The Eurovision Song Contest is an annual international song competition, held by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 1956. This page is a list of cities and venues that have hosted the contest, one or more times.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Globen_30_%C3%A5r%2C_febr_2019a.jpg/250px-Globen_30_%C3%A5r%2C_febr_2019a.jpg)
The contest has frequently been held in a capital city. The six editions spanning from 2019 to 2025 (the 2020 edition having been cancelled) are to date the longest span of consecutive editions without a capital hosting the event. This record was previously held by the four editions between 1956 and 1959.
Host cities
editSpecial events
editCountry | City | Venue | Event | Occasion | Year | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norway | Mysen | Momarken | Songs of Europe | Commemorating the 25th anniversary of the contest | 1981 | [72] |
Slovenia | Ljubljana | TV SLO Studio 1 | Kvalifikacija za Millstreet | Pre-qualification round held for the 1993 contest between eastern European countries | 1993 | [73] |
Denmark | Copenhagen | Forum Copenhagen | Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest | Commemorating the 50th anniversary of the contest | 2005 | [74] |
United Kingdom | London | Eventim Apollo | Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits | Commemorating the 60th anniversary of the contest | 2015 | [75] |
Netherlands | Hilversum | Studio 21 | Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light | Replacement show for the 2020 contest, which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | 2020 | [76] |
Hosting traditions and exceptions
editThe tradition of the winning country hosting the following year's event was established in 1958, held in the Netherlands.[77][78][79] A number of exceptions to this rule have occurred since, typically when the winning country had already hosted the event in the recent past. These exceptions are listed below:
- 1960—hosted by the BBC in London when the Netherlands' NTS declined due to expense, having previously hosted the 1958 contest. The United Kingdom was chosen to host after finishing in second place in 1959.[80]
- 1963—hosted by the BBC in London when France's RTF declined due to expense, having previously hosted the contest in 1959 and 1961. The second- and third-placed Monaco and Luxembourg also declined when offered hosting duties.[81]
- 1970—hosted by the NOS in Amsterdam following a ballot to determine the host country, after the 1969 contest produced four winning countries.[26][82]
- 1972—hosted by the BBC in Edinburgh when Monaco's Télé Monte Carlo was unable to provide a suitable venue. The Monégasque broadcaster invited the BBC to host the event due to their previous experience.[83]
- 1974—hosted by the BBC in Brighton when Luxembourg's RTL declined due to expense after staging the 1973 contest.[6]
- 1980—hosted by the NOS in the Hague when Israel's IBA declined due to expense after staging the 1979 contest. The Dutch offered to host the contest after several other broadcasters, reportedly including runner-up Spain's RTVE and the BBC, were unwilling to do so.[84]
- 2023—hosted by the BBC in Liverpool on behalf of Ukraine's UA:PBC, after the EBU decided that Ukraine would not be able to host the event due to security concerns caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[85] The United Kingdom was chosen to host after finishing in second place in 2022.[86]
With Australia's invitation to participate in the contest in 2015, it was announced that should it win the contest, Australian broadcaster SBS would co-host the following year's contest in a European city in collaboration with an EBU member broadcaster of its choice.[87][88]
Host city insignia
editThe host city insignia is a rotating trophy awarded to cities hosting the Eurovision Song Contest, proposed jointly by the city of Helsinki, the Finnish broadcaster Yle and the EBU in conjunction with the 2007 edition.
The insignia takes the form of a large key ring to which the host cities can attach their city key or other symbol representing the city. The insignia exchange usually takes place in conjuction with the semi-final allocation draw. The insignia is then traditionally put on display in a public place, such as the city hall or another venue of local significance, for the remainder of the year.[89]
The insignia's concept and fob were designed by the Anteeksi group, while the key ring was designed by jewellery designer Taru Tonder. Hand-engraved on the ring are the following texts: "Eurovision Song Contest Host City", all host cities up until 2006, and a "Helsinki 2007" stamp with the initials of the insignia designers. Additionally, the fob has a picture of the Helsinki Senate Square attached to the ring.[90][91][92]
Semi-final allocation drawing venue
editSince the introduction of the two semi-finals system in 2008, a draw has been held to determine in which semi-final a country would participate, as well as in which semi-final a country would vote in. Each year, either five or six countries are exempt from the drawing for competing in the semi-finals: the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom) and the host country, if the host is not one of the "Big Five". In 2015, the number of countries exempt was seven, as Australia joined the other six exempt countries as a special guest contestant.
Regardless if a country is exempt from competing in the semi-finals, all participating countries are allotted a semi-final in which to vote.
Running order drawing venue
editPreviously, the running order has been determined at a dedicated event. This has been made redundant following the implementation of producer-created running orders in 2013.
Year | Venue | Ref. |
---|---|---|
1988 | Mansion House, Dublin | [110] |
1993 | National Concert Hall, Dublin | [111] |
1997 | Clarence Hotel, Dublin | [112] |
2007 | Finlandia Hall, Helsinki | [113] |
2008 | Sava Centar, Belgrade | [114] |
2009 | Cosmos Hotel, Moscow | [115] |
2012 | Buta Palace, Baku | [116] |
Receptions and opening ceremony venues
editAn official opening ceremony with a red carpet procession has been held since 2009 at a venue in the host city. Prior to that, a welcome reception was typically held for all participating artists and hosted by the mayor of the host city.[117]
- Table key
Year | Venue | Ref. |
---|---|---|
1985 | Kronhuset | [118] |
1992 | Malmö City Hall | [119] |
1993 | Great Southern Hotel, Killarney and City Hall, Cork | [119] |
Dining Hall, Trinity College Dublin | [120] | |
1995 | Royal Hospital Kilmainham | [121] |
Oslo City Hall | [122][123] | |
1998 | ICC Birmingham | [124] |
1999 | Israel Museum | [125] |
Stockholm Palace and City Hall | [126] | |
Copenhagen City Hall | [127] | |
2004 | Çırağan Palace | [128] |
2006 | Zappeion | [129] |
2007 | Finlandia Hall | [130] |
2008 | Palace of Serbia | [131] |
2009 | Central Manezh Exhibition Center | [132] |
2011 | Tonhalle Düsseldorf | [133] |
2012 | Baku Sports Palace | [134] |
2013 | Malmö Opera | [135] |
2015 | Vienna City Hall | [136] |
2017 | Mariinskyi Palace and Parkovy Congress and Exhibition Center | [137] |
2018 | Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology and Electricity Museum | [138] |
2019 | Habima Square and Charles Bronfman Auditorium | [139] |
2020 | Rotterdam Cruise Terminal X | [140] |
2021[e] | Rotterdam Cruise Terminal | [142] |
2022 | Palace of Venaria | [143] |
2023 | Walker Art Gallery and St George's Hall | [144] |
2024 | Malmö Live | [145] |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- ^ The 1957 and 1983 contests were held in West Germany. The 2011 contest was in reunified Germany.
- ^ Now in present-day Croatia following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.
- ^ The semi-final allocation draw for the cancelled 2020 contest was retained for the 2021 contest.[105]
- ^ No opening ceremony event was held in 2021 due to COVID-19 restrictions, only the "Turquoise Carpet" event was held.[141]
References
edit- ^ "London 1960". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "London 1963". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "London 1968". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "London 1977". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Edinburgh 1972". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Brighton 1974". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Harrogate 1982". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Birmingham 1998". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Liverpool 2023". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ "Dublin 1971". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Dublin 1981". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Dublin 1988". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Dublin 1994". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Dublin 1995". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Dublin 1997". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Millstreet 1993". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Stockholm 1975". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Stockholm 2000". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Stockholm 2016". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Gothenburg 1985". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Malmö 1992". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Watch Now #EurovisionAgain: Malmö 1992". European Broadcasting Union. 21 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021.
- ^ "Malmö 2013". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Malmö 2024". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Hilversum 1958". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Amsterdam 1970". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "The Hague 1976". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "The Hague 1980". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Rotterdam 2020". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Rotterdam 2021". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ "Luxembourg 1962". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Luxembourg 1966". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Luxembourg 1973". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Luxembourg 1984". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Cannes 1959". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Cannes 1961". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Paris 1978". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Bergen 1986". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Oslo 1996". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Oslo 2010". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Frankfurt 1957". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Munich 1983". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Dusseldorf 2011". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Copenhagen 1964". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Copenhagen 2001". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Copenhagen 2014". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Jerusalem 1979". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Jerusalem 1999". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Tel Aviv 2019". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Naples 1965". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Rome 1991". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Turin 2022". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
- ^ "Lugano 1956". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Lausanne 1989". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Eurovision 2024 winner's press conference with Nemo". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ "Vienna 1967". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Vienna 2015". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Kyiv 2005". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Kyiv 2017". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Madrid 1969". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Brussels 1987". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Zagreb 1990". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Tallinn 2002". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Riga 2003". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Istanbul 2004". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Athens 2006". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Helsinki 2007". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Belgrade 2008". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Moscow 2009". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Baku 2012". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Lisbon 2018". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Nasjonalbiblioteket". www.nb.no.
- ^ Ergeg, Ksenija (3 April 1993). "Traži se tercet za Irsku" (in Croatian). Split, Croatia: Slobodna Dalmacija. p. 54. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
- ^ Bakker, Sietse (27 June 2005). "'Congratulations': DR 'cannot confirm' start ticket sale". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ "Tonight: Recording of Eurovision's Greatest Hits". European Broadcasting Union. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Europe shined its light". European Broadcasting Union. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Roxburgh 2012, p. 160.
- ^ "Historical Milestones". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 14–15.
- ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 20–21.
- ^ "Happy 50th Anniversary, Eurovision 1970!". Eurovision Song Contest. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 48–51.
- ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 80–83.
- ^ "Eurovision 2023: Liverpool beats Glasgow to be song contest host city". BBC News. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "EBU, UA:PBC and BBC agree to host 2023 Eurovision Song Contest in the United Kingdom". European Broadcasting Union. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ "Australia to compete in the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest". Eurovision Song Contest. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ "Australia to Make Eurovision Song Contest Return in 2016". ebu.ch. European Broadcasting Union. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "Host City Insignia Exchange". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 14 January 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Badzic, Milenko (26 January 2015). "Host City Insignia Exchange & Semi-Final Allocation Draw". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ "Open Doors Weekend fills Helsinki with design". City of Helsinki news (in Finnish). 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.
- ^ "Helsinki aloittaa uuden Eurovision laulukilpailun perinteen" [Helsinki begins the tradition of the new Eurovision Song Contest] (in Finnish). 15 June 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011.
- ^ Royston, Benny (28 January 2008). "The Eurovision Song Contest semi final draw". ESCToday. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ Murray, Gavin (2 January 2009). "Eurovision 2009: Semi-Finals draw on January 30th". ESCToday. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
- ^ Grillhofer, Florian (4 February 2010). "Eurovision 2010: Semi final allocation draw on Sunday". ESCToday. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
- ^ "Semi-Final Allocation Draw for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest carried out". ESC Radio. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ Siim, Jarmo (21 January 2012). "Eurovision 2012 slogan presented on 25 January". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Siim, Jarmo (3 January 2013). "Semi-final participants drawn on January 17". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ Van Eersel, Dennis (20 January 2014). "LIVE: Semi-Final allocation draw in Copenhagen". ESCDaily. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014.
- ^ D., Angelo (27 January 2015). "Eurovision 2015: Semi-final allocation draw results". INFE Network.
- ^ García, Belén (25 January 2016). "Eurovision 2016: Allocation draw results, check who is in each semi-final!". ESC Plus.
- ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (31 January 2017). "Watch now: Eurovision 2017 Semi-final Allocation Draw live from Kyiv". ESC Today.
- ^ "Eurovision Semi-Final Allocation Draw Results". Eurovoxx. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021.
- ^ Sigona, Joey (27 January 2019). "Eurovision 2019: Results of Semi-Final Allocation Draw". ESC Plus.
- ^ "2020 Semi-Final line-up to stay for 2021". Eurovision.tv. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
- ^ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (28 January 2020). "Eurovision 2020: Semi-final Allocation Draw results". ESC Today.
- ^ Bonetti, Andrea (9 January 2022). "Eurovision 2022: sindaco di Torino e assessori in riunione sui preparativi per l'evento". Eurofestival News (in Italian).
- ^ "Eurovision 2023: AJ & Rylan to host Allocation Draw". Eurovision.tv. EBU. 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ Cafarelli, Donato (30 January 2024). "Eurovision 2024, sorteggio semifinali: Italia al voto nella seconda serata" [Eurovision 2024, semi-final draw: Italy to vote in the second evening]. Eurofestival News (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ Harding, Peter (1 December 1987). "Eurovision Song Contest draw (1988)". RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
- ^ Harding, Peter (December 1992). "Pat Kenny (1992)". RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
- ^ Harding, Peter (9 December 1994). "Mary Kennedy and Eimear Quinn at Eurovision draw/logo launch (1996)". RTÉ Libraries and Archives.
- ^ "The complete running order!". European Broadcasting Union. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Bakker, Sietse (17 March 2008). "Belgrade 2008: The running order!". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Moscow calling: Watch the draw live!". European Broadcasting Union. 16 March 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Today: Running order draw - watch live at 11:20 CET!". European Broadcasting Union. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ "Looking back: How the Opening Ceremony became a Eurovision tradition". eurovision.tv. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ Roxburgh 2016, pp. 227–228.
- ^ a b Roxburgh 2020, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Roxburgh 2020, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 211.
- ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 261.
- ^ "Oslo welcomes the stars!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 23 May 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 327.
- ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 368.
- ^ Davies, Megan (19 April 2016). "Details of opening ceremony revealed". Eurovoix.
- ^ Russell, Peter (4 May 2014). "Tonight: Eurovision Song Contest2014 Opening Ceremony".
- ^ "İstanbul bize de uğur getirsin|close-up". Hürriyet. 11 May 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
- ^ Bakker, Sietse (3 May 2006). "UPD Athens 2006: where's the party?". ESCToday.
- ^ Furniss, Olaf (4 March 2007). "Finland prepares for its Eurovision close-up". Reuters. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "Palata Srbije gets ready for opening party". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Eurovision 2009's Grand Opening". The Moscow Times. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Tonight: Opening Reception takes place in Düsseldorf". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 7 May 2011.
- ^ "Light your fire! Eurovision 2012: Opening ceremony to be held in Euroclub". 17 April 2012.
- ^ "Ryan Dolan set for Eurovision Opening Ceremony". RTÉ.ie. 12 May 2013.
- ^ "IN PICTURES: Opening ceremony". 18 May 2015.
- ^ Deakin, Samuel (5 April 2017). "Eurovision 2017 Opening Ceremony Details Revealed".
- ^ "Eurovision 2018: Still tickets available for some of the shows!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "Lots of Eurovision 2019 news during Host Broadcaster press conference". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ Granger, Anthony (11 March 2020). "Eurovision'20: Opening Ceremony To Be Held at Cruise Terminal". Eurovoix. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ "Hollanti haluaa näyttää, että iso tapahtuma voidaan järjestää turvallisesti – Euroviisuissa lähes kaikki on toisin kuin ennen" [The Netherlands wants to show that a big event can be held safely – in Eurovision almost everything is different than before]. Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ "Eurovision'21: New Details About The Opening Ceremony Revealed". Eurovoix. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ Rossini, Federico (15 February 2022). "Eurovision 2022: a Venaria Reale il Turquoise Carpet". Eurofestival News (in Italian). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Falk, Simon (5 April 2023). "Turquoise Carpet and Welcome Party with access for OGAE members". wiwibloggs. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ "Malmö: Eurovision Village, Eurovision Street & Euroclub details revealed". eurovision.tv. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
Further reading
edit- O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
- Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
- Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
- Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
External links
edit- The picture of the insignia on the page of the Eurovision Song Contest Moscow 2009
- A photo on the web pages of the biggest newspaper Helsingin Sanomat with description "Helsinki Mayor Jussi Pajunen (left) and cultural director Pekka Timonen were in Belgrade on Friday to hand over the Helsinki Insignia to the city that will host next year's Eurovision Song Contest." (Helsingin Sanomat)