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Last edited by Citation bot (talk | contribs) 2 months ago. (Update) |
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The Miskito Conflict, was an armed conflict between the Revolutionary Sandinista government in Nicaragua, in the Nicaraguan Revolution, that extended their influence over the Mosquito coast region via its Comités de Defensa Sandinista, in response, A Bunch of Miskito groups formed Anti-revolutionary squads against the govermnent.[2]
Meanwhile, the Sandinistas began to denounce the activities of the Contras in the Coco River zone. In 1983, the government proclaimed a state of emergency in the Río Coco zone, which was maintained until 1988.[3]
In September 1987, the Nicaraguan legislature passed a statute providing autonomy to the Miskito. This essentially defused Miskito resistance.[4]
History edit
Background and Pre-Conflict edit
The Miskito Coast itself differs greatly from the Pacific region of Nicaragua. Isolated from the Pacific by miles of rain forest, rivers, and savannas, it is an area of difficult access until today.[5] The Spanish colonization efforts on the coast were never successful, but English pirates and traders made early contact with indigenous peoples and developed strong ties with them. The Miskito people by far the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua today, probably originated as a small group of fishing, hunting, and gardening people who prospered through their trading contacts with the British.[6] And the Miskitos founded an Kingdom in the 17th century, later became an british protectorate in 1638, and later became an Autonomous territory of Nicaragua in 1860.[7] In 1961, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), started an Revolution against the Somoza family govermnent in Nicaragua, after they took the power in 1979, and started the Contra insurgency, and Miskito Groups were founded.[2]In 1967, The Association of Agricultural Clubs of the Río Coco (ACARIC), An Organization formed by miskito farmers, living within the Coco River, to strengthen their local economies and to structure community collaboration efforts.[8]
The ACARIC declined in 1974, and the Miskitu Moravian ministers assembled the Alliance for the Progress of the Miskito and Sumu (ALPROMISU), as a liberation theology-based indigenous organization aimed at community capacity building, resource management, and allocating power away from Creole religious officials and to the Miskitu people.[8]
After the overthrow of the Somoza family by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), ALPROMISU issued a declaration of demands to Daniel Ortega, the head of the new Sandinista government, to autonomy and self-governance and the incorporation of indigenous language into educational reform programs.[9][10] later in December 1979 ALPROMISU would be reorganized and renamed as the "Miskitu, Sumo, Rama, Sandinista All Together" (MISURASATA) under the leadership of General Director Steadman Fagoth and Brooklyn Rivera, although Fagoth, with tremendous public support, would exercise control over MISURASATA.[9][8] two militant factions separated from MISURASATA: MISURA, led by Steadman Fagoth, and Los Astros, And Rivera became leader and spokesperson of MINSURASATA. Rivera, framing the Nicaraguan indigenous movement in terms of international human rights, continued to negotiate for indigenous land holdings. His actions were not seen as aligned with the national agenda and was subsequently seen as an enemy of the state after the Contra War broke out in December 1981.[11]
Conflict edit
In December 1981, the Los Astros Group fired the first gunshots against Sandinista Soldiers, Consequently, the FSLN would send troops up to the Río Coco to attack indigenous rebel groups, resulting in the displacement of over 10,000 Miskitu. The military response would later be known as Navidad Roja, or Red Christmas.[11]
After release from prison, Fagoth was allowed to go to the Caribbean coast to see his parents before leaving to study in Bulgaria, Instead, he fled to Honduras where he would recruit Miskitu men using the radio to join the formed Anti-insurgency group by him, Miskitu, Sumo, Rama Unity (MISURA). The CIA, supporting Fagoth's anti-communist rhetoric would fund his efforts to overthrow the Sandinista government.[9] The Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) also supported the MISURA.[8]
In the same month, MISURA forces crossed the Coco River from Honduras and occupied the town of San Carlos, in the bank of the river, where they ambushed, and killled 6 Nicaraguan Soldiers.[12]
On 25 February 1982, Steadman Fagoth, one of the counter-revolutionary leaders, took refuge in Honduras along with 3000 Miskito.[2]
References edit
- ^ Nicaragua: Those Passed Nicaragua: Those Passed. Galde Press. ISBN 1-931942-16-1.
- ^ a b c Asleson, Vern (2010). Nicaragua: those passed by (Second edition, second printing ed.). Lakeville, Minn: Galde Press. ISBN 978-1-931942-16-4.
- ^ Bataillon, Gilles (2001-01-01). "Cambios culturales y sociopolíticos en las comunidades Mayangnas y Miskitus del río Bocay y del alto río Coco, Nicaragua (1979-2000)". Journal de la société des américanistes. 87 (87): 376–392. doi:10.4000/jsa.1238. ISSN 0037-9174.
- ^ "Revista Envío - Institutionalizing Autonomy". www.envio.org.ni. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ^ Niemeyer, E. V. (1955-11-01). "Diccionario miskito-español, español-miskito. Obra dedicada al proyecto civilizador de enseñar el castellano a la raza de indígenas que vive más allá del rio Negro en La Mosquitia, Honduras". Hispanic American Historical Review. 35 (4): 550. doi:10.1215/00182168-35.4.550b. ISSN 0018-2168.
- ^ Naylor, Robert A.; Floyd, Troy S. (February 1969). "The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 49 (1): 136. doi:10.2307/2511345. ISSN 0018-2168. JSTOR 2511345.
- ^ "Mosquito Coast - Britannica Concise". 2007-09-29. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ^ a b c d Hale, Charles R. (1994). Resistance and contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2255-1.
- ^ a b c Kindblad, Christopher; Schroeder, Michael J.; Henriksen, Ken; Hobson Herlihy, Laura; Baracco, Luciano; Baracco, Luciano; González, Miguel; Jamieson, Mark; Pineda, Baron, eds. (2011). National integration and contested autonomy: the Caribbean cost of Nicaragua. New York/N.Y: Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-823-3.
- ^ Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2005). Blood on the border : a memoir of the contra war. Internet Archive. Cambridge, MA. : South End. ISBN 978-0-89608-741-5.
- ^ a b Bryan, Joe; Wood, Denis (2015). Weaponizing maps: indigenous peoples and counterinsurgency in the Americas. New York London: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-4625-1991-0.
- ^ "Peace and Autonomy in the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua: A Report of the LASA Task Force on Human Rights and Academic Freedom" (PDF).