The HX-63 was an advanced rotor machine designed by Crypto AG founder Boris Hagelin. Development of the device started in 1952 and lasted a decade.[1][2] The machine had nine rotors, each with 41 contacts. There were 26 keyboard inputs and outputs, leaving 15 wires to "loop back" through the rotors via a different path. Moreover, each rotor wire could be selected from one of two paths. The movement of the rotors was irregular and controlled by switches. There were two plugboards with the machine; one to scramble the input, and one for the loop-back wires. The machine also used a technique called reinjection (also called reentry), which increased its security exponentially. The machine could be set up in around 10600 different configurations.[2]
 A diagram of a loopback-rotor construction; in this simplified example, two rotors with nine contacts each are used. There are six inputs and outputs, leaving three loop-back wires. | |
| Type | rotor machine |
|---|---|
William Friedman, the first chief cryptologist of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), was alarmed when he read Hagelin's patent on the machine. Friedman realized that the machine was more secure than the NSA's KL-7 and unbreakable. Friedman and Hagelin were good friends from World War II, and Friedman called on Hagelin to terminate the program, which CryptoAG did.[2]
Only twelve of these machines were manufactured, and it was adopted by only one department of the French Government (about 1960).[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Klaus Schmeh (2008). Codeknacker gegen Codemacher: die faszinierende Geschichte der Verschlüsselung; [Sachbuch]. W3l GmbH. pp. 208–. ISBN 978-3-937137-89-6.
- ^ a b c Paul, Jon D. (August 31, 2021). "The Scandalous History of the Last Rotor Cipher Machine". IEEE. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
- ^ Cipher A. Deavours; Louis Kruh (1 January 1985). Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis. Artech House. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-89006-161-9.
External links
edit- Jerry Proc's pages — photographs and a brief description
- Notice of a past eBay auction of an HX-63
- John Savard's discussion on the machine
Further reading
edit- Cipher A. Deavours and Louis Kruh, "Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis", Artech House, 1985, p199.
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