In mathematics, and more specifically in analysis, a holonomic function is a smooth function of several variables that is a solution of a system of linear homogeneous differential equations with polynomial coefficients and satisfies a suitable dimension condition in terms of D-modules theory. More precisely, a holonomic function is an element of a holonomic module of smooth functions. Holonomic functions can also be described as differentiably finite functions, also known as D-finite functions. When a power series in the variables is the Taylor expansion of a holonomic function, the sequence of its coefficients, in one or several indices, is also called holonomic. Holonomic sequences are also called P-recursive sequences: they are defined recursively by multivariate recurrences satisfied by the whole sequence and by suitable specializations of it. The situation simplifies in the univariate case: any univariate sequence that satisfies a linear homogeneous recurrence relation with polynomial coefficients, or equivalently a linear homogeneous difference equation with polynomial coefficients, is holonomic.[1]

Holonomic functions and sequences in one variable

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Definitions

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Let   be a field of characteristic 0 (for example,   or  ).

A function   is called D-finite (or holonomic) if there exist polynomials   such that

 

holds for all x. This can also be written as   where

 

and   is the differential operator that maps   to  .   is called an annihilating operator of f (the annihilating operators of   form an ideal in the ring  , called the annihilator of  ). The quantity r is called the order of the annihilating operator. By extension, the holonomic function f is said to be of order r when an annihilating operator of such order exists.

A sequence   is called P-recursive (or holonomic) if there exist polynomials   such that

 

holds for all n. This can also be written as   where

 

and   the shift operator that maps   to  .   is called an annihilating operator of c (the annihilating operators of   form an ideal in the ring  , called the annihilator of  ). The quantity r is called the order of the annihilating operator. By extension, the holonomic sequence c is said to be of order r when an annihilating operator of such order exists.

Holonomic functions are precisely the generating functions of holonomic sequences: if   is holonomic, then the coefficients   in the power series expansion

 

form a holonomic sequence. Conversely, for a given holonomic sequence  , the function defined by the above sum is holonomic (this is true in the sense of formal power series, even if the sum has a zero radius of convergence).

Closure properties

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Holonomic functions (or sequences) satisfy several closure properties. In particular, holonomic functions (or sequences) form a ring. They are not closed under division, however, and therefore do not form a field.

If   and   are holonomic functions, then the following functions are also holonomic:

  •  , where   and   are constants
  •   (the Cauchy product of the sequences)
  •   (the Hadamard product of the sequences)
  •  
  •  
  •  , where   is any algebraic function. However,   is generally not holonomic.

A crucial property of holonomic functions is that the closure properties are effective: given annihilating operators for   and  , an annihilating operator for   as defined using any of the above operations can be computed explicitly.

Examples of holonomic functions and sequences

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Examples of holonomic functions include:

The class of holonomic functions is a strict superset of the class of hypergeometric functions. Examples of special functions that are holonomic but not hypergeometric include the Heun functions.

Examples of holonomic sequences include:

Hypergeometric functions, Bessel functions, and classical orthogonal polynomials, in addition to being holonomic functions of their variable, are also holonomic sequences with respect to their parameters. For example, the Bessel functions   and   satisfy the second-order linear recurrence  .

Examples of nonholonomic functions and sequences

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Examples of nonholonomic functions include:

  • the function  [2]
  • the function tan(x) + sec(x)[3]
  • the quotient of two holonomic functions is generally not holonomic.

Examples of nonholonomic sequences include:

Algorithms and software

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Holonomic functions are a powerful tool in computer algebra. A holonomic function or sequence can be represented by a finite amount of data, namely an annihilating operator and a finite set of initial values, and the closure properties allow carrying out operations such as equality testing, summation and integration in an algorithmic fashion. In recent years, these techniques have allowed giving automated proofs of a large number of special function and combinatorial identities.

Moreover, there exist fast algorithms for evaluating holonomic functions to arbitrary precision at any point in the complex plane, and for numerically computing any entry in a holonomic sequence.

Software for working with holonomic functions includes:

  • The HolonomicFunctions [1] package for Mathematica, developed by Christoph Koutschan, which supports computing closure properties and proving identities for univariate and multivariate holonomic functions
  • The algolib [2] library for Maple, which includes the following packages:
    • gfun, developed by Bruno Salvy, Paul Zimmermann and Eithne Murray, for univariate closure properties and proving [3]
    • mgfun, developed by Frédéric Chyzak, for multivariate closure properties and proving [4]
    • numgfun, developed by Marc Mezzarobba, for numerical evaluation

See also

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Dynamic Dictionary of Mathematical functions Archived 2010-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, an online software, based on holonomic functions for automatically studying many classical and special functions (evaluation at a point, Taylor series and asymptotic expansion to any user-given precision, differential equation, recurrence for the coefficients of the Taylor series, derivative, indefinite integral, plotting, ...)

Notes

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  1. ^ See Zeilberger 1990 and Kauers & Paule 2011.
  2. ^ This follows from the fact that the function   has infinitely many (complex) singularities, whereas functions that satisfy a linear differential equation with polynomial coefficients necessarily have only finitely many singular points.
  3. ^ a b c d e See Flajolet, Gerhold & Salvy 2005.
  4. ^ This follows from the fact that the function tan(x) + sec(x) is a nonholonomic function. See Flajolet, Gerhold & Salvy 2005.
  5. ^ See Klazar 2003.

References

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  • Flajolet, Philippe; Gerhold, Stefan; Salvy, Bruno (2005), "On the non-holonomic character of logarithms, powers, and the n-th prime function", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 11 (2), doi:10.37236/1894, S2CID 184136.
  • Flajolet, Philippe; Sedgewick, Robert (2009). Analytic Combinatorics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521898065.
  • Kauers, Manuel; Paule, Peter (2011). The Concrete Tetrahedron: Symbolic Sums, Recurrence Equations, Generating Functions, Asymptotic Estimates. Text and Monographs in Symbolic Computation. Springer. ISBN 978-3-7091-0444-6.
  • Klazar, Martin (2003). "Irreducible and connected permutations" (PDF). (ITI Series preprint)
  • Mallinger, Christian (1996). Algorithmic Manipulations and Transformations of Univariate Holonomic Functions and Sequences (PDF) (Thesis). Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  • Stanley, Richard P. (1999). Enumerative Combinatorics. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56069-6.
  • Zeilberger, Doron (1990). "A holonomic systems approach to special functions identities". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 32 (3): 321–368. doi:10.1016/0377-0427(90)90042-X. ISSN 0377-0427. MR 1090884.
  • Kauers, Manuel (2023). D-Finite Functions. Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics. Vol. 30. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34652-1. ISBN 978-3-031-34652-1.