Generalized inversive congruential pseudorandom numbers

An approach to nonlinear congruential methods of generating uniform pseudorandom numbers in the interval [0,1) is the Inversive congruential generator with prime modulus. A generalization for arbitrary composite moduli with arbitrary distinct primes will be present here.

Let . For integers with gcd (a,m) = 1 a generalized inversive congruential sequence of elements of is defined by

where denotes the number of positive integers less than m which are relatively prime to m.

Example

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Let take m = 15 =   and  . Hence   and the sequence   is not maximum.

The result below shows that these sequences are closely related to the following inversive congruential sequence with prime moduli.

For   let   and   be integers with

 

Let   be a sequence of elements of  , given by

 

Theorem 1

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Let   for   be defined as above. Then

 

This theorem shows that an implementation of Generalized Inversive Congruential Generator is possible, where exact integer computations have to be performed only in   but not in  

Proof:

First, observe that   and hence   if and only if  , for   which will be shown on induction on  .

Recall that   is assumed for  . Now, suppose that   and   for some integer  . Then straightforward calculations and Fermat's Theorem yield

 ,

which implies the desired result.

Generalized Inversive Congruential Pseudorandom Numbers are well equidistributed in one dimension. A reliable theoretical approach for assessing their statistical independence properties is based on the discrepancy of s-tuples of pseudorandom numbers.

Discrepancy bounds of the GIC Generator

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We use the notation   where     of Generalized Inversive Congruential Pseudorandom Numbers for  .

Higher bound

Let  
Then the discrepancy   satisfies
    <   ×   ×   ×   for any Generalized Inversive Congruential operator.

Lower bound:

There exist Generalized Inversive Congruential Generators with
      ×   : ×   for all dimension s  :≥ 2.

For a fixed number r of prime factors of m, Theorem 2 shows that   for any Generalized Inversive Congruential Sequence. In this case Theorem 3 implies that there exist Generalized Inversive Congruential Generators having a discrepancy   which is at least of the order of magnitude   for all dimension  . However, if m is composed only of small primes, then r can be of an order of magnitude   and hence   for every  .[1] Therefore, one obtains in the general case   for every  .

Since  , similar arguments imply that in the general case the lower bound in Theorem 3 is at least of the order of magnitude   for every  . It is this range of magnitudes where one also finds the discrepancy of m independent and uniformly distributed random points which almost always has the order of magnitude   according to the law of the iterated logarithm for discrepancies.[2] In this sense, Generalized Inversive Congruential Pseudo-random Numbers model true random numbers very closely.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An introduction to the theory of numbers, 5th ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979.
  2. ^ J. Kiefer, On large deviations of the empiric d.f. Fo vector chance variables and a law of the iterated logarithm, PacificJ. Math. 11(1961), pp. 649-660.

Notes

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  • Eichenauer-Herrmann, Jürgen (1994), "On Generalized Inversive Congruential Pseudorandom Numbers", Mathematics of Computation, 63 (207) (first ed.), American Mathematical Society: 293–299, doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1994-1242056-8, JSTOR 2153575