Health in Punjab involves the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being of the people in Punjab, India.[1] Data of medical facilities, diseases and nutrition is used to determine the state of health of the population.
History edit
Between 1896 and 1921, 12 major cholera outbreaks were recorded in Punjab province, which killed about 250,000 people. In 1901, riots were recorded in some plague-hit areas, like Gurdaspur, Patiala and Sialkot as some people refused compulsory hospitalisation and quarantine.[2] From 1897 to 1947, more than 3,000,000 people died due to plague in Punjab province. In 1896, plague came from Hong Kong in India. In October 1897, first death from plague was reported in Punjab. Initially, the plague spread in Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts. By 1903, it had spread to almost all districts and caused large-scale causality in the province.[3]
By March 2020, Covid-19 pandemic reached Punjab. On 22 March 2020 government of Punjab imposed state-wide lockdown to combat Covid-19 pandemic in Punjab.[4][5]
Birth edit
In 2019–21, 94.3% of the births were institutional births in Punjab, which was an increase from 90.5% in 2015–16. Of this, 53.9% were institutional births in public facility, which was up from 51.7% in 2015–16. In rural areas, the births in public facility were 57.6%, compared to 47.0% in urban areas, for year 2019–21. The percentage of home births that were conducted by a skilled health personnel was 2.6%, it was 3.0% for urban areas and 2.3% for rural areas. In 2015–16, this percentage was 4.5%. Of the total, 95.6% births were attended by a skilled health personnel, 2019–21. For urban areas, this rate was 93.7% and 96.6% for rural areas.[6]
Of the total births in Punjab, 38.5% were delivered by caesarean section in 2019–21. This number was 24.6% in 2015–16. For private health facilities, 55.5% of the births were by caesarean section, in 2019–20, compared to 29.9% for public health facilities. In 2015–16, this number was 39.7% for private and 29.9% for public health facilities. For private health facilities, the rate was 57.0% for rural areas and 53.4% for urban areas in 2019–21. For public health facilities, the rate was 29.1% in rural areas and 31.1% in urban areas, in the same year.[6]
Life Expectancy edit
Between 2013 and 2017, the life expectancy at birth in Punjab was 72.4 years. It was 74 years for females and 71 for males.[7]
The table below shows the life expectancy in Punjab by gender and residence in 2013–17.
| Residence | Total | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 71.4 | 72.9 | 70.1 |
| Urban | 74.1 | 76.6 | 72.4 |
| Total | 72.4 | 74 | 71 |
Estimated from civil registration and vital statistics system (CRVSS) data, the table below shows the life expectancy in the districts of Punjab, in 2012.
| District | Male (Years) | Female (Years) |
|---|---|---|
| Amritsar | 64 | 69 |
| Bathinda | 71 | 81 |
| Barnala | 70 | 76 |
| Faridkot | 67 | 73 |
| Fatehgarh Sahib | 72 | 77 |
| Firozpur | 74 | 80 |
| Gurdaspur | 70 | 76 |
| Hoshiarpur | 68 | 75 |
| Jalandhar | 63 | 69 |
| Kapurthala | 74 | 84 |
| Ludhiana | 69 | 77 |
| Mansa | 69 | 76 |
| Moga | 70 | 74 |
| Muktsar | 69 | 66 |
| Patiala | 68 | 72 |
| Rupnagar | 69 | 75 |
| SAS Nagar | 70 | 76 |
| Sangrur | 70 | 76 |
| SBS Nagar | 64 | 75 |
| Taran Taran | 66 | 73 |
Children edit
According to the national family health survey of 2020–21, anaemia rate in Punjab was 71.1% for children between the ages of 0 to 57 months.[9] This was a significant increase compared to 56.6% in 2015–16.[10] According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data from 2015 to 2016, the rate stunting (low height for age) for children between the ages of 0 and 59 months was 26%, which was lower than the national average of 38%.[10]
The table below shows the data from the state nutrition profile of Punjab of children below the age of 6, by years.
| Indicators | 2019–21 | 2015–16 | 2005-6 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low birth weight | 22% | 17% | 28% |
| Stunting | 24% | 26% | 37% |
| Wasting | 11% | 16% | 9% |
| Sever Wasting | 4% | 6% | 2% |
| Underweight | 17% | 12% | 25% |
| Anemia | 71% | 57% | 66% |
Women edit
As of 2020, the percentage of deaths due to heart disease was higher in women than men, 41.8% for females compared to 32.2% for males. In the same year, the percentage of deaths due to covid-19 was lower for women compared to men, 13.4% for males and 9.9% for females.[12]
The table below shows the state nutrition profile of Punjab for women between the ages of 15 and 49 years.
| Indicators | 2019–21 | 2015–16 | 2005-6 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight | 13% | 12% | 19% |
| Anemia (non-preg) | 59% | 54% | 38% |
| Anemia (pregnant) | 52% | 42% | 42% |
| Hypertension | 31% | 15% | NA |
| Diabetes | 15% | NA | NA |
| Overweight/Obesity (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) | 41% | 31% | 30% |
In 2019, the female cervical cancer incidence rate in Punjab was 13 per 100,000 women in all ages. This was less than the rate of 14.75 in 1990. The female cervical cancer mortality rate was 7.14 per 100,000 women of all ages in 2019. This was lower than the rate of 9.34 in 1990.[13]
Reproductive health edit
The table below shows the current use of family planning methods by currently married women between the age of 15 and 49 years, in Punjab.
| Method | Total (2019–21) | Urban (2019–21) | Rural (2019–21) | Total (2015–16) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sterilization | 22.8% | 18.0% | 25.6% | 37.5% |
| Male sterilization | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.6% |
| IUD/PPIUD | 3.1% | 2.8% | 3.2% | 6.8% |
| Pill | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 2.5% |
| Condom | 22.2% | 26.6% | 19.7% | 18.9% |
| Injectables | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Any modern method | 50.5% | 49.4% | 51.1% | 66.3% |
| Any method | 66.6% | 68.4% | 65.4% | 75.8% |
| Total unmet need | 9.9% | 8.8% | 10.5% | 6.2% |
| Unmet need for spacing | 3.7% | 3.3% | 3.9% | 2.4% |
Caste edit
As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015–16), the infant mortality rate was 40 per 1000 live births before the age of one year for scheduled castes, compared to 29 per 1000 births for the state as a whole. The infant mortality rate for other backward castes (OBC) was 21 per 1000 live births and 22 per 1000 for those who are not from SC and OBC classes.[14]
Although the prevalence of anaemia (low levels of haemoglobin in the blood) has been found quite high among all population groups in Punjab, it was still higher among the SC population than other groups. For the women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, the prevalence of anaemia among SC women was 56.9%, compared to 53.5% for the state as a whole. Among the children between the ages of 6 and 59 months, the rate of anaemia for SC children was 60%, compared to 56.9% for the state as a whole.[15]
The table below compares the health status of Scheduled Caste population of Punjab, according to NFHS-3.
| Indicators | SC | Total |
|---|---|---|
| Infant Mortality Rate | 46 | 44 |
| Child Mortality Rate | 16 | 7 |
| Anaemic (child) | 73.80% | 66.40% |
| Anaemic (women) | 42.60% | 38.00% |
The table below shows the early childhood mortality rates in Punjab by caste, according to NFHS-4 (2015-16).
| Background Characteristics | SC | OBC | Others | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal Mortality | 27.0 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 21.2 |
| Post-neonatal Mortality | 12.7 | 3.6 | 5.2 | 8.0 |
| Infant Mortality | 39.6 | 20.5 | 22.4 | 29.2 |
| Child Mortality | 6.5 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 4.1 |
| Under five Mortality | 45.9 | 23.7 | 24.2 | 33.2 |
Obesity edit
According to the National Family Health Survey 2020–21, the percentage of males in the age group of 15–49 who were obese or overweight was 32.2% in 2020–21, which an increase from the 27.8% in 2015–16. For women in the same age group, the number in 2020–21 was 40.8% which was an increase from 31.3% in 2015–16. Moreover, according to the same report, 63.1% of the men and 72.8% of the women have high risk waist-to-hip ratio, as of 2020–21.[9]
The table below shows the overweight/obesity rate of men, women and children in Punjab.
| Age | Group | 2019–21 | 2015–16 | 2005–06 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–59 months | Children (z score > 2SD) | 4% | 2% | 2% |
| 15–49 years | Men (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) | 41% | 31% | 30% |
| 15–49 years | Women (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) | 32% | 28% | 22% |
During the covid-19 pandemic, it was asserted that the high death rate of covid patients in Punjab is because of the prevalence of Obesity and other diseases associated with it, like hypertension and diabetes, in the state.[19]
As of December 2023, there were 3,473 recorded gyms in Punjab. Ludhiana was the city with most number of recorded gyms in Punjab at 449.[20]
Diseases edit
As of 2022, hypertension was the most prevalent non-communicable disease in Punjab, followed by diabetes and cancer.[21] High trans-fat consumption is considered to be the main cause of heart diseases in Punjab.[22] Out of the total medically certified deaths in 2020, 36.2% were due to diseases of circulatory system, which higher than due to Covid-19.[12]
The burning of crop stubble by farmers, after harvesting, has been shown to be a major cause of many respiratory diseases in Punjab.[23][24] As of October 2013, there were around 30 lakh arthritis patients in Punjab. Of which, around 5 lakh were at an advanced state, which required surgery. The main factors contributing to the growth of arthritis in Punjab were obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Higher levels of stress and modern lifestyle were the main reasons for the increase in arthritis among young people.[25]
Cancer edit
Punjab recorded 38,636 cases of cancer in 2020. This number had been gradually rising since the previous few years. It was 37,744 in 2019 and 36,888 in 2018.[26] By 2024, the number of cancer patients had rose to 42,288, which was a 7% increase from 39,521 in 2021. The numbers increased steadily from 40,435 in 2022 to 41,337 in 2023.[27]
In February 2013, there were 90 cancer patients for every 100,000 people in Punjab, which was higher than the national average of 80. In that year, Muktsar district had the highest cancer rate among all district, at 136 per 100,000. Muktsar was closely followed by Mansa, Bathinda and Firozpur districts. Taran Taran district had the lowest rate at 41 per 100,000 people.[28]
The table below shows the number of cases and estimated mortality of Breast cancer in Punjab.
| Year | Numbers | Estimated Mortality |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 6,667 | 2,480 |
| 2022 | 6,507 | 2,421 |
| 2021 | 6,347 | 2,361 |
| 2020 | 6,192 | 2,303 |
| 2019 | 6,037 | 2,246 |
HIV/AIDS edit
As of 2017, there were 40,600 estimated adult cases of HIV infection (AIDS) in Punjab, which comprised 0.18% of the population. As of July 2019, Amritsar district have the highest number of HIV positive cases at 16,619.[30]
The table below shows shows the number of HIV positive cases in Punjab by district.
| District | Percent | HIV Positive | Total Tested |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amritsar | 1.94% | 16,619 | 855,948 |
| Barnala | 0.58% | 812 | 139,825 |
| Bathinda | 0.93% | 3,286 | 353,880 |
| Faridkot | 1.61% | 2,812 | 174,640 |
| Fatehgarh Sahib | 0.61% | 823 | 134,783 |
| Fazilka | 0.56% | 699 | 125,381 |
| Firozpur | 1.42% | 2,981 | 210,206 |
| Gurdaspur | 0.85% | 3,267 | 383,963 |
| Hoshiarpur | 0.73% | 2,760 | 377,576 |
| Jalandhar | 1.67% | 7,861 | 471,435 |
| Kapurthala | 0.98% | 2,212 | 225,975 |
| Ludhiana | 0.93% | 8,949 | 963,831 |
| Mansa | 0.54% | 990 | 184,567 |
| Moga | 1.31% | 2,367 | 180,402 |
| Mohali | 0.34% | 1,041 | 301,823 |
| Muktsar | 0.56% | 926 | 164,861 |
| Nawanshahr | 1.11% | 1,331 | 119,750 |
| Pathankot | 0.82% | 1,976 | 242,328 |
| Patiala | 1.43% | 7,769 | 541,448 |
| Rupnagar | 0.57% | 1,571 | 273,490 |
| Sangrur | 0.54% | 1,857 | 342,723 |
| Tarn Taran | 1.40% | 3,060 | 218,971 |
| State Total | 1.09% | 75,969 | 6,987,806 |
Differently Abled edit
According to the 2011 census, there were 654,043 differently abled persons in Punjab, which comprised 2.35% of the population. Out of these, 3,76,087 people have been provided with the 'disability' certificate. During 2016–2017, a total of 57,713 'disability' certificates were issued.[31]
The table below shows the percentage of differently abled people in rural and urban areas of Punjab.
| Residence | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
| Urban | 3.1% | 2.3% |
| Rural | 3.1% | 3.1% |
Under the Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme, grant-in-aid is provided to the volunteer organizations working for the welfare of the differently abled people. The aid is given to the NGOs that work for rehabilitation of differently abled persons, including providing them education, artificial limbs, etc.[33][34]
Under the Assistance to disable persons for purchase of fitting of Aid Appliances (ADIP Scheme), good quality prosthetics and assistive devices are provided to the differently abled persons with the help through voluntary organizations. Under this scheme, prosthetic devices are provided for free to the low income persons, who suffer from more than 40% disability.[35] Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, provides a grant-in-aid for a cochlear implant for the children from lower income households.[36]
There are 3 vocational training rehabilitation centers and one workshop in Punjab, where differently abled persons between the ages of 18 and 40 years are given training in different types of trades like tailoring, cutting, embroidery, typing/stenography, etc. to make them economically self-reliant. The rehabilitation centers are located in Ludhiana, Bathinda and Hoshiarpur and the workshop in Shimlapuri in Ludhiana district.[37]
The differently abled persons with more than 40% disability can travel for free or with concession in state buses. For a blind person, travel is free within the state on state buses. For differently abled persons other than blind, there is 50% concession within the state in these buses.[38]
Drug Use edit
According to the National Family Health Survey 2020–21, the percentage of people in Punjab above the age of 15 who consume alcohol was 22.8% for men and 0.3% for women. The rate of tobacco usage in the same age group was 12.9% for men and 0.4% for women.[9] A study conducted by PGI Chandigarh revealed that, as of March 2022, around 1.7 lakh people consume opioids in Punjab.[39]
Mental Health edit
According to a survey conducted in four districts of Punjab, in 2016, the current rate of mental morbidity was 13.42%. That means about 1,283,000 people were suffering from a mental illness in Punjab that year. The lifetime prevalence of mental morbidity was 17.94%. The number of people with high suicide risk was 51,600 and people with moderate suicide risk were 28,700.[40] It is asserted that, as of 2016, only about 20% of people suffering from mental illness had access to treatment. This is attributed to the low number of psychiatrists, which was only 0.45 per lakh people in Punjab.[41] An increase of 20 to 25% was witnessed in the number of mental health cases in Punjab due to Covid-19 pandemic. The lockdown also had long term effects on the mental health of people from medical background, students, teachers or working professionals.[42]
Punjab government runs 4 homes, called SEHYOG (Half Way Home), for persons suffering from mental illnesses from lower-income families. There the inmates are provided with free accommodation, food, health care, recreation and education. The Homes in Amritsar and Kapurthala are only for females and the Homes at Ludhiana are only for males. Each home has a capacity of 40 inmates.[43]
Medical facilities edit
The hospitals in Punjab with facilities for cancer treatment are Government Medical College in Amritsar and a tertiary cancer care center at the civil hospital in Fazilka.[26] On February 25, 2024 an AIIMS in Bathinda and a Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) satellite centre in Sangrur was opened. On the same day, foundation for a PGIMER satellite centre was also laid in Firozpur.[44]
On 29 March 2024, first institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences was inaugurated in Mohali.[45][46][47]
As of February 2023, at least 600 specialist doctors were required at various community health centers in Punjab, but only 151 were available.[48]
The table below shows the district wise number of registered doctors and other registered medical personnel in Punjab, in year 2018.[49][50] Note:- The ranks of the districts in this table are in the descending order of the number of registered doctors.
| Sr. No. | District | Doctors | Nurses | Midwives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ludhiana | 4,989 | 10,904 | 8,121 |
| 2 | Amritsar | 4,141 | 6,531 | 4,018 |
| 3 | Patiala | 3,935 | 3,279 | 1,963 |
| 4 | Jalandhar | 3,268 | 5,119 | 4,081 |
| 5 | Hoshiarpur | 1,640 | 3,944 | 2,806 |
| 6 | Sangrur | 1,286 | 2,567 | 3,374 |
| 7 | Gurdaspur | 1,058 | 6,118 | 6,472 |
| 8 | Firozpur | 1,036 | 4,459 | 3,096 |
| 9 | Bathinda | 898 | 2,104 | 2,774 |
| 10 | Rupnagar | 864 | 2,409 | 2,159 |
| 11 | Kapurthala | 737 | 2,165 | 766 |
| 12 | SAS Nagar | 545 | 2,790 | 1,788 |
| 13 | Faridkot | 499 | 2,997 | 3,037 |
| 14 | Mansa | 325 | 2,616 | 3,424 |
| 15 | Moga | 312 | 3,172 | 2,084 |
| 16 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 283 | 2,648 | 839 |
| 17 | SBS Nagar | 262 | 2,516 | 383 |
| 18 | Barnala | 200 | 2,037 | 825 |
| 19 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 198 | 2,064 | 306 |
| 20 | Fazilka | 162 | 460 | 987 |
| 21 | Pathankot | 145 | 50 | 120 |
| 22 | Tarn Taran | 84 | 3,378 | 2,370 |
| Outside State Territory | 630 | 2,855 | 989 | |
| Punjab | 29,772 | 77,182 | 56,782 |
The table below shows the population served per doctor, per nurse and per midwife by districts of Punjab, in the year 2018.[52][53][54][55] Note:- The ranks of the districts in the table are in the ascending order of the population served per doctor.
| Sr. No. | District | Doctor | Nurse | Midwife |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Faridkot | 499 | 224 | 225 |
| 2 | Patiala | 551 | 161 | 1,172 |
| 3 | Amritsar | 661 | 424 | 689 |
| 4 | Jalandhar | 729 | 465 | 5,943 |
| 5 | Ludhiana | 780 | 357 | 506 |
| 6 | Rupnagar | 844 | 302 | 340 |
| 7 | Bathinda | 898 | 744 | 585 |
| 8 | Hoshiarpur | 1,017 | 423 | 654 |
| 9 | Gurdaspur | 1,058 | 284 | 280 |
| 10 | Ferozpur | 1,083 | 251 | 377 |
| 11 | Kapurthala | 1,171 | 398 | 1,226 |
| 12 | Sangrur | 1,404 | 703 | 558 |
| 13 | Mansa | 2,073 | 319 | 2,376 |
| 14 | SAS Nagar | 2,264 | 442 | 739 |
| 15 | SBS Nagar | 2,408 | 250 | 2,183 |
| 16 | Barnala | 3,212 | 320 | 714 |
| 17 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 3,286 | 315 | 2,745 |
| 18 | Moga | 3,456 | 339 | 318 |
| 19 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 3,561 | 380 | 1,375 |
| 20 | Pathankot | 4,943 | 14,336 | 7,389 |
| 21 | Fazilka | 7,089 | 2,496 | 1,258 |
| 22 | Tarn Taran | 15,210 | 378 | 568 |
| Punjab | 522 | 1,234 | 950 |
The table given below shows the population served per doctor in Punjab, by years.[53]
| Year | Population | Year | Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 522 | 2000 | 1,490 |
| 2012 | 1,170 | 1999 | 1,485 |
| 2010 | 1,250 | 1998 | 1,483 |
| 2008 | 1,225 | 1997 | 1,472 |
| 2007 | 1,316 | 1996 | 1,499 |
| 2006 | 1,263 | 1995 | 1,487 |
| 2005 | 1,388 | 1994 | 1,501 |
| 2004 | 1,468 | 1993 | 1,608 |
| 2003 | 1,489 | 1992 | 1,481 |
| 2002 | 1,324 | 1991 | 1,514 |
| 2001 | 1,472 | 1990 | 1,589 |
The table below shows the district wise population served per bed.[56]
| Sr. No. | District | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Faridkot | 800 |
| 2 | Amritsar | 822 |
| 3 | Patiala | 941 |
| 4 | Hoshiarpur | 1,051 |
| 5 | SBS Nagar | 1,101 |
| 6 | Rupnagar | 1,103 |
| 7 | Kapurthala | 1,141 |
| 8 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 1,218 |
| 9 | Barnala | 1,262 |
| 10 | Tarn Taran | 1,402 |
| 11 | Jalandhar | 1,411 |
| 12 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 1,427 |
| 13 | Gurdaspur | 1,437 |
| 14 | Mansa | 1,523 |
| 15 | Sangrur | 1,612 |
| 16 | Pathankot | 1,694 |
| 17 | Ferozpur | 1,700 |
| 18 | Moga | 1,700 |
| 19 | SAS Nagar | 1,704 |
| 20 | Fazilka | 1,709 |
| 21 | Bathinda | 1,927 |
| 22 | Ludhiana | 2,397 |
| Punjab | 1,338 |
See also edit
References edit
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- ^ "What Epidemics from the Colonial Era Can Teach Us About Society's Response". The Wire. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Public response towards plague prevention policies in colonial Punjab historyjournal.net
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- ^ a b c National Family Health Survey 5 2019 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
- ^ a b https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1606209
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- ^ a b "India National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16" (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare – Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
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- ^ https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09232-w, Fig. 3, Fig. 4
- ^ https://finance.punjab.gov.in/uploads/05Jul2022/52e95928-fcf0-4ac0-b1d3-f24c151c371f_20220705153029.pdf, 1.11
- ^ https://finance.punjab.gov.in/uploads/05Jul2022/52e95928-fcf0-4ac0-b1d3-f24c151c371f_20220705153029.pdf, 1.11
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327552239_Health_Expenditure_Pattern_Among_Scheduled_Castes_In_Rural_Punjab, Page Number 55, Table 2
- ^ 'Scheduled Castes Sub Plan 2022-23', Government of Punjab, Department of Social Justice, Empowerment and Minorities, Directorate of scheduled castes sub plan, Part 1, Page 8, Fig 10, http://welfare.punjab.gov.in/Static/PDF/SCSP/Archieves/SCSP2022-23ENGLISH.pdf
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- ^ https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/pm-dedicates-aiims-bathinda-sangrur-pgi-satellite-centre-to-public/ar-BB1iSk7s
- ^ https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1171925
- ^ https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/hospital-diagnostics/punjab-gets-first-institute-of-liver-and-biliary-sciences-in-mohali-125204
- ^ https://pilbs.punjab.gov.in/
- ^ 'Punjab health service faces doctor shortage, patients left in lurch; govt seeks more time'- India Today, by Manjeet Sehgal, Chandigarh, Updated: Feb 22, 2023, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/punjab-health-service-faces-doctors-shortage-patients-left-in-lurch-government-seeks-more-time-2338280-2023-02-22
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- ^ a b "District-wise Registered Nurses in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ "District_wise Number of registered Midwives in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ a b "District-wise Population Served per Medical and Para Medical Personnel in Punjab". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d "District_wise Population served per Doctor in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ a b "District_wise Population served per Nurse in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ a b "District_wise Population served per Midwife in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ a b "District-wise Population served per bed in Punjab from 1968 to 2018 (April to March)". data.gov.in. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.