• Comment: You have dumped a heap of references at the end, it would be helpful if they were placed directly after the content that they support. Theroadislong (talk) 21:31, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
  • Comment: I believe the draft's creator has good intentions. However, you will have to transfer the sources given in the original article to this. Just linking to the page this is a translation of, is not enough. Shadow311 (talk) 20:23, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Nagyvárad ( Romanian Oradea , German Großwardein , Slovak Veľký Varadín , Latin Varadinum or Magnovaradinum , Yiddish гройсвардайн; Groszvardajn ) is the seat of Bihar County in Romania , a city with county rights in Partium , Körösvidék , on the banks of Sebes-Körös . The settlement is the largest city in the region.

The Hungarian king László I placed the bishopric of Bihar in the city, which originated in the 11th century , and was buried here after the completion of the cathedral. The city changed hands several times during the Turkish occupation , and was finally liberated in 1692 . In 1920 , following the Trianon Peace Treaty , it came to Romania, previously it was the center of the county of Bihar belonging to the Kingdom of Hungary .

History

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Middle Ages

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Its name comes from the old Hungarian noun várad (= small castle). The big prefix distinguishes it from Kisvárda . Already in the 11th century, there was an earthen castle here. The monastery was founded by King László I (Saint) László I. It was built on the site of today's castle between 1083 and 1095 , and László installed the bishopric of Bihar here. The king, who died in 1095 , was buried in Somogyvár , because the Várad Cathedral had not yet been built, he was laid to rest here in 1106 (or after 1113 ), and his tomb became a place of pilgrimage from 1192 , when he was canonized. Between 1217 and 1235 , the Váradi regestrum , a Hungarian language monument ( scattered monument ), was created here .

It was besieged by the Mongols in 1241 and captured on April 15 after a great battle . The Tartar revolt is described by Bishop Rogerius of Spalato (Split) , archdeacon of Varad, in his work entitled Carmen Miserabile (Song of Lament). ( Rogérius 's name is now a part of the city.) In 2014, the remains of a church that was presumably built after the Tatar invasion, before or during the bishopric of András Báthori, were unearthed in the castle. The bishop's palace was later built above the Church of Our Lady . [2]

1390 . on May 20, in the presence of the royal couple: Mária and Zsigmond , the gilded equestrian statue of King Saint László was erected in front of the cathedral, which was made by the Cluj-Napoca brothers on the order of Bishop János Czudar of Várad. Canon Janus Pannonius , bishop János Vitéz between 1445 and 1465 , castle captain Ferenc Rhédey and his son , who became prince of Transylvania, were here . In 1474, the army of Szendrői Bey Ali plundered the city, but could not take the castle. The fort was then fortified.

From 15th century to 20th century

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In 1514 , the peasant army besieged it in vain. In 1538, Ferdinand I and János Szapolyai made peace here . In 1556, Tamás Varkoch , leader of János Zsigmond , besieged and took it. During this, the city and the castle were almost completely destroyed. In 1598 , the Turks besieged it without success . 1613 . on October 27, the Transylvanian prince Gábor Báthory was killed nearby . 1660 . died here on June 6, having received a fatal wound in the battle of Szaszfenes II. Prince György Rákóczi . On July 14, Ali Pasha besieged it and occupied it on August 28 . In 1664, László Rákóczi attempted to liberate Várad, but in 1689 , Archcount Lajos Bádeni besieged it unsuccessfully. Meanwhile, 1685 . on October 15, Thököly , Pasha of Várad, was captured here , whose remaining authority was thereby lost, 1686 . on February 1, the Pasha welcomed him with great pomp. In 1692 , Imperial Cavalry General Heissler [3] [4] liberated the city from the Turks.

Its new cathedral was built between 1752 and 1779 .

At the beginning of the 20th century, it was one of the most important centers of Hungarian cultural life, the poet Endre Ady called it the "Paris of Pece".

After World War I

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The city came to Romania in 1920 , following the Trianon Peace Treaty . In 1940 , the second decision in Vienna awarded the city to Hungary, and it remained under Hungarian rule until the end of 1944 .

The castle still stands today, and although it was in a very dilapidated state for a while, it has now been completely renovated. During the decades of communist rule, the Romanian authorities did everything in order to destroy, falsify, and hide the memories referring to the Hungarian past. This is how the castle almost fell prey to the mob. In front of the doomed fortress - on the filled former moat belonging to the castle - high block houses were erected to hide it from the prying eyes of those interested. But a few years ago, the city management completely renovated the castle, partly with EU funds, so today it awaits its visitors in almost its original splendor.

The Italian cemetery , the burial place of the ecclesiastical, literary and public elite of the city and the (castle) county, was closed in 1970 . After that, its condition deteriorated due to continuous and regular vandalism, with the tacit support of the city administration at the time. [5] [6] Based on the decision of the Nagyvárad municipality in 2009 , the Italian and Vzőrce cemeteries, which were already significantly neglected at the time, were liquidated. [7] A park was later created in their place.

References

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"Primăria Oradea ["Oradea Townhall", official website.] Primar ["Mayor"]" (in Romanian). Retrieved 5 January 2021. "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023. Law 215/2001 (Romanian: Legea nr. 215 din 2001 a administrației publice locale) Dr. János Fleisz – Szent László Nagyvárad védőszentje Archived 5 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 May 2016. "Oradea". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 10 May 2019. "Oradea" (US) and "Oradea". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. "Oradea". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 10 May 2019. "Populația României în fiecare localitate din țară - Recensământul 2021 vs. 2011" (in Romanian). hotnews.ro. 2 February 2023. "Topul orașelor românești, după condițiile de viață. Alexandria, pe ultimul loc". Adevărul. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2019. https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-a-magyar-nyelv-ertelmezo-szotara-1BE8B/k-359B8/kicsinyito-35CF5/ Retrieved: 2023.09.10 Atlas. L'atlante geografico de Agostini [dubious, implausible title], Istituto geografico de Agostini, Novara 1993, p. 109. Map of Romania in Ademollo, Umberto: Gli Stati d'Europa dopo la Grande Guerra ["The States of Europe after the Great War"], in "Le Vie d'Italia e del Mondo" ["The Roads of Italy and the World"] series, year I, number 2 (February 1933-XI), p. 143 "Oradea în Imagini – Istoria Orasului". oradeainimagini.ro. Retrieved 7 May 2020. "Check Forecast for Oradea Average Rainfall by Month". "Medii lunare multianuale 1961–1990" (in Romanian). Romanian National Administration of Meteorology. Retrieved 15 July 2010. "Record and Averages for Oradea, Romania". Microsoft. Retrieved 23 February 2021. "Descoperire importantă la Oradea" (in Romanian). Pro TV. 11 October 2017. Cataldi Raffaele; Hodgson Susan; Lund John (1999). Stories from a Heated Earth, Our Geothermal Heritage. Geothermal Resources Council. p. 245. ISBN 0934412197. E. J. Brill. Rumanian Studies, Vol. 3. Brill Publishers, Leiden, 1976. Oradea on Britannica [1] "Istoria Orasului". A nagyváradi „verőfényes magyar ünnep" (The "shiny Hungarian holiday" in Oradea), Erdélyi Napló, 4 February, 2009 Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine "2011 Census" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012. "Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája". varga.adatbank.transindex.ro. Structura etno-demografică a României la recensământul din 2002 "Nagy-Várad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 152–153. "Uncovering and Documenting Jewish Art and Architecture in Western Romania". Center for Jewish Art. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Summer 1998. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2007. "Oradea va avea prima școală rabinică ridicată în această parte a Europei după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial". 26 April 2021. "Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008. "Rezultate finale alegeri locale 2020 Bihor. Florin Birta, noul primar în Oradea. Cine conduce Consiliul Județean". Pro TV. 30 September 2020. Zona metropolitană Oradea – Prezentare multimedia Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine "Topul bugetelor locale din Transilvania și Banat". România liberă. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. "How to build a cohesive and inclusive Europe". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 7 June 2021. "Romania's Oradea city starts tender for geothermal district heating". Balkan Green Energy News. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021. "How a city can benefit from EU funds". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 7 June 2021. "Prima Pagina – Universitatea Emanuel din Oradea". Universitatea Emanuel din Oradea. WR. "Bazilica romano-catolica, Oradea". welcometoromania.ro. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Pázmány, Péter" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). p. 2. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Báthory, Sigismund" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 513–514. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Beöthy, Ödön" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 757–758. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Szigligeti, Ede" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). p. 320. "Csengery, Anton" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 591. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Tisza, Kálmán" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 1016–1017. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Martinuzzi, George" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 803. "Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 324–325. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Ladislaus, Saint" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). p. 59. Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Andrew II" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 972. "Sigismund" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 66–67

  1. ^ "Istoria orașului Oradea".