°N 5.05167°E |
| Period | 1961–1966 |
| Number of tests | 13 + 5 AN-11/21 |
| Test type | Underground |
| Device type | A-bombs |
| Max. yield | 127 kt (531.4 TJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
The series saw the explosion of the first AN-11/21 bombs and was followed by the 1966–1970 series. The tests remain controversial for their continued impact on the region.[2]
Codenames edit
The 13 underground operations were named after jewel stones, while the 5 AN-11/21 bombs tests were designated as Pollen I, Pollen Rose, Pollen Rouge, Pollen Safran and Pollen Jonquille.
List of tests edit
| Codename[a] | Date time (UTC) | Location | Elevation | Altitude | Delivery | Purpose | Device | Yield | Fallout[b] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agate | 1961-11-07 – 11:29:59.9 | Shaft E1 North – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′25″N 05°03′06″E / 24.05694°N 5.05167°E |
1,400 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
S1 | 5.0 kt | After 8 hours: 0.040 mGy/h (Drilling T11') |
| Béryl | 1962-05-01 – 10:00:00.5 | Shaft E2 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′47″N 05°02′30″E / 24.06306°N 5.04167°E |
1,580 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
S2[d] | >30.0 kt | After few minutes:[e] 0.001 to 3.000 Gy/h
After 1 hour: 7.000 Gy/h (7.0 km) After 1 day: 0.100 mGy/h (150.0 km) |
| Émeraude (Georgette) |
1963-03-18 – 10:02:00.4 | Shaft E3 South – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°02′29″N 05°03′09″E / 24.04139°N 5.05250°E |
1,540 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel | 10.0 kt | After 8 hours: 0.400 mGy/h (Drilling T32) | ||
| Améthyste | 1963-03-30 – 09:59:00.3 | Shaft E3 Bis – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°02′36″N 05°03′24″E / 24.04333°N 5.05667°E |
1,220 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
P1 | 0.85 kt | After 20 minutes:[e] 0.200 Gy/h (1.0 km)
After 1 day: 0.700 Gy/h (1.0 km) |
| Rubis | 1963-10-20 – 13:00:00.1 | Shaft E5 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°02′05″N 05°02′12″E / 24.03472°N 5.03667°E |
1,510 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel | 68.0 kt | After 1 hour:[e] 1.000 Gy/h (1.0 km)
After 5 hours: 0.100 mGy/h (? km) After 14 hours: 0.002 mGy/h (150.0 km) | ||
| Opale (Michèle) |
1964-02-14 – 11:00:00.3 | Shaft E1 South – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′13″N 05°03′07″E / 24.05361°N 5.05194°E |
1,380 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel | 3.7 kt | After 6 hours: 0.050 mGy/h (Drilling T12) | ||
| Pollen I | 1964-05-08 – ??:??:??.? | Shooting range – CEMO Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria 23°55′57″N 04°44′26″E / 23.93250°N 4.74056°E |
940 m | 0 m | Surface | *Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident | AN-11 | N/A | |
| Topaze | 1964-06-15 – 13:40:00.4 | Shaft E6-1 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′59″N 05°02′03″E / 24.06639°N 5.03417°E |
1,410 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel | *Test of a new plutonium prototype | A1 | >1.0 kt | After 6 hours: 0.050 mGy/h (Drilling T12) |
| Turquoise | 1964-11-28 – 10:30:00.0 | Shaft E4 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°02′30″N 05°02′29″E / 24.04167°N 5.04139°E |
1,760 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
H2 | 5 kt | None |
| Pollen Rose | 1964-12-31 – 06:28:??.? | Shooting range – CEMO Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria 23°55′57″N 04°44′26″E / 23.93250°N 4.74056°E |
940 m | +1 m | Tower | *Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident | AN-11 | N/A | Contaminated area of 0.550 km2 |
| Saphir (Monique) |
1965-02-27 – 11:30:00.0 | Shaft E7 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′31″N 05°01′52″E / 24.05861°N 5.03111°E |
1,830 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel | B1 | 117 kt | Leak of noble gases (Drilling T71) | |
| Jade | 1965-05-30 – 11:00:00.0 | Shaft E1-3 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′18″N 05°03′02″E / 24.05500°N 5.05056°E |
1,460 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel | *Axial prototype | A2 | 0.6 kt | After 2 hours:[e] 0.010 Gy/h (Drilling T31)
After 4 hours: 0.020 Gy/h (Entrance) After 2 weeks: E1 explosion, leak of noble gases |
| Corindon | 1965-10-01 – 10:00:00.0 | Shaft E6-1 – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°03′53″N 05°02′02″E / 24.06472°N 5.03389°E |
1,500 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
A3 | >4 kt | After 15 minutes: 3.200 mGy/h (Drilling T62)
After 11 hours: 1.8 mGy/h (Entrance) |
| Pollen Rouge | 1965-11-01 – 21:53:??.? | Shooting range – CEMO Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria 23°55′57″N 04°44′26″E / 23.93250°N 4.74056°E |
940 m | +15 m | Tower |
|
AN-11 | N/A | Contaminated area of 2.100 km2 |
| Tourmaline | 1965-12-01 – 10:30:00.1 | Shaft E3 North – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°02′37″N 05°02′48″E / 24.04361°N 5.04667°E |
1,600 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
G3 | 10 kt | After 1 day: 0.200 mGy/h (Drilling T31) |
| Pollen Safran | 1966-01-10 – 02:06:??.? | Shooting range – CEMO Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria 23°55′57″N 04°44′26″E / 23.93250°N 4.74056°E |
940 m | +15 m | Tower |
|
AN-21 | N/A | Contaminated area of 5.600 km2 |
| Grenat (Carmen) |
1966-02-16 – 11:00:00.0 | Shaft E4-2 North – CEMO Tan Afella, In Ekker, French Algeria 24°02′41″N 05°02′28″E / 24.04472°N 5.04111°E |
1,760 m | 0 m[c] | Tunnel |
|
G'3 | 13 kt | After 2 hours: 0.005 Gy/h (Drilling T42) |
| Pollen Jonquille | 1966-03-09 – 22:12:??.? | Shooting range – CEMO Tan Ataram, In Ekker, French Algeria 23°55′57″N 04°44′26″E / 23.93250°N 4.74056°E |
940 m | +1 m | Tower |
|
AN-21 | N/A | Contaminated area of 2.750 km2 |
| References : [3][4][5][6][7] | |||||||||
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Parenthesis indicate the name given by the APEX (Application Pacifique des EXpérimentations nucléaires), a peaceful use organization.
- ^ Original 1960's numbers are in rad/h and were converted to Gy/h, the SI derived unit for ionizing radiation dose.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Horizontal tunnel of 1,000 m.
- ^ Emergency device S3 ready had S2 failed.
- ^ a b c d Uncontained explosion
- ^ Operations Diaspora, Lapin Bleu, Lapin Blanc, Lapin Rouge and Tortue.
References edit
- ^ Senate of the French Republic (15 December 1997). "French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara". senat.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ a b Chikhi, Lamine (4 March 2010). "French nuclear tests in Algeria leave toxic legacy". reuters. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations (PDF) (Technical report). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Report on French Nuclear Tests (1960-1996) (PDF) (Technical report) (in French). Government of the French Republic. p. 118. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. Worldwide Nuclear Explosions (PDF) (Technical report). Science Applications International Corporation, Center for Monitoring Research. p. 20. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ Report on health and environmental hazards of France's nuclear tests between 1960 and 1996 [...] (PDF) (Technical report) (in French). Paris: National Assembly of the French Republic. 5 February 2001. p. 36. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- ^ French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988 (PDF) (Technical report). New York: Natural Resources Defense Council. February 1989. p. 26. Retrieved 11 August 2020.