Elizabeth Hardy (chemist)

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy (July 31, 1915 – June 26, 2008)[1] was a Canadian-American chemist who discovered the Cope rearrangement while working in Arthur C. Cope's research group at Bryn Mawr College.[2][3][4] The rearrangement drew upon the electronic models of Edward D. Hughes and Christopher Kelk Ingold, but also the non-electronic work of Rainer Ludwig Claisen and Ernst Tietze.[5]

Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy
Born(1915-07-31)July 31, 1915
DiedJune 26, 2008(2008-06-26) (aged 92)
Alma materBryn Mawr College
Scientific career
FieldsOrganic Chemistry
Thesis Molecular Rearrangements in Three Carbon Systems  (1942)

Early life and education

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Elizabeth MacGregor Hardy was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to parents Thomas Woodburne Hardy and Margaret Ada (Graham) Hardy. Hardy attended McGill University and graduated with a Bachelor in Science in 1938.[6] In 1939, Hardy obtained a Master of Arts degree from Bryn Mawr College. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1942 at Bryn Mawr College, working in the labs of Arthur C. Cope.[7] Hardy and Evelyn Hancock, another graduate student, coauthored nearly half of Cope's papers from Bryn Mawr.[8]

Hardy went on to work for American Cyanamid.[7]

Career and research

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Hardy worked as assistant professor of organic chemistry at Bryn Mawr College in 1939 and 1940. In the years 1942–1958, Hardy worked as a chemist at Calco Chemical Division, subsequently she worked as a literature chemist at Lederle Labs from 1958 to 1975. After working for Lederle, Hardy worked as a senior resident literature chemist for American Cyanamid Company from 1975 on.[6] She was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society and Chemical Institute of Canada. Hardy worked in a number of different research areas including molecular rearrangements, preparation of unsaturated esters and ketones, vat dyestuffs, esterification of leuco vat dyes, organosulfur compounds, and pharmaceutical chemistry.[6]

Publications and patents

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Hardy has a considerable number of publications and patents under her name and in collaboration with other scientists.

References

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  1. ^ Ancestry.com.U.S.,Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2014
  2. ^ Olson, Julie A.; Shea, Kevin M. (17 May 2011). "Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women". Accounts of Chemical Research. 44 (5): 311–321. doi:10.1021/ar100114m. PMID 21417324.
  3. ^ Acton, Q. Ashton (May 1, 2013). Issues in Chemistry and General Chemical Research (2013 ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: ScholarlyEditions. p. 354. ISBN 9781490106311.
  4. ^ Cope, Arthur C.; Hardy, Elizabeth M. (February 1940). "The Introduction of Substituted Vinyl Groups. V. A Rearrangement Involving the Migration of an Allyl Group in a Three-Carbon System". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (2): 441–444. doi:10.1021/ja01859a055.
  5. ^ Gelfert, Axel (2016). How to do science with models : a philosophical primer. Springer International Publishing. pp. 91–95. ISBN 9783319279527.
  6. ^ a b c American Men & Women of Science. New York and Longon: R.R. Bowker Company. 1982. p. 488.
  7. ^ a b Wilson, Anne M. (2009). "Harry S. Mosher and Arthur C. Cope, Early Organic Chemists Who Mentored Women" (PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 34 (1): 21–29. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  8. ^ Roberts, John D.; Sheehan, John C. (1991). "Arthur Clay Cope" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 60: 17–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  9. ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 2, 441-444 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01859a055
  10. ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 12, 3319-3323 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01869a013
  11. ^ . Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 7, 1852-1857 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01852a014
  12. ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 10, 1747-1752 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01238a039
  13. ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 7, 3094-3099 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a036
  14. ^ J. Org. Chem. 1955, 20, 4, 475-487 https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01122a010
  15. ^ Application January 17, 1944, Serial No. 518,585. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Application May 21, 1956 Serial No. 585,972. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Application May 17, 1957. Serial No.659,764 (17 May 1957). "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Filed: April 22, 1959, Ser. No. 807980. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Application May 14, 1953, Serial No. 355,178. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Application April 7, 1954, Serial No. 421,700. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Application January 18, 1946, Serial No. 642,102. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Application January 17, 1951, Serial No. 206,516. "United States Patent Office".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)