In image processing, histogram matching or histogram specification is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram.[1] The well-known histogram equalization method is a special case in which the specified histogram is uniformly distributed.[2]

An example of histogram matching

It is possible to use histogram matching to balance detector responses as a relative detector calibration technique. It can be used to normalize two images, when the images were acquired at the same local illumination (such as shadows) over the same location, but by different sensors, atmospheric conditions or global illumination.

Implementation

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Consider a grayscale input image X. It has a probability density function pr(r), where r is a grayscale value, and pr(r) is the probability of that value. This probability can easily be computed from the histogram of the image by

 

Where nj is the frequency of the grayscale value rj, and n is the total number of pixels in the image.

Now consider a desired output probability density function pz(z). A transformation of pr(r) is needed to convert it to pz(z).

 
Input image CDF matched to desired output CDF

Each pdf (probability density function) can easily be mapped to its cumulative distribution function by

 
 

Where L is the total number of gray level (256 for a standard image).

The idea is to map each r value in X to the z value that has the same probability in the desired pdf. I.e. S(rj) = G(zi) or z = G−1(S(r)).[3]

Example

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The following input grayscale image is to be changed to match the reference histogram.

 

The input image has the following histogram

 
Histogram of input image

It will be matched to this reference histogram to emphasize the lower gray levels.

 
Desired reference histogram

After matching, the output image has the following histogram

 
Histogram of output image after matching

And looks like this

 
Output image after histogram matching

Algorithm

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Given two images, the reference and the target images, we compute their histograms. Following, we calculate the cumulative distribution functions of the two images' histograms –   for the reference image and   for the target image. Then for each gray level  , we find the gray level   for which  , and this is the result of histogram matching function:  . Finally, we apply the function   on each pixel of the reference image.

Exact histogram matching

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In typical real-world applications, with 8-bit pixel values (discrete values in range [0, 255]), histogram matching can only approximate the specified histogram. All pixels of a particular value in the original image must be transformed to just one value in the output image.

Exact histogram matching is the problem of finding a transformation for a discrete image so that its histogram exactly matches the specified histogram.[4] Several techniques have been proposed for this. One simplistic approach converts the discrete-valued image into a continuous-valued image and adds small random values to each pixel so their values can be ranked without ties. However, this introduces noise to the output image.

Because of this there may be holes or open spots in the output matched histogram.

Multiple histogram matching

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The histogram matching algorithm can be extended to find a monotonic mapping between two sets of histograms. Given two sets of histograms   and  , the optimal monotonic color mapping   is calculated to minimize the distance between the two sets simultaneously, namely   where   is a distance metric between two histograms. The optimal solution is calculated using dynamic programming.[5]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gonzalez, Rafael C.; Woods, Richard E. (2008). Digital Image Processing (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 128. ISBN 9780131687288.
  2. ^ Gonzalez, R.C.; Fittes, B.A. (June 9–11, 1975). Gray-level transformations for interactive image enhancement (PDF). 2nd Conference on Remotely Manned Systems: Technology and Applications. Los Angeles, California. pp. 17–19.
  3. ^ Gonzalez, Rafael (2017). Digital image processing 4th Edition. London: Pearson. pp. 94–103. ISBN 978-0133356724.
  4. ^ Coltuc, Dinu; Bolon, Philippe; Chassery, Jean-Marc (May 2006). "Exact Histogram Specification". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 15 (5): 1143–52. Bibcode:2006ITIP...15.1143C. doi:10.1109/TIP.2005.864170. PMID 16671295. S2CID 16060881.
  5. ^ Shapira D.; Avidan S.; Hel-Or Y. (2013). "Multiple Histogram Matching" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.