Draft:Nature-Based Therapy in U.S. National Parks

Nature-based therapy, commonly referred to as ecotherapy, is defined as "the ability of interaction with nature to enhance healing and growth" (Summers & Vivian, 2018, p.1). Nature-based therapy in U.S. National Parks explores the mental and physically beneficial journey individuals embark on as they engage with the diverse landscapes of national parks across the United States. This wikipedia entry discusses the scientific, sociological, and cultural components of nature-based therapy, established in the interdependence between humanity and nature. Individuals, communities, and society at large can benefit from the therapeutic power of the natural world within the context of national parks.

Background

This therapeutic approach recognizes the healing potential of nature in addressing mental health challenges. Although research exists surrounding the benefits of nature-based therapy, it is still a growing field and an important one at that. It is said a disconnect from nature can lead to a diminished sense of responsibility and urgency in confronting issues that impact not only the natural world but also the well-being of humanity. Lisa Nisbet proves this assertion by stating "when people are disconnected from nature, they aren’t motivated to work on wicked problems like climate change. We’re losing the environments that contribute to our flourishing" (American Psychological Association, 2020, para. 25). Therefore, there is an obvious connection between one's closeness to nature and desire to solve societal issues.

As national parks are designated to preserve natural landscapes, they are ideal settings for various recreational activities that contribute to mental and emotional well-being. In addition to the National Park Service, health providers acknowledge nature provides "boundless possibilities...for healthy recreation, [allowing] [us] to create customized programs that support [our] community’s needs" (Doctor led activities, 2020, para. 2). Therefore, therapeutic interventions can be tailored to meet diverse cultural and societal contexts.

Societal Perspectives

Nature, has long been recognized as a sanctuary, providing solace, particularly during difficult times. However, society is now embracing the idea that immersing oneself in nature has the ability to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. This is important now more than ever with pandemic stress and racial violence lingering in society. Nature can and has provided a safe haven for underprivileged groups. It is noted that many communities of color have turned to wilderness areas for healing (Gupta & Lynette, 2023, para. 6). With the healing potential of nature being recognized, there is an urgent need for accessibility and inclusivity in nature-based areas. Despite the proven benefits of nature for mental well-being, individuals from marginalized communities, particularly people of color, do not have equal access to certain natural spaces. This disparity is further emphasized by the statistic that "Black, Hispanic, and Asian communities are three times as likely as white people to live in nature-deprived areas" (para. 18). In the pursuit of justice, equality, and overall well-being it is necessary to address these disparities and ensure that the healing power of nature is accessible to everyone, regardless of their background or community.

U.S National Parks

Ecotherapy finds value in both environmental sustainability and human well-being. It is not just a recreational activity but a mentally and physically beneficial service the ecosystem provides us. For this reason, nature is "worthy of conservation and regulatory costs" (Summers & Vivian, 2018, pp. 8-9). National parks are an excellent example of this, where their history and beauty far outweigh the entrance fees that allow their preservation. The conservation efforts and regulatory measures implemented in these parks ensure an optimal setting for ecotherapy, allowing individuals to connect with nature in its untouched form and experience the therapeutic benefits that contribute to mental and emotional well-being. Essentially, national parks are ideal environments for the meaningful and impactful practice of nature-based therapy. The following national parks where chosen as examples of ideal nature therapy locations due to their breathtaking scenery:

Acadia National Park, Maine

Acadia National Park, situated in Maine, is a living example of the connection between humanity and the natural landscape. It has a rich history spanning over 10,000 years. Acadia drawls in nature enthusiasts, hikers, and artists with its granite peaks, lush forests, pristine lakes, and harmonious blend of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In addition to its physical features, Acadia has a strong tradition of conservation philanthropy, emphasizing the collective commitment to preserving its stunning landscapes. The local culture and economy are intricately tied to the park's natural resources, further reinforcing the symbiotic relationship between the community and the pristine environment (Learn about the park - Acadia National Park, 2023). Acadia's blend of nature and human history stand as a testament of protecting these parks for generations to enjoy.

Yosemite National Park, California

Yosemite National Park, located in California, has a breathtaking landscape which led to its preservation as a U.S. National Park. Yosemite has numerous geological features that would prove useful in ecotherapy. Yosemite's "conic granite cliffs, majestic waterfalls, lush meadows, and ancient sequoia trees, collectively form a landscape of unparalleled natural, healing beauty (Natural Features & Ecosystems - Yosemite National Park, 2023). Yosemite offers many programs that allow one to go beyond simply witnessing nature and instead take an active part in the healing process of ecotherapy. Meditative walks along the meandering trails, guided mindfulness sessions amidst the ancient sequoias, or simply sitting in contemplation while gazing at the expansive granite cliffs are a few examples of therapeutic experiences Yosemite offers. Most importantly, individuals can tailor their ecotherapeutic experiences to align with their unique needs and preferences with numerous to choose from.

Shenandoah National Park, Virgina

Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, offers a diverse array of natural features contributing to its therapeutic nature. The park's trails lead visitors through serene landscapes, from cascading waterfalls that evoke a sense of wonder to calming streams and silent forests that invite introspection. One who visit this park might find themselves "walking down a trail in [the park], Blue Ridge Parkway, and Harper’s Ferry National Park area [exposing them] to an abundance of calming experiences—tumbling waterfalls, quiet trout streams, or deep, silent forests" (Find Happiness By Forest Bathing in the Shenandoah Valley, 2021, para. 3). These various natural elements create an environment of relaxation, rejuvenation, and the overall enhancement of well-being. Shenandoah National Park's diverse ecosystems provide a sanctuary for individuals seeking solace and healing within the embrace of its breathtaking and calming surroundings.

Scientific Support

Scientific evidence supports the numerous benefits of exposure to natural environments. Beil (2021) states, "In every area of investigation so far, from physical biomarkers to mental health metrics, from community birth outcomes to population mortality rates, the evidence shows that exposure to certain natural environments, elements, and features can be extremely beneficial to human health and well-being" (p.2). This highlights multiple positive impacts, from physical health markers to community outcomes that nature has on individuals.

A study conducted by Mind, a prominent mental health charity in England and Wales, provides compelling scientific evidence. The study compared candidates' mental states after engaging in two distinct settings: a walk in a country park (referred to as a green walk) and a walk in an indoor shopping center (an urban walk). The findings revealed a noteworthy contrast, with 71% of candidates reporting a decrease in depression after the green walk (Mind, 2007). This study shows the significant positive impact of nature on mental states, demonstrating that exposure to natural environments can contribute to a measurable improvement in individuals' mental well-being. The evidence from this study adds a crucial scientific dimension to the broader understanding of how nature-based therapy, particularly within the context of national parks, can play a vital role in promoting mental health.

A mixed-method study by Joschko et al. (2023) reinforces the effectiveness of nature-based therapy, revealing improvements in mental well-being and connectedness to nature among young psychosomatic patients (p.1). This research provides empirical support for the therapeutic value of nature-based interventions, so much so they advocate for it to become a publicly funded service.

Conclusion

While credible research has been done to assess the benefit and credibility of nature-based therapy, this field of study still requires additional testing and analysis. There is still much room for improvement before nature can be considered a common treatment for mental and physical health problems. The diverse perspectives presented on this page combined with robust scientific evidence, collectively highlight the imperative of prioritizing accessibility, diversity, and conservation efforts within national parks. These unparalleled landscapes must be preserved to ensure their therapeutic abilities for all individuals and communities to access. The scientific findings, as exemplified by Mind's study, underscore the importance of advocating for the inclusion of nature-based therapy within mental health programs, which would include unique environments such as those found in U.S. national parks. Essentially, this conclusion emphasizes the importance of nature to one's well being while recognizing national parks as not only recreational spaces but essential contributors to the mental health and flourishing of individuals in our society worthy of essential funding.