Health care sharing ministries (HCSM) are organizations in the United States in which health care costs are shared among members with common ethical or religious beliefs in a risk-pooling framework in some ways analogous to, but distinct from, health insurance.
Members of health care sharing ministries were exempt from the individual mandate requirement of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that required individuals to have insurance from 2010 until 2019 when the federal tax penalty for violating the individual mandate was dropped under the terms of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.[1][2]
Tennessee has a law stating that health care sharing ministries are not subject to state regulatory requirements for insurance companies.[3]
History
editPredecessors to health care sharing ministries date back to at least the early 1900s. For many decades, "in Amish and Mennonite communities across the [US], people pooled their money to lighten the burden of debt for individuals during hard times."[4] In the late 20th century, this broadened out to larger communities by larger cost-sharing ministries within the Christian community.[4]
Most health care sharing ministries are oriented toward practicing Christians.[5]
The State of Oklahoma contested Medi-Share in 2007 for marketing information that promoted the cost-sharing option as "insurance", but that issue was resolved when they changed their approach, and by 2010, Medi-Share was able to operate in Oklahoma once again.[6] In 2002, Kentucky obtained a restraining order to stop the sale of Medi-Share memberships because the company was selling unauthorized insurance.[7] The president of the group operating Medi-Share has said that Medi-Share is "not promising to pay anyone's bills. It's more of a step in faith. We trust in the Lord."[8] A majority of states, however, have enacted safe harbor laws specifying that the ministries are not insurance and do not need to be regulated as such. In addition, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services issues exemption letters to ministries that have met the criteria to operate independently of the Affordable Care Act.
In 2010, at the time the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed, there were estimated to be about 100,000 people belonging to some type of medical bill-sharing ministry.[6] By 2014, it was estimated to be 160,000; and by 2018, that number in the US had grown to 1 million.[4]
The future of health care sharing ministries after Obamacare's individual mandate repeal was unclear[when?], but a work published by Harvard Law School suggested that many people may continue to use them, and they could even expand for people ineligible for healthcare subsidies (i.e. above the income threshold).[9]
Membership
editA January 2015 op-ed in The New York Times stated that the four main healthcare ministries in the US have a total combined membership of about 340,000, that membership has grown significantly because of the healthcare ministries' exemption to the insurance mandate of the Affordable Care Act, and that monthly cost of membership in a health care sharing ministry is generally lower than the cost of insurance rates.[10] The Seattle Times also reported that membership had grown significantly, in a 2015 article.[11]
Most health sharing ministries tend to have restrictions. They usually require members to be in good health and make a statement of belief, as well. For instance, Samaritan Ministries requires a statement of Christian faith including belief in the true God and divinity of Jesus; Liberty HealthShare and Freedom HealthShare are more inclusive, accepting members with a wide variety of religious and ethical beliefs.[citation needed]
Requirements under the Affordable Care Act
editIn order for members to be exempt from the since-repealed tax penalties outlined in the Affordable Care Act, ministries must meet the following qualifications:
- Must be a 501(c)(3) organization
- Members must share common ethical or religious beliefs
- Must not discriminate membership based on state of residence or employment
- Members cannot lose membership due to development of a medical condition
- Must have (or a predecessor must have) existed and been in practice continually since December 31, 1999 (a grandfather clause)
- Must be subject to an annual audit by an independent CPA which must be publicly available upon request[12]
The five ministries that meet these qualifications are Christian Healthcare Ministries, Liberty HealthShare, Medi-Share, Samaritan Ministries[citation needed], and OneShare[citation needed].
In 2017, a healthcare sharing organization tailored to Jews, United Refuah, was launched. The group claims to be recognized as a healthcare sharing organization by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).[13]
Tax deductibility
editMonthly share payments are not deductible from US federal income tax as either a medical expense (because it is not a payment for insurance) or a charitable deduction (because it is a payment for goods and services). Member payment in excess of their required monthly minimum, however, may be deductible as a charitable contribution.[14] In a proposed rule, dated June 8, 2020 the IRS has proposed to change the deductibility of share payments.[15]
Criticism
editUnlike regulated insurance companies, health care sharing ministries do not guarantee payment for members' health care and are not required by law to pay their members' claims for legitimate medical expenses.[16][17][18]
Health insurance brokers in Massachusetts are not allowed to market health care sharing ministry memberships to consumers, to avoid misleading consumers into thinking they are low-price guaranteed-issue insurance plans. HCSMs are not required to cover pre-existing conditions, which has led to disputes over denial of payment.[19]
In 2020, the California Department of Insurance issued a cease and desist order to Aliera Healthcare, Inc., and Trinity Healthshares, Inc., founded by Timothy Moses and his wife Shelley Steele, for violating California law by misleading California consumers into purchasing their products. It is estimated that Aliera and the Moses family pocketed 84% of member monthly plan sharing, allowing for up to 16% to be invested into the healthcare sharing ministry fund and drawing much criticism, as Affordable Care Act health plans require up to 80% of premiums to be paid towards medical plans. [20]
In 2021 comedian John Oliver set up a mock healthcare sharing ministry in Florida called Our Lady of Perpetual Health (following his earlier satire Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption), satirizing what HCSMs are allowed to do by law, essentially having no obligation to provide any care.[21][22]
In 2024 James L. McGinnis and Craig Anthony Reynolds, co-founders of Medical Cost Sharing, both pleaded guilty to wire fraud conspiracy. Their health care sharing ministry had received over $8 million in member contributions, of which they paid $5 million to themselves while paying out just $248,000 in health care claims.[23][24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Pub. L. 111–148 (text) (PDF) Sec. 5000A(d)(2)(b)(i)
- ^ "The Religious Alternative To Obamacare's Individual Mandate". NPR. Archived from the original on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- ^ "HB 1163: Healthcare Sharing Ministries Freedom to Share Act". Tennessee General Assembly. March 15, 2024.
- ^ a b c Laura Santhanam (16 January 2018). "1 million Americans pool money in religious ministries to pay for health care". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ Whyte, Liz Essley. "Sharing Health". Philanthropy Magazine. Archived from the original on 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
- ^ a b "Sharing ministries offer alternative to health insurance". Dallas Morning News. 28 December 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ Boodman, Sandra G. (October 25, 2005). "Seeking Divine Protection". The Washington Post.
- ^ Roberson, Jason (December 29, 2010). "Sharing ministries offer alternative to health insurance". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Dong, Aobo (January 17, 2018), "Health Care Sharing Ministries (HCSMs) after Tax-Penalty Repeal", Bill of Health (blog), Harvard Law Petrie-Flom Center, archived from the original on 2018-02-02, retrieved 2018-02-01
- ^ Worthen, Molly (31 January 2015). "Onward, Christian Health Care?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- ^ "Banking on faith: Cost-sharing ministries offer Obamacare alternative". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
- ^ Pub. L. 111–148 (text) (PDF) Sec. 5000A(d)(2)(b)(ii)
- ^ Images, Getty (15 February 2019). "Jews Now Have A Faith-Based Alternative To Health Insurance. But It's Risky". The Forward. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Roane, Dayna (1 March 2014), "Religious exemptions form health care individual mandate", Journal of Accountancy, archived from the original on 19 January 2017, retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ^ "Proposed regulations address direct primary care arrangements and health care sharing ministry memberships". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
- ^ Meyer, Deborah L. (August 30, 2018). "Health Insurance Too Expensive? A Cheaper Option to Investigate". Kiplinger. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Hawryluk (June 12, 2023). "More Americans use health care sharing plans, despite lack of protections". CBS News. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ Ingalls, Chris (February 27, 2024). "'Don't fall for it': Healthcare sharing ministries look like insurance, but they're not". KING_TV Seattle. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ "She's stuck with $75,000 in bills after her 'health care sharing ministry' refuses to pay". The Boston Globe.
- ^ Abelson, Reed (10 March 2020). "California Cracks Down on Alternative Health Plans". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ^ Horton, Adrian (28 June 2021). "John Oliver on healthcare ministries: 'They are not health insurance'". The Guardian.
- ^ "John Oliver's JohnnyCare". JohnnyCare. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
The JohnnyCare Community provides for all your eligible* medical needs.
(*The Web site clarifies that no needs are actually eligible.) - ^ "Man pleads guilty in health care fraud". News-Press Now. April 8, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ^ "Co-founder pleads guilty in $8M Christian health care ministry scheme". Kansas City Business Journal. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
Further reading
edit- Andrews, Michelle (25 April 2011). "Ministries allow Christians to share health-care costs". Washington Post.
- Boyd, Benjamin (2013). "Health Care Sharing Ministries: Scam or Solution". Journal of Law and Health. 26 (2): 219–283.
- Boyd, Benjamin (2013). "Obamacare's Silver Lining: Health Care Sharing Ministries". Liberty Legal Journal. 21.
- Brase, Twila (January 2010). "Medical sharing: An inexpensive alternative to health insurance" (PDF). Citizens’ Council on Health Care.
- Eastman, Kevin; Ruhland, Joseph S.; Eastman, Alan (2010). "Regulation of health care sharing ministries". Journal of Insurance Regulation. 29 (2): 189–206. ISSN 0736-248X. ProQuest 819664966. (or via EBSCO)
- "Faithful flocking to another option for healthcare costs". Nursing. 47 (3). Ovid Technologies / Wolters Kluwer Health: 15. 2017. doi:10.1097/01.nurse.0000512880.99009.2d. ISSN 0360-4039. S2CID 38045017.
- Galarneau, Charlene (12 February 2015). "Health Care Sharing Ministries and Their Exemption From the Individual Mandate of the Affordable Care Act". Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 12 (2). Springer Nature: 269–282. doi:10.1007/s11673-015-9610-3. ISSN 1176-7529. PMID 25672616. S2CID 10638955.
- Galarneau, Charlene (2016). Communities of Health Care Justice. Critical Issues in Health and Medicine. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-7768-5.
- Grover, Samuel T. (2011). "Religious Exemptions to the PPACA's Health Insurance Mandate". American Journal of Law & Medicine. 37 (4). SAGE Publications: 624–651. doi:10.1177/009885881103700404. ISSN 0098-8588. PMID 22292214. S2CID 10952265.
- Henriques, Diana B. (20 October 2006). "Ministry's Medical Program Is Not Regulated". The New York Times.
- Lilienstein, David; Cho, Jessica (September 2016). "When religion gets in the way of health care" (PDF). Plaintiff Magazine. pp. 7–14. (As published with advertising)
- Markoe, Lauren (6 October 2014). "Following Evangelicals, Traditional Catholics Create a Health Insurance Alternative". Sojourners.
- Paquette, Danielle (29 August 2014). "'Christians are just healthier': One family's cost-sharing alternative to Obamacare". Washington Post.
- Roane, Dayna (2014). "Religious Exemptions from the Health Care Individual Mandate". Journal of Accountancy. 217 (3): 62.
- Smietana, Bob (23 January 2014). "For some Christians, sharing medical bills is a godly alternative". Washington Post.
- Somashekhar, Sandhya (5 June 2014). "More Americans who oppose Obamacare are turning to faith-based nonprofits to cover medical expenses". Washington Post.
- Worthen, Molly (1 January 2015). "Onward, Christian Health Care?". The New York Times.
External links
edit- Brase, Twila (1 April 2010) [2009]. "Medical Sharing Ministries (MSM): Comparison chart" (PDF). Citizens’ Council on Health Care.
- Alliance of Health Care Sharing Ministries