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| Programming | |
|---|---|
| Language(s) | Russian |
| Timeshift service | 7:00—1:00 (Mon—Sun) (1967—1981) 18:00—1:00 (Mon—Fri) 9:00—1:00 (Sat—Sun) (1982—1991) 11:00—1:00 (Mon—Fri) 9:00—1:00 (Sat—Sun) (1991—1992) 9:00—1:00 (Mon—Sun) (1992—1994) 8:00/9:00—18:00 (Mon—Sun) (1994—1996) |
| Ownership | |
| Sister channels | RTR |
| History | |
| Launched | November 4, 1967 |
| Closed | November 10, 1996, 18:00 |
| Replaced by | NTV |
| Former names | 1967—1991: Programme Four 1991—1994: Channel 4 Ostankino |
Russian Universities (Russian: Российские университеты) is an all—Russian state TV channel that carried out its broadcasting from November 4, 1967 to November 10, 1996. The editorial offices and studios of the TV channel were located in the Shabolovsky Television Center (ASK-2).
History edit
1967—1991. Programme Four edit
The creation of the "Programme Four" was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution[1]. The program began broadcasting on November 4, 1967 on the 8th frequency channel in Moscow and the Moscow region. According to Georgy Ivanov, deputy chairman of the USSR State Television Broadcasting Agency, the creation of the "Programme Four" was intended "for people with increased cultural demands." By subject, it was an artistic and cultural-educational program (in fact, the analogue of this program in modern Russia is the TV channel "Culture")[2]. On the "Fourth program of the Central Television Station" there were programs about literature and other types of art, concerts, TV shows, documentary projects, feature films. A number of TV shows were filmed in a new format for Soviet television — the format of a discussion club: experts invited to the studio debated on various issues of science, culture, public life (some of the recorded broadcasts were not allowed to air by censorship)[1]. The TV channel broadcast in the evening: the programs began around 19:00[3][4].
In the early 1970s, the concept of a cultural and educational program was abandoned[1][5]. From that moment on, the "Programme Four" began to be defined as mainly sports and artistic, while its broadcasts were of different genres. A significant part of the programming was the re-airing of TV shows of the "Programme One". In 1977[6], the distribution area of the "Programme Four" expanded dramatically: in the regions of the Soviet Union, the "Programme Two" was replaced by the "Programme Four". As of 1978, the "Programme Four" was already broadcasting in 34 regions of the European part of the USSR and the capitals of nine Union republics [7] (the process of spreading the coverage area of the "Programme Four" of the territory of the USSR continued in subsequent years, as a result, in 1982, this program was transferred to the "Programme Four" and giving it the status of all-Union).
On January 1, 1982, the "Programme Four" changed its subject to educational and cognitive. Until 1982, the educational channel aired on the "Programme Three", and from January 1, 1982, it began to air on two programs — the "Programme Two" (on weekdays in the morning and afternoon) and the "Programme Four" (on weekdays in the evening and on Saturday all day). Collectively, on two programs, the volume of broadcasting of the educational channel averaged 12-13 hours per day[5]. The broadcasting time of the "Programme Four" has also changed — broadcasts began to begin, as a rule, around 16:00 on weekdays and around 8:00 on Saturdays.
The "Programme Four" was aimed at schoolchildren and young students, as well as an adult audience (in particular, programs were broadcast to help doctors, teachers, specialists of the national economy, TV lessons for self-learners of foreign languages)[8]. Educational programs (lessons, lectures, documentaries), historical films, film adaptations of Russian and world classics were broadcast. A number of programs were held exactly when this topic or book was studied in schools (such screenings were called "To help the school")[9]. The programs for students were intended both for showing in class and for individual viewing [10]. In higher educational institutions, there were also viewing rooms in which students watched the study cycles intended for them[11]. Scientists, writers, artists and the best teachers were invited as presenters and participants of educational programs. Educational programs were filmed taking into account the advice of psychologists, methodologists and teachers[12].
During the days of major sports competitions, the channel broadcast sports programs all day without commentators and basically took full responsibility, since the broadcasting of the "Programme Six" had a very weak transmitter. During the school holidays, TV shows of the "Programme Four" were broadcast on the air. During the repair work on the transmitters of the remaining programs, the "Programme Four" took over the display of the main programs.
On January 16, 1988, the program became known as the "Programme Four" (its subject matter remained the same — educational and cognitive). The broadcasting time has changed: broadcasts began to be broadcast not only on weekdays and Saturdays, but also on Sundays. At the same time, the start of broadcasts on weekdays and weekends was postponed to a later time (as a rule, broadcasts began at 20:00). Since the beginning of 1989, the program has also been broadcast on weekends in the morning and afternoon. On November 18, 1991, it began broadcasting on weekdays from 18:00 (previously from 19:00), a morning program was added from 11:00 and before the start of the afternoon break[13], from the daytime broadcast of the "Programme Two", the screening of repeats of feature television films of the Central Television Station was postponed.
1991—1994. Channel 4 Ostankino edit
On December 27, 1991, the process of liquidation of the All-Union State Television and Radio Company was started, on its basis the RGTRK «Ostankino» was established, which from January 1, 1992 began broadcasting on all its television and radio channels. The license for its broadcasting has never been issued, Channel 4 Ostankino has never been registered as a mass media outlet. After the adoption of the regulations on the RGTRK «Ostankino», the rights of the mass media were used by the TV and radio company as a whole[4], broadcasting was carried out on the basis of a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation[5]. The existing program directorate of the Ostankino Channel 4[6], unlike the Ostankino RGTRK as a whole, ITA, thematic studios and creative associations of the TV and radio company (which produced a few original programs and films of the TV channel), did not have the status of a legal entity.
The broadcasts started at 11:00, and the break began around noon. The morning program consisted of an art TV movie and a concert program or a program about art. In some cases, entertainment programs, premieres or repeats of TV documentaries could be included there. At the end of the broadcast pause, the broadcasts resumed around 17:00 and ended before midnight[7]. The weekday evening program during this period consisted of the premiere or repeat of a documentary TV movie, a repeat of some youth or popular science program [8], as well as: programs and TV films about art, concert programs and TV concerts, cartoons, foreign language lessons (Italian, French, German, Spanish and English), repeats of feature TV movies[9] (mainly domestic both single-part and multi-part mini-series). Sometimes sports broadcasts were also shown on weekdays — for example, matches of the Russian Football Championship [10] and the national team in this sport[11], both in full and in equal roles with the first program, as well as educational programs. Approximately the same thing was broadcast on weekends, including repeats of Soviet children's TV movies.
On April 13, 1992, the management of broadcasting on the morning, afternoon and early evening weekday grid was transferred to VGTRK. Since June 1, the "Educational Channel" became known as "Russian Universities", within its time, foreign language lessons and other educational programs, Soviet art and television films, as well as several music or entertainment programs and sports TV broadcasts that did not fit into the broadcast grid of the main RTR channel began to be hosted. The management of broadcasting on the late-evening weekday program (which became known as "Channel 4 Ostankino") was left to RGTRK «Ostankino». Within the framework of this block, mainly the screening of feature films remained (everything else went in smaller quantities). From the weekday program to the weekend program, the management of which was completely left to the RGTRK «Ostankino», the screening of part of the documentary TV films and all cartoons, the repetition of youth and popular science programs and experimental programs were transferred. At the same time, foreign language lessons were removed from the program grid.
The program of holidays and weekends began to include more entertainment programs, the ATV TV company ("Author's Television", "New Studio") was involved in the release of which[12]. At the same time, the President of ATV received the position of General Director of Channel 4 Ostankino. The initiative of such changes belonged to the then chairman of the TV and radio company, Egor Yakovlev, who proposed to the ATV team to rehabilitate the Channel 4 Ostankino, which was then a "teleprompter of repeats of programs and moldy training programs"[13].
On January 9, 1993, the broadcast of Channel 4 Ostankino changed. The weekday program began to consist of pop or symphony concerts, the country studies program "The Life of the Planet", the program "Billiards at half past eleven" (on Mondays), repeats of Eastern European feature films (on Tuesdays), repeats of Lenfilm studio films (on Wednesdays), theatrical performances (on Thursdays), sports broadcasts (on Fridays). Since February 15, 1993, it has also included the program "Vremechko". Initially, it was conceived as a video version of the heading "Urgent to the room!" of the popular Moscow newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets[14], but then, after several unsuccessful broadcasts in this form, it began to appear in an interactive format in the genre of folk news [15]. Also, the weekday program and the weekend program from December 4 to December 29, 1993 included the television series "Jeeves and Wooster".
On October 3, 1993, in the evening, the broadcasting of the Channel 4 Ostankino was interrupted due to the armed siege of the television center building, along with the Channel 1 Ostankino, OITV, TV-6 and MTK[clarify][16], in accordance with the order of the chairman of the RGTRK «Ostankino» Vyacheslav Bragin[17].
1992—1996: Russian Universities edit
It began broadcasting under the name "Educational Channel" on April 13, 1992, on June 1, 1992, the name "Russian Universities" was assigned to it. Initially and until January 17, 1994[9] broadcast jointly with Channel 4 Ostankino, from January 17, 1994 to November 10, 1996 - jointly with NTV [10][4]. On January 9, 1993, the release of TV shows on the educational program was transferred to VGTRK[11][12], but on April 2, 1993, RGTRK Ostankino was returned[13]. It was decided to create a TV company "Russian Universities", the founders of which were invited to become both TV organizations, but this organization was never created, and on November 22, 1993, the release of programs on the morning-afternoon program of the educational channel was assigned to VGTRK [14]. In a number of printed TV programs (magazines "7 days" and "TV PARK", as well as newspapers "Antenna-Telesem", "Arguments and Facts", "Komsomolskaya Pravda" and "Today") the channel was held under the logo "RTR — Russian Universities"; in some printed TV programs, his broadcast grid might not have been published at all[3].
The educational channel showed scientific and educational programs[15], lectures[16][3], as well as documentaries[17][18] of its own production, which were then recorded and shown in schools[19]. Such author's programs as conversations of academicians Dmitry Likhachev, Alexander Panchenko, Yuri Lotman, theater historian Alexander Anikst and others also often got on the air[20]. In 1995-1996, Formula 1 was shown on the TV channel[21], in 1995 - qualifications, in 1996 — qualifications and races, both as part of the Chrono TV magazine in whole and in part — in equal shares with RTR[22][23]. Also in 1996, one match from the round of the Russian Football Championship was shown (another one was shown by RTR)[24]. VGTRK's own creative production associations (TPO) were responsible for the production of programs: "Open World", "Lad", "Arena", "Growth", "Artel".
In the last days of broadcasting on the educational channel there were broadcasts of the satellite channel "RTR-Teleset" and "Meteor-Cinema".
Closedown edit
On September 20, 1996[25] the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1386 "On stabilizing the activities and improving the quality of broadcasting of VGTRK and NTV TV Company" was published, according to which the educational channel was assigned to the latter 24 hours a day at the initiative of VGTRK and NTV TV company. On November 11 , 1996 , the entire educational channel was transferred to NTV[26][27][28]. The decree noted that "the TV companies agreed on the decision to keep the block of educational and cultural-educational programs created by the creative teams of VGTRK in the broadcasting network of the NTV TV company (from 13:00 to 14:00)"[25][29]. Initially, the block was called "Russian Universities", but then changed its name to "Open World". However, in the summer of 1997, this block was excluded from the broadcast grid of NTV due to low ratings[30][31][32].
The main part of the former employees of the TV channel in 2000 was attracted by Boris Vishnyak (former General director of TVC and president of the foundation "Education in the Third Millennium") to work on a new educational channel "TV School", which carried out its broadcasting on the satellite platform "NTV-Plus" in the early 2000s [33].
Chronology of TV channel names edit
| Name | Date | Timeshift service | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Programme Four | November 4, 1967 — December 31, 1981 | 7:00—1:00 (Mon—Sun) | |
| January 1, 1982 — December 26, 1991 | 18:00—1:00 (Mon—Fri) | 9:00—1:00 (Sat—Sun) | |
| Channel 4 Ostankino | December 27, 1991 — April 12, 1992 | 11:00—1:00 (Mon—Fri) | |
| April 13, 1992 — January 16, 1994 | 22:00—1:00 (Mon—Fri) | ||
| Russian Universities | 9:00—22:00 (Mon—Fri) | ||
| January 17, 1994 — November 10, 1996 | 8:00/9:00—18:00 (Mon—Sun) | ||