Wikipedia

Hymenachne amplexicaulis

Hymenachne amplexicaulis, also known as West Indian marsh grass in the US, Olive hymenachne in Australia, and hereafter referred to as hymenachne, is New World species[1] in the genus Hymenachne. Hymenachne is from the Greek hymen meaning "membrane" and achne meaning "chaff, glume, scale" and amplexicaulis is from Latin, literally "embracing the stem" or "stem-clasping.[2][3] This freshwater species is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the West Indies, Northern South America, and Central America.[4]

Hymenachne amplexicaulis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Hymenachne
Species:
H. amplexicaulis
Binomial name
Hymenachne amplexicaulis
(Rudge) Nees

Biology edit

Hymenachne is a perennial grass that primarily reproduces via stolons.[4] This robust species is commonly found growing 1–2.5m tall.[4] The stems are hairless and float prostrate across the top of the water, then grow upright from these bases to support leaves.[4] The flat, triangular leaves (10–45 cm long, up to 3 cm wide) have a prominent clasping bases, or auricles.[4] The auricles help to distinguish it from other invasive wetland grasses and the native H. acutigluma in Australia.[5] Hymenachne has been shown to increase the stem length between nodes to keep leaves above water during periods of flooding.[6] Its stem is packed with airy tissue called aerenchyma to help the stems float and to aid in flood tolerability.[5]

Hymenachne flowers in the early fall and seeds in late fall.[7] The flower is a panicle[8] that can grow to half a meter.[5] Researchers at the University of Florida have seen multiple panicles per plant originating from branching at a single node.[9] Hymenachne can produce thousands of seeds with up to 98% germination right off the panicle.[10][11][12]

Habitat edit

Hymenachne prefers constantly inundated soil and is known to survive comfortably in about a meter of water for 20 years.[5][13] This species was shown to survive poorly in Australia where flooding exceeded 1.2 m.[14][12] In its native range in Venezuela, and in invaded areas of Florida, hymenachne was documented to survive in >1.2m of water for nearly a year.[15][16] Hymenachne has also been found in water greater than 4m deep persisting in floating mats, likely dislodged after a storm event. Conversely, hymenachne is not recorded to survive sites that entirely desiccate.[17]

Hymenachne is known to colonize and form dense monocultures in floodplains, roadside ditches, and lake margins in invaded and native areas.[14][18][19][4] It is often found colonizing areas with little shading and competition from other species.[5] Although limited information is available on soil preferences of hymenachne, it has been found in deep, poorly drained muck soils in Florida.[20] It is not found in waters with a significant salt concentration.[21][5]

Invasion edit

There have been three introductions of hymenachne into Australia, one in Florida, and one in Louisiana.[22][23][5] Australia now lists hymenachne as one of the top twenty worst weeds.[24] Hymenachne invasions have been shown to decrease species richness, increase invasive fish populations, and overall cause fundamental changes in floral and faunal composition in Australia.[13] Hymenachne was introduced in Australia as forage for cattle, and likely for the same reason in Florida.[5] The species was used in ponded pastures, or artificial ponds created to hold water for use in the dry season.[5] High reproducibility from stem fragments aids in the dispersal and invasion of this species.[10] The first herbarium record of hymenachne in Florida is from 1957.[23][25] The second specimen is not recorded until 1977.[25] The cause for this gap is unknown; however, today it is recorded in 28 counties across the state.[26][27]

References edit

  1. ^ "Hymenachne amplexicaulis (hymenachne)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  2. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2006-04-26). CRC World Dictionary of Grasses: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology - 3 Volume Set. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420003222.
  3. ^ "Indiana Dunes Plant Guide - Asclepias amplexicaulis". indianadunesguide. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Csurhes, S.M., Mackay, A.P. and Fitzsimmons, L. (1999). Hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) in Queensland (Department of Natural Resources, Brisbane, Australia).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wearne, Lynise J.; Clarkson, John; Grice, Anthony C.; van Klinken, Rieks D.; Vitelli, Joseph S. (2010). "The Biology of Australian Weeds 56. 'Hymenachne amplexicaulis' (Rudge) Nees". Plant Protection Quarterly. 25 (4): 146.
  6. ^ Kibbler, H.; Bahnisch, L.M. (1999). "Physiological adaptations of Hymenachne amplexicaulis to flooding". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 39 (4): 429–435. doi:10.1071/ea98127. ISSN 1446-5574.
  7. ^ Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Cuda, J.P., Pratt, P.D. and Fox, A. (2009). Host specificity of Ishnodemus variegates, an herbivore of West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis). BioControl 54, 307-21.
  8. ^ Campbell, S.D., Carter, E.A. and Setter, M.J. (2009). Germination of Hymenachne amplexicaulis and H. acutigluma under contrasting light, temperature and nitrate regimes. Plant Protection Quarterly 24, 10-14.
  9. ^ K. Quincy unpublished data
  10. ^ a b Sellers, B.A., Diaz, R., Overholt, W.A., Langeland, K.A. and Gray, C.J. (2008). Control of West Indian marsh grass with glyphosate and imazapyr. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 46, 189-92.
  11. ^ Tropical Weeds Research Centre. 2006. Hymenachne (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) control and management in Queensland. http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/ tropical_weeds/projects/hymenachnecontrol.html. Accessed February 17, 2019.
  12. ^ a b Lyons, J. (1991). Developing ponded pastures at ‘Wambiana’. Ponded pastures in North Queensland, eds P. Anning and J. Kernot. North Queensland Beef Production Series. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government.
  13. ^ a b Duivenvoorden, Leo J.; Houston, Wayne A. (2002). "Replacement of littoral native vegetation with the ponded pasture grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis: effects on plant, macroinvertebrate and fish biodiversity of backwaters in the Fitzroy River, Central Queensland, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research. 53 (8): 1235–1244. doi:10.1071/mf01042. ISSN 1448-6059.
  14. ^ a b Gonzalez-Jimenez, E. and Escobar, A. (1977). Flood adaptation and productivity of savanna grasses. Proceedings of Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.00(0) 0000 15 the 13th International Grassland Congress Sec. Pap. Sections 3-4-5, Leipzig.
  15. ^ Tejos, M.R. (1980). Production of water straw grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees) during a savanna period. Congreso Venezolano de Zootecnia, Guanare (Venezuela), p. 54.
  16. ^ Kalmbacher, R., Mullahey, J. and Hill, J. (1998). Limpgrass and hymenachne grown on flatwoods range pond margins. Journal of Range Management 51, 282-7.
  17. ^ Medina, E. and Motta, N. (1990). Metabolism and distribution of grasses in tropical flooded savannas in Venezuela. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, 77-89.
  18. ^ Costa, M. (2005). Estimate of net primary productivity of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplain using Radarsat and JERS-1. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 4527-36.
  19. ^ Enriquez-Quiroz, J.F., Quero-Carrillo,A.R., Hernandez-Garay, A. and Garcia-Moya, E. (2006). Azuche, Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical Mexico. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53, 1405-12.
  20. ^ Hill, K.U. (1996). Hymenachne amplexicaulis:A review of the literature andsummary of the work in Florida. URL: http://www.naples.net/~kuh/hymen.htm (accessed 17 Feb 2019).
  21. ^ Meerman, J.C., Howe, A., Choco, S., Ack, A., Choc, E., Kok, S. and Muke, A. (2006). Rapid ecological assessment of aguacalient wildlife sanctuary. Aguacaliente REA. Data stored in BERDS: URL: http://www.biodiversity.bz (accessed 17 Feb 2019).
  22. ^ Urbatsch LE; Saichuk JK, 2014. Hymenachne amplexicaulis new for Louisiana. Phytoneuron, 50:1-4.
  23. ^ a b "Hymenachne Amplexicaulis" (PDF). Florida Natural Areas Inventory. August 2018. Retrieved 17 Feb 2019.
  24. ^ Williams, Jann A.; West, Carol J. (2000). "Environmental weeds in Australia and New Zealand: issues and approaches to management". Austral Ecology. 25 (5): 425–444. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01081.x. ISSN 1442-9993.
  25. ^ a b "University of Florida Herbarium (FLAS) Collection Catalog". www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  26. ^ Wunderlin, Richard P. (2011). Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. Hansen, Bruce F. (3rd ed.). Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813035437. OCLC 700199921.
  27. ^ "West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) - EDDMapS State Distribution". EDDMapS.org. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
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