Draft:Shield horn

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The Schildhorn, the Jürgenlanke and the denkmalgeschützte Ensemble Wirtshaus Schildhorn were a favorite destination for Berlin's Sunday excursionists in the 1880s. The decline in excursion restaurants after the World War II led to a loss of function and attractiveness of the area, which the Berlin Senate could only partially compensate for despite targeted countermeasures.

In addition to the Havel landscape and the restaurants, visitors are attracted by the Schildhorn monument, which Friedrich August Stüler designed in 1845 based on pencil sketches by Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia. The monument was one of a sculptural group of three with which the king in the "often dead and uninteresting areas" of Mark Brandenburg Brandenburg]] to mark turning points in the state's history. It still exists, but has largely fallen into oblivion. The pillar, also known as the "Shield Horn Cross", symbolizes the Shield Horn Legend from the 19th century about the Slavic prince Jacza von Köpenick, who is said to have fled from Albrecht the Bear through the Havel here in 1157, the year the Margraviate of Brandenburg was founded. In gratitude for his rescue, Jacza professed Christianity and hung his shield and horn on a tree. Since then, the headland has been called Schildhorn.

Oil painting Schildhorndenkmal by Eduard Gaertner, 1848

Geography and geology

Location and transport connections

Aerial view of Schildhorn and Havel from the north, 2008

Schildhorn and Jürgenlanke are located in Berlin's Grunewald forest on the eastern bank of the Havel between the southern Kuhhorn and the northern DLRG water rescue station Postfenn. The peninsula protrudes northwards into the Havel, which widens into a chain of lakes here, and runs towards the Pichelswerder peninsula around 800 meters away. The opposite western bank of the Havel with the Spandau Berlin-Gatow|Gatow]] and Wilhelmstadt (Weinmeisterhöhe district) is around 600 meters away. Inland to the east

Map Schildhorn and surroundings, 2008

The Saubucht forest ranger station is located in the second direction and after another 400 meters on the Schildhornweg follows the Friedhof der Namenlosen, the Friedhof Grunewald-Forst. After a further 1.5 kilometers or so, the nature reserve Teufelsfenn with the Teufelssee. Several hiking trails, including the Schildhornweg, lead from the Grunewald to the headland.

The peninsula and the bay are only connected to the road network via the Havelchaussee, which runs slightly above on the slope. Two roads lead down from the road. One leads to the yacht club Schildhorn]] and the second, the street Am Schildhorn, leads past the small Schildhornbaude restaurant to a public parking lot, which is located just before the peninsula at the historic Schildhorn inn. Its own landing stage is only occasionally used by smaller boats on excursions.

Geological overview map of Teltow with Grunewald (framed in red). Schildhorn is located in the area of the red shaded moraine

Part of the Teltow

Geology and also kulturräumlich Schildhorn belongs to the Teltow, which runs out to the west in the Havel lowlands. The Havel separates the Weichselian Teltow plateau from the Nauener Platte with Gatow and parts of Wilhelmstadt to the northwest. While the ground moraine plate of the Teltow is in large parts shallowly undulating and dominated by boulder clay, the Grunewald is dominated by exceptionally thick (20 meters and more) meltwater sands from the advance phase of the inland ice. In the area around Schildhorn, the advancing ice has also strongly compressed (disturbed) the sands, so that a relief of a thrust/terminal moraine determines the landscape here.

In particular, the northern edge of the - - 61 - meter high Dachsberg has a mighty compression. Schildhorn immediately follows the western foothills of Dachsberg, separated only by a narrow depression at the foot of the headland. Immediately after the playground located there, the sands rise again and form the ridge that defines Schildhorn, which lies around ten meters above the water surface of the Havel. The ridge of the peninsula is surrounded by a flat strip of shoreline, usually only a few meters wide. As late as the end of the 19th century, high water occasionally flooded the small depression in front of it and completely separated Schildhorn from the mainland.

Hydrology and climate

The Jürgenlanke has a water surface area of around six hectares, the volume is around 120,000 m³. The shallow water depth of two meters on average and the function of the bay as a natural receiving water of the Havel causes strong eutrophication. Due to the lack of flow, water exchange is severely restricted, which can lead to stagnation of the water. A thick (two to six meters) silt layer forms the bottom of the water compared to other areas of the Havel. Due to its shallow depth, lack of current and solar radiation, the Jürgenlanke freezes over quickly in winter.

The Schildhorn and the Jürgenlanke lie in a temperate climate zone in the transition area from the atlantic climate Northern/Western Europe to the continental climate Eastern Europe. The climate corresponds to that of the outskirts of Berlin. As part of the Grunewald forest, the Schildhorn is one of the inner-city "cold islands".

See Climate section in the main article: Berlin

Protected areas, flora and fauna, leisure

Landscape and water protection area

In the 1920s, Berlin's first official conservationist, Max Hilzheimer, applied for protection orders for various areas in the city of Greater Berlin, which was founded in 1920, including the Naturschutzgebiet Schildhorn]]. The application for the Schildhorn was not implemented by the city. Since 1963, the peninsula has been part of the 3063 hectare landscape conservation area Grunewald, which was established by decree on June 12, 1963. With the land use plan of 1978, the city of Berlin assigned the entire Schildhorn/Jürgenlanke area the status of public green space, with the result that, with the exception of catering facilities, new buildings are generally no longer possible. The Schildhorn is not one of the Natura 2000 areas (FFH and SPA) that have been designated within the Grunewald LSG since the 1990s. The headland lies in the water protection area of the waterworks Tiefwerder. The narrower circle around the Schildhorn fountain gallery is inaccessible as water protection zone I.

Eastern bank to the Jürgenlanke with protective device for the reed belt

Flora and fauna

A dense and protected reed belt surrounds the shoreline of the headland. The embankments and the ridge are largely characterized by a mixed forest, whose tree population consists mainly of Scots pines, oaks and, after clear-cutting in the Middle Ages and after the Second World War, pioneer trees such as sand birch, rowan ash and robinia. Wild roses]] and scattered late weeping cherrys grow in the shrub areas and riparian bushes. [Ruderal vegetation|herbaceous plants]] such as large stinging nettle, the evening primrose species Oenothera speciosa or bare quarryweed dominate the herb layer. The grasslands have a high proportion of perennial ryegrass and annual bluegrass. Numerous standing and lying deadwood is represented, which provides a habitat for a variety of organisms and is of great importance for the species protection of the numerous beetles. Some dead and dying trees are overgrown with hops. Immediately north of the Schildhorn is a Auenlandschaft, in which there are remnants of the once extensive Fahlweiden-Schwarzerlen-Auenwaldes and dense Uferweidengebüsche. The Jürgenlanke has scattered lake and pond lily stands. Due to the strong eutrophication of the often foul-smelling bay, algae blooms occasionally occur.

Numerous duck birds and reed warblers breed in the reedbeds, including the endangered Great Reed Warbler. The relatively fine, mostly sandy substrate provides an ideal habitat for the larvae of the common damselfly, a dragonfly from the damselfly family. The forest is dominated by songbirds and occasionally the tapping of a great spotted woodpecker can be heard. From the class of reptiles, the slow worm and the sand lizard are represented. [Small mammals]] are native to the Schildhorn, while the wild boars, deers and badgers, which are numerous in the Grunewald, rarely reach the peninsula.

Beach at the Schildhornspitze

"Schildhorn playground - on the trail of Prince Jaczo"

Beach and paths

At the tip of the headland, the otherwise narrow strip of shore widens and Schildhorn runs out with an approximately 100 meter long section of beach. The much-visited beach has the historic Schildhorn water rescue station, which is operated by the DLRG and whose jetty leads far out into the Havel. The station is the second oldest Berlin water rescue station after the rescue service from 1908, which is located below the Grunewaldturm around 1.6 kilometers to the south. Schildhorn is part of the well-signposted Havelhöhenweg (section 1) as a detour and "knowledge point 07". The hiking trail passes above the Jürgenlanke and then descends into the narrow depression at the foot of Schildhorn. In front of the playground in the depression, the path divides and circles the peninsula on the narrow strip of bank in both directions. In the middle of the rear playground area, a stone staircase leads up to the ridge path, at the end of which is the Schildhorn monument.

The play equipment on the extensive forest playground is largely made of wood. In addition to some of the usual play equipment such as swings, slides and climbing nets, there are wooden figures such as a small horse and cart. With the concept of the square and a child-friendly information board entitled "Playground Schildhorn - Prince Jaczo on the trail", the Berlin Senate Department wants to encourage children to "immerse themselves in the world of Jaczo". However, the plaque contains the widespread misinformation about the naming: "Prince Jaczo hung his shield and his horn on a tree here, and thus gave the Schildhorn its present name".

History

Etymology

The Schildhornsage does suggest that the name Schildhorn goes back to it, and some depictions and poems explicitly emphasize this naming (see below). Nevertheless, the derivation is not proven. Rather, the name etymologically is most likely based on the translation of a Slavic word as shield and on the Middle Low German geographical term Horn for headland, projection of land; almost all names of larger shore projections on the Havel lakes end in -horn, for example Kuhhorn, Breitehorn or Weinmeisterhorn. According to Gerhard Schlimpert, the definition Schild]] may also derive from the shape of the promontory, whose ridge, seen from the Havel, resembles the shape of a shield. However, it is more likely that Schild is the translation of the Slavic watercourse name Styte, whose polabische Ščit is based on the Urslavic ščitž = shield. The Styte was located in the immediate vicinity of the Schildhorn and is documented in 1590 and 1704 in the Spandau hereditary register as Die Styte. In Slavic, the field name was still alive in the 1930s.

One of the first maps to show the Schildhorn: The Teltowische Creis from 1788

Settlement history until 1860

With some certainty, there had been a Young Slavic settlement on the Schildhorn since the 12th  century, which lasted until the early German period. The first written mention of the peninsula under the name "Schildhorn" can be found in the Spandau hereditary register of 1590 ("[...] where a yarn train of the Havel fishermen is called 'der Schildhorn'. "). A document from 1608 in the Potsdam State Archives contains the spelling "Schilthorn" and in 1704, again in the inheritance register, it is called "Schildthorn". The first map to record the Oesfeldsche map of the area around Berlin from 1786 lists the peninsula under the name Schildhorn. The Statistisch-topographische Beschreibung der gesammten Mark Brandenburg from 1805 by Friedrich Wilhelm August Bratring has the indication "Schildhorn, Etablissement einiger Büdner, nahe bei Spandau" in volume 2. In 1845, Friedrich Wilhelm IV had the Schildhorn monument erected on the tip of the promontory. Until the end of the 1850s, Schildhorn and Jürgenlanke consisted of "[...] only a few thatched fishermen's houses and a wood keeper's hut of the Royal Forestry Depot, from which the wood felled in the Grunewald was floated across the Havel." A statistic by Richard Boeckh lists Schildhorn with two residential houses for the first time in 1861 and a directory from 1897 mentions an inn for the first time. All buildings and facilities, including those built later, are not located on the Schildhorn itself, but just before the peninsula on the banks of the Jürgenlanke.

A picnic in the Grunewald forest with a view of the Jürgenlanke and the Schildhorn inn; drawing by Knut Eswall, 1881

Picture postcard with excursion greetings from 1902

Favorite destination of Berliners in the 1880s

The construction of the Havelchaussee between 1879 and 1885 connected Schildhorn, which was around thirteen kilometers as the crow flies from the Berlin city limits at the time, with the Berlin road network. After the opening of the Wannseebahn in 1874 and especially after the opening of the Bahnhof Grunewald station in 1879, which was built especially for excursion traffic, Schildhorn became a favorite destination for Berlin's Sunday excursionists. Several tens of thousands of Sunday excursionists are said to have arrived at Grunewald station in the 1880s and visited the forest and the Schildhorn in particular. The construction of the first restaurant hall of the Wirtshaus am Schildhorn in 1881 took account of the rush of visitors. As picnics were particularly popular at this time, guests were also allowed to eat the food they had brought with them in the inn - until the 1950s -.

Late classicist residential building from 1860 with four relief medallions

Inn, restaurant halls from 1881 (left) and 1894

View from the Schildhorn over the Jürgenlanke to the inn

View from the marina over the Jürgenlanke to the tip of Schildhorn

The listed ensemble Wirtshaus Schildhorn

The buildings of the inn have been protected since 1985 as a "historically important and rare ensemble [...] that reflects an interesting chapter of historicist residential and restaurant architecture" as a building monument. The entire ensemble was built from 1865 in several stages on half a Büdnergut on the Jürgenlanke.

• The first buildings of the 1860s and 1870s were three late Classicist residential buildings on the street side. The house at Am Schildhorn No. 3 had a Wegewärter built in 1870 and decorated with four relief medallions with symbolic representations of the seasons.
• Based on designs by C. Jacob, a hall-like single-storey restaurant hall made of a light half-timbered construction with whitewashed bricks in the compartment followed in 1881, which served as an event and conference room for up to 250 people. The building is closed by a flat gabled roof, whose open roof truss is one of the significant features of the interior.
• A second hall with glazed arcades from 1894 is probably based on designs by A. Merker. The plaster construction in the Neo-Renaissance style features large round arch windows with pilasters in between and a broad, dominant cornice with a high attic. The function room for 80 to 100 people has a gallery bar. Attached is a winter garden with a terrace overlooking the water, which is lined with towering gum trees. A flat saddle roof also closes off this hall at the top.

The exterior of these buildings has been largely preserved.

Decline of the excursion restaurants and other facilities

By 1900, three large excursion restaurants had established themselves: Schröder, Richter and Ritzhaupt. With the decline in excursion restaurants after the World War II, Schildhorn and Jürgenlanke lost their appeal. In 1965, the IG Bau built the Hotel Haus Schildhorn for its Gemeinnütziges Erholungswerk (GEW) on the southern site of the former and demolished Haus Ritzhaupt, the property of which ends just before the peninsula. The garden pub is open to the public. The northern pub burnt down in part, leaving only the middle section of the former Richter House as a historic restaurant. Numerous changes of tenant accompanied the further history of the last pub. In the 1970s, there was a Wienerwald branch here. When this branch also closed, an urban and landscape planning report from 1980 prevented the planned demolition of the historic halls. After a temporary closure, a forced auction took place under a new tenant in 2003, after the number of visitors to Grunewald fell again as a result of German reunification and the opening of the Berlin Wall.

In 2008, in addition to the buildings described above, the excursion restaurant has a large summer garden for up to 1000 guests directly on the Havel/Jürgenlanke, a 50 meter long boat landing stage, beach bar and beach chairs. While the union hotel adjoins the pub area to the south, the Schildhorn marina follows to the north with a long jetty consisting of around 65 mooring boxes and a restaurant.

Loss of function and attractiveness

The report commissioned by the Berlin Senate on an urban development landscape planning Schildhorn/Jürgenlanke overall concept from 1980 noted a loss of function and attractiveness of the area with the result that the Schildhorn "threatened to lose its face more and more and gave the impression of being disorderly." The proposed countermeasures could only be partially implemented due to conflicts of interest between landscape protection, water protection, monument protection, excursion gastronomy, water sports (marina) and hiking and bathing tourism. In particular, it was not possible to develop the area into a new focus for recreation and water sports. The Berlin Senate took the report into account with partial measures such as the creation of new paths, the erection of information boards and the dismantling of a wild, unauthorized campsite.

Municipal affiliation

Schildhorn long belonged to the sphere of influence of the town of Spandau, which was independent until 1920 and is significantly older than the founding parts of Cölln and Berlin. The Neo-Slavic settlement at Schildhorn was already part of the settlement chamber in the catchment area of the Slavic Burg Spandau. Even under German rule, the Teltower Heide, the later Grunewald forest, was, according to Landbuch Karls IV. of 1375, subject to surrender and service to Spandau Castle. The Teltower Heide later received the names Spandower Heide and from 1792 Spandauer Forst, not to be confused with today's Spandauer Forst. At this time, Schildhorn was part of the Amtes Spandau. According to a Karte des Teltowischen Creises, all areas outside Berlin south of today's Heerstraße and thus also the southern Spandower Heide with Schildhorn belonged to the Landkreis Teltow in 1788. The neighboring Pichelswerder to the north remained in the Landkreis Osthavelland. Schildhorn became part of the Gutsbezirk Grunewald-Forst. It was only with the founding of Greater Berlin in 1920 that the estate district and Schildhorn became part of the newly founded 9th district of Wilmersdorf of Berlin.

Schildhorn remained connected to Spandau by post and telephone at the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the place name from this time is usually Schildhorn bei Spandau and the telephone numbers were assigned to the Teleph.-Amt Spandau. Since 2001, Schildhorn has been part of the district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, which was founded by the merger of the former districts of Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.

First known written record of the Schildhorn saga by Jacob Paul von Gundling in 1730

The Schildhorn saga

The Schildhorn saga, often referred to as the Schildhorn legend, forms the background for the Schildhorn monument and has been depicted in numerous stories, poems and paintings. The historical background of the folk legend is the last battles between Slavs and Germans, after which the Ascanian [Albrecht I (Brandenburg)|Albrecht the Bear]] founded the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157. The legend goes back to oral traditions and existed in the most diverse embellishments and variations with regard to time, place and person. According to Wilhelm Schwartz, the legend is said to have been told particularly in Pichelsdorf and other villages along the Havel as well as in Lietzow as a "partly contradictory folk tradition". The oldest, still very short transcript was written by Jacob Paul von Gundling in 1730. Instead of Jacza von Köpenick, Gundling placed the Slavic prince Pribislaw, who had already died in 1157, at the center of the story. Since the 1830s, the Schildhorn or Jacza version has gradually established itself as the best-known version, most likely based on research by the archivist and historian Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel, who replaced Pribislaw with Jacza in 1831. In brief, the best-known version of the legend has the following content:

On his escape from Albrecht the Bear, Jacza is said to have swum across the Havel on his horse. When he was in danger of drowning and the Slavic god Triglaw did not listen to his pleas for rescue, he is said to have called upon the previously hated Christian god in his distress. With the help of the Christian god, he reached the saving shore at Schildhorn, converted to Christianity out of gratitude and left his shield and his horn on a tree. This is why the peninsula bears the name Shieldhorn.

The Shield Horn Monument

The most important artistic representation of the Jacza legend is the Schildhorn monument, which the architect Friedrich August Stüler designed in 1845 based on pencil sketches by Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia.

Background and designs

Three monuments for the "dead and uninteresting" sandbells of the Mark

In the course of Romanticism, Vormärz around 1830 saw the emergence of historical painting in the Marches, expressed for example in the works of the landscape painter Carl Blechen. The "patriotic novels" by Willibald Alexis are considered to be the most popular variety in Brandenburg literature. Inspired by his travels through Italy and southern Germany, the musically gifted "Romantic on the throne", Friedrich Wilhelm IV, made the decision "to fill the often dead and uninteresting regions with the erection of [...] meaningful monuments" to revitalize the Mark. Three turning points in the state's history were to be attributed to the remote "Sandschellen" Breathing history into the area and offering incentives to travelers; Frederick William IV made pencil sketches for all three turning points himself:

• Monument (burial chapel) for Joachim Friedrich in Grünauer Forst, in memory of the Elector who died there in 1608 (not preserved, probably gave way to the expansion of the railroad site at Grünau station in 1942).
• Cross at Kremmer Damm, in memory of the battles of 1332 and 1412. Renewal of the existing cross, including a pedestal inscription in memory of Grafen von Hohenlohe, who fell on this site.
• Cross at Schildhorn (Schildhorn monument), for the founding and Christianization of the Mark in 1157.

Sketch of Frederick William IV's monument, 1844

Shield horn monument around 1900

Royal shield horn sketch for Stüler

The king's favorite object was the Schildhorn cross, whose legend "most strongly stimulated the royal imagination in its primeval Christian content and led to the most idiosyncratic monumental solution of the group of three". Schildhorn was probably well known to Friedrich Wilhelm IV. The headland lay on the banks of the Havel in the old hunting grounds of the Hohenzollerns. Together with his brothers, in particular Prince Carl, the king had revived the hunting tradition in Grunewald, or rather in the then Spandau Forest, and in the Grunewald Hunting Lodge.

In 1841, the king ordered design drawings from Schinkel's pupil Stüler for a Monument on the Schildhorn near Spandau to be erected. The Prussian Hofbaurat Stüler submitted his designs to the royal cabinet councillor Karl Albrecht Alexander von Uhden in 1843 and April 1844. The designs did not meet with the king's approval. Stüler envisaged a griffin, the Pomeranian heraldic animal, for the top of the monument, while the king, according to Uhden, "did not want the griffin [...] on the column, but either a simple cross or nothing at all". Friedrich Wilhelm IV outlined his ideas himself in 1844 as shown opposite. With the cabinet order of June 26, 1844, he then officially commissioned Stüler, who had been appointed architect to the king two years earlier, with the execution. Stüler varied the king's specifications only slightly and designed an equal-armed cross for the spire.

History of the building

Erection in 1845 and inscription in 1893

In the summer of 1845, the building council Christian Gottlieb Cantian completed the sandstone memorial column on the top of the ridge of Schildhorn. The austere octagonal column stylizes a tree stump with implied branches and, according to art historian Eva Börsch-Supan, resembles a Romanesque column with branches at the Saxon Collegiate Church of Wechselburg. A round metal shield is attached halfway up. The crowning equal-armed cross symbolizes Jacza's conversion to Christianity. Its circular shape goes back to the Trierer Marktkreuz from 958, which Archbishop Heinrich I had donated as a national emblem. It also ties in with Schinkel's second design for the Ottobrunnen in Pyritz. The monument turned out to be higher than initially planned, instead of 16, the total height was 24 feet (almost nine meters). The column originally rested on an octagonal plinth, which was set into a square base. To give the base stability in the soft Teltow soil, Cantian had it anchored on another, flatter and square base made of fieldstone. The

Shield horn monument 2014

The budget of 420&nbspReichstaler was exceeded due to the higher design. In 1893, the following inscription in Mark Brandenburg Low German was added to the massive monument base dialect:

„Grot Wendenfürst, dorch Dine Mut
Es hier dat Denkmal obgebut,
doch hite geft kin Fersten mehr,
De drever swemmt mit Schild und Speer.“
Ehemalige Inschrift Denkmalsockel

„Großer Wendenfürst, durch Deinen Mut
ist hier dies Denkmal aufgebaut,
doch heute gibt’s keinen Fürsten mehr,
der darüber schwimmt mit Schild und Speer.“
Übersetzung

Die Inschrift war mit F.v.B. gezeichnet, wurde 1910 erneuert und war spätestens 1935 nicht mehr vorhanden.

Reconstruction in 1954 and monument preservation

After its destruction in 1945, apprentices from the senate-owned Dahlem stonemason's workshop under the direction of Karl Wenk reconstructed the monument in 1954 with the help of photographs and four pieces of rubble. The reconstruction was carried out on a raised pedestal compared to the original, which was intended to better accentuate the monument on the Schildhornkuppe, which is now overgrown with trees. At the beginning of the 21st  century, the monument hidden behind trees, while at the time of its construction it was very visible from all sides and also from the Havel.

With the loss of function and attractiveness identified in the Berlin Senate's 1980 report for the Schildhorn/Jürgenlanke area, the monument, hidden behind tall trees and bushes, also increasingly fell into oblivion. A garden monument preservation report from 1989 classified the neglected monument as worthy of preservation due to its history and symbolic content. The proposed measures, such as better integration into the landscape, the erection of benches and the installation of information boards, the cleaning of the monument and the repair of cracks and demolitions, were hardly implemented by the administration. Only at the playground and at the foot of the peninsula do newer information boards of the Havelhöhenweg (Havel Heights Trail) refer to the monument and its history. The monument's surroundings and the monument itself, whose base is crumbling, still appear unkempt in 2008.

The monument in painting

Numerous photographs and paintings have captured the Schildhorn monument in pictures. The most famous depiction is the above as opening image painting by Eduard Gaertner from 1848. The painting shows the column three years after its completion, when it was still visible from all directions like a landmark on the then unwooded headland. Gaertner, whose style changed after the death of his patron Friedrich Wilhelms III from Classicist architectural painting to the more Romantic Romantic]] view of nature and history, also captured the two other monuments in the group of three for the "dead and uninteresting" Sandbars of the Margraviate. The cycle was intended for the royal watercolor collection.

Reception

Shield horn monument 2008

Art criticism

The execution of the monument was heavily criticized. The actor, theater poet and publicist Louis Schneider, member of the Tunnel over the Spree and official reader to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who died in 1861, faithfully, criticized the shape of the cross in 1869. The architect and editor K.E.O. Fritsch cited the Schildhorndenkmal in his commemorative speech of 29 January 1900 on the centenary of Stüler's birth as an example of the master builder's less successful works. Among the monuments erected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, in particular, there were significant examples of a petty and artistically immature solution: "We need only recall the monument on the Schildhorn."

Theodor Fontane hatte bereits 1860 geschrieben:

[Die Landzunge trägt an ihrer] vordersten Spitze […] ein grauschwarzes, wunderliches Bildwerk […], das halb an Telegraphenpfosten, halb an Fabrikschornsteine mahnt […]. Es wäre ausreichend gewesen, auf hoher griechischer Säule einen Schild aufzurichten und diesen Schild mit einem Kreuz von mäßiger Größe zu krönen. Das würde … «den Sieg des Kreuzes über das Heidentum» […] in aller Klarheit dargestellt haben. Archäologischer Übereifer […] hat seinen Sieg auf Kosten des guten Geschmacks gefeiert. Man hat den Stamm einer alten knorrigen Eiche in Sandstein nachgebildet und dadurch eine ohnehin schwer verständliche Figur geschaffen; der inmitten des Stammes aufgehängte Schild aber, der wie eine Scheibe an einem Pfosten klebt, schafft, aus der Ferne gesehen, vollends eine durchaus unklare und räthselhafte Figur.

Gregor Geismeier, on the other hand, criticized Fontane's remarks in 1999, as the writer of the Mark had missed the historical references to the Trier market cross and the Wechselburg collegiate church, among other things. Compared to the later monumental sculpture, which reached its peak in the Victory Avenue Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Schildhorndenkmal was characterized by idiosyncratic and creative imagination and was "an original side piece to the lively discussion about early patriotic history" at the time. The art critic Eva Börsch-Supan, on the other hand, misses Stüler's suppleness and defiance in resolutely confronting the "witty royal dilettante". Then many a royal monument would have remained a project.

During the time of National Socialism

While the Third Reich had at least occasionally appropriated the founder of the Margraviate and opponent of Jacza, Albrecht the Bear, for its ideology, there is no evidence that Schildhorn was instrumentalized by National Socialist propaganda. propaganda]]. Although Schildhorn marked Friedrich Wilhelm IV's "turning point in regional history", the Christianization of the Margraviate was the main focus of the Schildhorn Cross. Pappenheim's article in the Spandauer Zeitung of 13 July 1935 on the 90th anniversary of the monument contains no nationalist content or patriotic glorification, while songs of praise for the German Women's Labour Service or the Youth in the New Reich fill the editorial context of the article. Eberhard Faden pointed out in 1937 in the commemorative publication for Berlin's 700th anniversary that Polish chronicles are silent on Jacza's move to Brandenburg, and that the shield horn legend of Jacza's baptism, which gave Frederick William IV the reason to erect the shield horn column, only emerged in the 19th century.

It remained so quiet around Schildhorn during this time that Jews were still able to hide here in 1943. In 2007, the author Inge Deutschkron described how she saved herself in the boathouse in Schildhorn in a lecture at the German Resistance Memorial Center. The boathouse had been purchased by friends of the author in 1933 so that she could "sail in her rowing boat on the Havel without her political conversations being overheard."

Literature

Detailed literature on the legend in the main article Schildhornsage

Natur, Etymologie, Geschichte, Architektur

• Eberhard Bohm: Die letzten 150 Jahre des hevellischen Alt-Spandau. In: Wolfgang Ribbe (Hrsg.): Slawenburg, Landesfestung, Industriezentrum. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Stadt und Bezirk Spandau. Colloquium-Verlag, Berlin 1983, ISBN 3-7678-0593-6, S. 36–55.
• Karl Ludwig, Falk Trillitzsch u. a.: Schildhorn / Jürgenlanke. Städtebaulich-landschaftsplanerisches Gutachten zur Erlangung von Nutzungskonzeptionen für den Bereich Schildhorn / Jürgenlanke in Berlin (West). Auftraggeber: Der Senator für Bau- und Wohnungswesen, Berlin 1980
• Kurt Pomplun: Schildhorn – „Lieblingsziel der Berliner Sonntagsausflügler“. In: Kurt Pomplun: Von Häusern und Menschen. Berliner Geschichten. 2. Auflage. Verlag Bruno Hessling, Berlin 1976, p. 55–59
• Carola Sailer: Gartendenkmalpflegerisches Gutachten Schildhorndenkmal, Berlin-Wilmersdorf. Auftraggeber: Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umweltschutz, Abt. III – Gartendenkmalpflege. Auftragnehmer: HORTEC – Garten- und Landschaftsplanung GbR, Berlin 1989.
• Gerhard Schlimpert: Brandenburgisches Namenbuch, Teil 3, Die Ortsnamen des Teltow . Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., Weimar 1972, p. 244f.

Denkmal

• Theodor Fontane: Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. Teil 1. Die Grafschaft Ruppin, Anhang Das Schildhorn bei Spandau. Zahlreiche Ausgaben.
• Gregor Geismeier: Stülers „sinnvolle Monumente“ in der Mark. In: Die Mark Brandenburg. Marika Großer Verlag, Berlin 1999, Heft 35 (Der Architekt des Königs Friedrich August Stüler), p. 8–14
• Hans Eugen Pappenheim: 90 Jahre Säule auf dem Schildhorn. In: Spandauer Zeitung, 13. July1935. 1. Beilage
• Louis Schneider: Das Schildhorn-Denkmal. In: Louis Schneider (Hrsg.): Mittheilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte Potsdams 4 (IV. Theil). Gropius’sche Buch- und Kunsthandlung (A. Krausnick), Potsdam 1869, p. 275–281
• Felix Adalbert K. Kuhn: Jaczo von Köpenick. (literaturport.de) In: Märkische Sagen und Märchen, Berlin 1843; Darstellung der Sage

External Links

• Halbinsel Schildhorn bei Berlin.de
• Schildhorn – der vergessene Ort. Schildhorn-Initiative
• Schildhorndenkmal bei Stadt- und Kulturführer Berlin
• Schildhorn und Schildhorndenkmal. Der Grunewald im Spiegel der Zeit

References

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Categories:

• Monuments and memorials in Berlin
• Heritage sites in Berlin
• Peninsulas of Europe
• Christianity in the Middle Ages