Pierre René Jean Baptiste Henri Brocard (12 May 1845 – 16 January 1922) was a French meteorologist and mathematician, in particular a geometer.[1] His best-known achievement is the invention and discovery of the properties of the Brocard points, the Brocard circle, and the Brocard triangle, all bearing his name.[2]
Pierre René Jean Baptiste Henri Brocard | |
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| Born | 12 May 1845 Vignot, Meuse |
| Died | 16 January 1922 (aged 76) |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | École Polytechnique |
| Known for | Meteorology Brocard points Brocard triangle Brocard circle Brocard's conjecture Brocard's problem |
| Awards | Emeritus at the International Academy of Science Officer of the Légion d'honneur |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics, Meteorology |
| Institutions | Military engineer, French army |
| Signature | |
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Contemporary mathematician Nathan Court wrote that he, along with Émile Lemoine and Joseph Neuberg, was one of the three co-founders of modern triangle geometry.[3] He is listed as an Emeritus at the International Academy of Science,[4] was awarded the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, and was an officer of the Légion d'honneur.[5]
He spent most of his life studying meteorology as an officer in the French Navy, but seems to have made no notable original contributions to the subject.[1]
Biography edit
Early years edit
Pierre René Jean Baptiste Henri Brocard was born on 12 May 1845, in Vignot (a part of Commercy), Meuse to Elizabeth Auguste Liouville and Jean Sebastien Brocard. He attended the Lycée in Marseilles as a young child, and then the Lycée in Strasbourg. After graduating from the Lycée he entered the Academy in Strasbourg where he was prepared for the examination for entrance to the prestigious École Polytechnique in Paris, to which he was accepted in 1865.[1]
École Polytechnique and military years edit
Brocard attended the École Polytechnique from 1865 to 1867.[6]
As was the norm at the time, he, after graduation, became a technical officer in the French military, which had been reorganized in 1866. He acted as a meteorologist in the French navy, and general technician as well.
Brocard soon saw active service, as Napoleon III declared war upon Prussia. Brocard was one of the 120,000 men under Marshal MacMahon led to Metz to free the French army of the Rhine. The French army, however, was defeated on 31 August at the Battle of Sedan, and was taken prisoner along with approximately 83,000 other combatants.[1]
Middle years edit
After Brocard was freed, he returned to his military position and continued teaching, publishing his mathematical articles in the most popular mathematical journal of that time, Nouvelles Correspondances Mathématiques (also called Nouvelles annales mathématiques).[7][8] He joined the Société Mathématique de France in 1873, just a year after its founding. In 1875, he was inducted into the French Association for the Advancement of Science as well as the French Meteorological Society. He was shortly after sent to northern Africa, where he served as a military technician for the French forces stationed in Algiers, the seat of French Africa. While in Algiers, Brocard founded the Meteorological Institute of Algiers.[9][6] Brocard also visited Oran while in northern Africa, which was occupied by the French in 1831.[10]
Discovery of Brocard points edit
During a meeting of the French Association for the Advancement of Science, Brocard presented a self-written article entitled Etudes d'un nouveau cercle du plan du triangle, his first paper on the Brocard points, the Brocard triangle, and the Brocard circle, all of which today bear his name.[6]
Later years edit
In 1884 Brocard returned to France. He served with the Meteorological Commission in Montpellier before moving to Grenoble and lastly Bar-le-duc. He honorably retired from the French military in 1910 as a lieutenant colonel. His remaining two major publications were Notes de bibliographie des courbes géométriques (1897, 1899, published in two volumes)[6][11] and the Courbes géométriques remarquables (1920, posthumous 1967, also published in two volumes) which was written in collaboration with T. Lemoyne.[12]
Brocard attended the International Congress of Mathematicians at Zurich in 1897, Paris in 1900, Heidelberg in 1904, Rome in 1908, Cambridge, England in 1912, and Strasbourg in 1920.[6]
Brocard spent the last years of his life in Bar-le-Duc. He was offered the presidency of Bar-le-Duc's Letters, Sciences, and Arts Society, of which he had been a longtime member and correspondent for several foreign academies of, but declined. He died on 16 January 1922 while on a trip to Kensington, London, England.[1]
Contributions edit
Brocard triangle, Brocard circle, and Brocard points edit
Brocard's most well-known contributions to mathematics are the Brocard points, the Brocard circle, and the Brocard triangle. The positive Brocard point (sometimes known as the first Brocard point) of a Euclidean plane triangle is the interior point of the triangle for which the three angles formed by two of the vertices and the point are equal. Their common value is the Brocard angle of the triangle.[13] The Brocard circle of the triangle is a circle having a diameter of the line segment between the circumcenter and symmedian. It contains the Brocard points.[14] The Brocard triangle of a triangle is a triangle formed by the intersection of line from a vertex to its corresponding Brocard point and a line from another vertex to its corresponding Brocard point and the other two points constructed using different combinations of vertices and Brocard points. The Brocard triangle is inscribed in the Brocard circle.[15]
Other mathematical contributions edit
Brocard published various other papers on mathematics during his time at Bar-le-duc, none of which became as well known as Etudes d'un nouveau cercle du plan du triangle. He also conjured up a famous unsolved problem thought to have no answers other than the three he provided. This problem is called Brocard's Problem. One other achievement of his is guessing at the meaning of the cryptic title of one of Girard Desargues' papers, DALG. In his paper Analyse d'autographes et autres écrits de Girard Desargues, he surmised that it stood for Des Argues, Lyonnais, Géometre, which is the generally accepted title.[16]
Meteorology edit
Though Brocard made no major notable original discoveries in meteorology, he founded the Meteorological Institute in Algiers and served as a meteorological technician during his time in the French military. He also published several notable papers on meteorology.[1][17]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d e f O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Pierre René Jean Baptiste Henri Brocard", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Brocard Points". MathWorld.
- ^ "Triangle Geometers". Archived from the original on 2008-02-16.
- ^ "International Academy of Science Fellows".
- ^ Brocard, Henri; Lemoyne, T. (1919). Courbes géométriques remarquables (courbes spéciales) planes et gauches (rééd. 1967 ed.). Paris: Vuibert (éd).
- ^ a b c d e Guggenbuhl (1953)
- ^ Brocard, Henri (1897). Notes de bibliographie des courbes géométriques T. 1. Bar Le Duc: Comte-Jacquet. hdl:2027/mdp.39015065163720.
- ^ Brocard, Henri (1899). Notes de bibliographie des courbes géométriques T. 2.
- ^ "Albert Camus". (3rd paragraph, reference to institute mentioned)
- ^ Michiel Hazewinkel (1994-01-01), Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Springer
- ^ Silva, Maria do Céu; Duarte, António Leal; de Sá, Carlos Correia (June 2004). "Gallery: Francisco Gomes Teixeira". CIM Bulletin. 16. Centro Internacional de Matemática. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
- ^ Brocard, H.; Lemoyne, T. (1919), Courbes Géométriques Remarquables (Courbes Spéciales) Planes & Gauches, Tome I, Paris: Librairie Vuibert
- ^ "Math Trek - Brocard points".
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Brocard Circle". MathWorld.
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "First Brocard Triangle". MathWorld.
- ^ Heefer, Alfred. "Récréations Mathématiques (1624): A Study on its Authorship, Sources and Influence 2004" (PDF).
- ^ "Pierre René Jean Baptiste Henri Brocard". American Mathematical Monthly. 29 (7): 278–9. August 1922. JSTOR 2299238.
References edit
- Guggenbuhl, Laura (December 1953). "Henri Brocard and the Geometry of the Triangle". The Mathematical Gazette. 37 (322). London: Mathematical Association: 241–243. doi:10.1017/S0025557200027558. JSTOR 3610034. S2CID 125201193. Reprinted in Pritchard, Chris, ed. (2003). The Changing Shape of Geometry. MAA Spectrum. Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America. pp. 146–149. ISBN 0-521-82451-6. MR 1985733.
- Guggenbuhl, Laura. (1970–90). "Brocard, Pierre René Jean-Baptiste Henri" in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York).
- "Henri Brocard" in Encyclopaedia of Mathematics: An Updated and Annotated Translation.
- Gica, Alexandru; Panaitopol, Laurențiu (2005). "On a Problem of Brocard". Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society. 37 (4): 502–506. doi:10.1112/S0024609305004595. S2CID 122683220.
- Stroeker, R. J. (1988). "Brocard points, circulant matrices, and Descartes' folium". Mathematics Magazine. 61 (3): 172–187. doi:10.2307/2689716. JSTOR 2689716.