Habronattus pyrrithrix is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae.[1][2][3][4] It is found in the southwestern United States and western Mexico.[2][5]
| Habronattus pyrrithrix | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male from La Habra, California | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Habronattus |
| Species: | H. pyrrithrix
|
| Binomial name | |
| Habronattus pyrrithrix (Chamberlin, 1924)
| |
A key predator is the larger jumping spider Phidippus californicus.
The males have bold black stripes, but the females have uniform coloration. The stripes are not known to confer any advantage.[6]
Habitat and Diet edit
Habronattus pyrrithrix is found in grassy areas covered in plant material or by bodies of water.[7][8][9] They feed on various prey, including flies, caterpillars, aphids, and other spiders.[7] They display a color preference when foraging by avoiding yellow or red-colored prey.[7] This may be because red and yellow colors are linked with prey that are capable of utilizing chemical defenses, such as ladybugs, and may be harmful if consumed by predators.[7]
Mating and Reproduction edit
Sexual dimorphism edit
Habronattus pyrrithrix displays sexual dimorphism with respect to their size and coloration.[7][8][9] Females are cryptically colored with brown and grey coloration, which makes it easier for them to blend into the environment.[7][8][9] Females are also larger than males, posing a risk for males during courtship as they can easily become victims of cannibalism.[9][10][11] Male H. pyrrithrix display bright condition-dependent coloration with distinct red faces and green legs.[7][8][9] The condition-dependent colors depend on the diet of the males, with higher-quality diets resulting in brighter coloration.[8] This bright coloration on the males also helps signify their quality[7][9] and age[12] to females during courtship. Males will court whatever females they encounter, which can lead to aggression by females from other species.[10] The colors improve species recognition so that males can present themselves to and be recognized by females of the same species.[9][10][13] Sexual selection favors the distinct coloration and morphologies found in males and drives the diversification of this species from others in the genus.[7][9][11] While the condition-dependent coloration of males is a beneficial signifier of their quality, they do not always increase mating success.[13] The red coloration may play a bigger role in species recognition, and it is other traits, such as body size or condition, that females prefer; further understanding of why some traits are preferred by females over others during mate choice is required.[13]
Courtship edit
H. pyrrithrix males use multimodal displays[9][11][14] when courting females, including complex movements, vibrations, and signals on top of their distinct coloration.[7][9][13] Courtship occurs in a range of environments, from open to shaded areas.[9] The advantage the males' bright colors provide varies with the environment, as courtship success improves when males display their colors in the sun.[9] When courting in more shaded areas, the red coloration of the males' faces may not be as prominent, thus requiring females to assess males via male body size or their seismic signals/vibrations.[9][11] During their complex courtship displays, male H. pyrrithrix approaches females with zig-zag movements and waving legs while closing the distance between them.[13] They make sure to stay front-facing with the females in order to keep their attention.[15] Females tend to move around during a male's courtship display, which may be why males rely on more than just visual displays to capture a mate's attention.[15] Males then produce substrate-borne vibrations,[7][9][13] along with leg flicks, by striking their abdomen against the substrate they are on, which produces vibrations or seismic signals sensed by the females.[14] If females seem receptive and safe to approach, males then mount and engage in copulation.[13][14] The combination of visual and substrate-borne displays increases male reproductive success and decreases cannibalism by unimpressed females.[9][11][14] Sexual cannibalism in this species is a form of sexual conflict in which the males do not gain any benefits from being eaten by the females. Only the females benefit from this conflict as they are able to gain a source of nutrition, while the males cannot pass on their genome. Therefore, it is beneficial to the males to successfully court females so that they are receptive to them. In some instances, females may show higher aggression toward the males they deem are in better condition; these aggressive behaviors could be another way in which females assess the quality of the male and their ability to overcome the risk that comes with mating.[13] This combination of displays also reduces the courtship time, allowing the individuals to choose mates quickly and spend less time exposed to the risk of predation.[11]
Predator Deception edit
Males risk predation when they are searching for mates or engage in courtship behaviors.[10] Male Habronattus pyrrithrix spend more time than females when moving around their environment and finding an individual to mate with.[16] Accompanied by their bright coloration, this increased movement in open habitats places males at a higher risk of gaining predator attention.[16] Males combat this risk with their clearly visible dorsal patterns.[16] These patterns are not used for courtship displays and are not bright in coloration.[16] H. pyrrithrix males display these dorsal patterns in addition to leg-waving to mimic the antennas of wasps or bees and deceive predators.[16] The higher rates of movement in males versus females preserve the evolution of cryptic dorsal coloration in both individuals.[16] Further studies on non-display colorations and predator deception in Habronattus could provide a look into the evolution of diverse color patterns.
References edit
- ^ "Habronattus pyrrithrix Species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
- ^ a b "Habronattus pyrrithrix Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
- ^ "Habronattus pyrrithrix Overview". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
- ^ "NMBE World Spider Catalog, Habronattus pyrrithrix". Retrieved 2018-02-08.
- ^ Griswold, Charles E. (1987). "A revision of the jumping spider genus Habronattus F. O. P.-Cambridge (Araneae; Salticidae), with Phenetic and Cladistic Analyses". University of California Publications in Entomology. 107: 1–344.
- ^ Grover, Natalie (23 June 2021). "Makeup fails to solve mystery of why jumping spiders have back stripes". The Guardian.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Taylor, Lisa A.; Maier, Emily B.; Byrne, Kevin J.; Amin, Zarreen; Morehouse, Nathan I. (2014-04-01). "Colour use by tiny predators: jumping spiders show colour biases during foraging". Animal Behaviour. 90: 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.01.025. ISSN 0003-3472.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, Lisa A.; Clark, David L.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2014). "From spiderling to senescence: ontogeny of color in the jumping spider, Habronattus pyrrithrix". The Journal of Arachnology. 42 (3): 268–276. doi:10.1636/0161-8202-42.3.268. ISSN 0161-8202. JSTOR 24365301.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Taylor, Lisa A.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2013). "Male ornamental coloration improves courtship success in a jumping spider, but only in the sun". Behavioral Ecology. 24 (4): 955–967. doi:10.1093/beheco/art011. ISSN 1465-7279.
- ^ a b c d Taylor, Lisa A.; Powell, Erin C.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2017-04-05). "Frequent misdirected courtship in a natural community of colorful Habronattus jumping spiders". PLOS ONE. 12 (4): e0173156. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1273156T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173156. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5381776. PMID 28379968.
- ^ a b c d e f Elias, Damian O.; Hebets, Eileen A.; Hoy, Ronald R.; Mason, Andrew C. (2005-04-01). "Seismic signals are crucial for male mating success in a visual specialist jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae)". Animal Behaviour. 69 (4): 931–938. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.06.024. ISSN 0003-3472.
- ^ Taylor, Lisa A.; Clark, David L.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2011). "Condition dependence of male display coloration in a jumping spider (Habronattus pyrrithrix)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 65 (5): 1133–1146. doi:10.1007/s00265-010-1127-5. ISSN 0340-5443. JSTOR 41414075.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Taylor, Lisa A.; Clark, David L.; McGraw, Kevin J. (2014-07-01). "Natural variation in condition-dependent display colour does not predict male courtship success in a jumping spider". Animal Behaviour. 93: 267–278. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.05.005. ISSN 0003-3472.
- ^ a b c d Elias, Damian O.; Maddison, Wayne P.; Peckmezian, Christina; Girard, Madeline B.; Mason, Andrew C. (March 2012). "Orchestrating the score: complex multimodal courtship in the Habronattus coecatus group of Habronattus jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae): MULTIMODAL COURTSHIP IN HABRONATTUS". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 105 (3): 522–547. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01817.x.
- ^ a b Echeverri, Sebastian A; Morehouse, Nathan I; Zurek, Daniel B (2017-08-22). "Control of signaling alignment during the dynamic courtship display of a jumping spider". Behavioral Ecology. 28 (6): 1445–1453. doi:10.1093/beheco/arx107. ISSN 1045-2249.
- ^ a b c d e f Taylor, Lisa A.; Cook, Collette; McGraw, Kevin J. (2019-10-16). "Variation in activity rates may explain sex-specific dorsal color patterns in Habronattus jumping spiders". PLOS ONE. 14 (10): e0223015. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1423015T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223015. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6795386. PMID 31618242.
Further reading edit
- Bradley, Richard A. (2012). Common Spiders of North America. University of California Press.
- Ubick, Darrell (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society.
- Maddison, WP (2017). "New species of Habronattus and Pellenes jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Harmochirina)". ZooKeys (646): 45–72. Bibcode:2017ZooK..646...45M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.646.10787. PMC 5299439. PMID 28228675.
- Maddison, WP; Evans, SC; Hamilton, CA; Bond, JE; Lemmon, AR; Lemmon, EM (2017). "A genome-wide phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae), using anchored hybrid enrichment". ZooKeys (695): 89–101. Bibcode:2017ZooK..695...89M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.695.13852. PMC 5673835. PMID 29134008.
External links edit
Media related to Habronattus pyrrithrix at Wikimedia Commons
