Ijangs are the terraced hillfort settlements of the Ivatan people built on hill tops and ridges in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines.[1] These high rocky formations can serve as fortress or refuge against attacking enemies for the Ivatan people.[2]
Background
editIn 1994, Eusebio Dizon, the deputy director of the National Museum of the Philippines, went to Batanes with his team for an archeological project. They found a triangular-shaped hill in Savidug, a town in Sabtang. These structures were called ijang.[3][2] Ijangs are similar to the gusuku castles found in Okinawa, Japan. Aside from both of them being strategically built in high places, 12th-century Sung-type ceramics and Chinese beads and other artefactual materials recovered from an ijang were dated at almost the same time as the foundations of the Okinawan castles beginning from circa 1200 CE.[4]
The Ivatan traditionally lived in the ijang which were fortified mountain areas and drank sugar-cane wine, or palek. They also used gold as currency and produced a thriving agriculture-based industry as well as expertise in seafaring and boat-building.
Functions
editBased on oral history and tradition, pre-Hispanic Ivatans were divided into small clans that lived not far from the sea. During clan wars, those attacked climbed for safety to the tops of the ijangs where they defended themselves by throwing stones at the enemy below. The tops of the ijangs today are still full of stones—the primitive ammunition of the people. Building a shelter atop the ijang became necessary when fighting continued long for some time. Ijangs were first described by the English freebooter Captain William Dampier when he visited the island of Ivuhos in 1687. Today, there are still traces of such ancient dwellings, including stone posts standing or lying where the Ivatans left them when they abandoned their pagan way of life for Christianity in the late 18th century.[2]
Spanish Colonial Era
editIn 1783, the Spanish claimed Batanes as part of the Philippines under the auspices of Governor-General José Basco y Vargas.[citation needed] The Bashi Channel had come to be increasingly used by English East India Company ships and the Spanish authorities brought the islands under their direct administration to prevent them from falling under British control.[5] However, the Ivatan remained on their ijangs, or mountain fortresses.
In 1790, Governor Guerrero decreed that Ivatans were to leave their ijang and to live in the lowlands, thereby giving them more people to tax. Basco and Ivana were the first towns.[5]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (2013), Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (eds.), "The Batanes Islands, Their First Observers, and Previous Archaeology", 4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange, The Archaeology of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines, vol. 40, ANU Press, pp. 1–8, ISBN 978-1-925021-27-1, JSTOR j.ctt5hgz91.6, retrieved 2021-01-25
- ^ a b c d Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Santiago, Rey A. (1996). "Archaeological Explorations in Batanes Province". Philippine Studies. 44 (4): 479–499. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42634196.
- ^ "15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History". FilipiKnow. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ Dizon, Eusebio (1997). "Archaeology of Batanes Province, Northern Philippines: The 1996-1997 Status Report".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Fry, Howard T. (1985). "The Eastern Passage and Its Impact on Spanish Policy in the Philippines, 1758–1790". Philippine Studies. 33 (1): 3–21. JSTOR 42632762., p.18.