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HARNESSING GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
editGreen chemistry, with its focus on environmentally friendly practices and technologies, is increasingly recognised for its potential to transform various industries.[1]. While it is often associated with pharmaceuticals and manufacturing, the application of green chemistry principles in agriculture is an area of interest[2]. By integrating environmentally benign practices and innovative technologies, green chemistry can be a solution to address the ecological and human health challenges associated with conventional agricultural practices, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria.
The Need for Green Chemistry in Agriculture
editConventional agriculture relies on chemical inputs such as fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides to maximise farm product yields[3]. While these inputs have potentially increased agricultural productivity but their use has also raised environmental and health risks concerns. Runoff from agricultural chemicals can contaminate water bodies, degrade soil quality, and harm biodiversity.
Recognising these challenges, there is need to incorporate green chemistry in the agricultural sector in order to mitigate environmental impacts while improving and maintaining a high level of productivity[3][4]. Green chemistry aims to design processes and products that minimise the use and generation of hazardous substances, thereby reducing pollution and promoting sustainability[5][6]. In the context of agriculture, this approach involves developing and implementing practices that reduce environmental impact while maintaining or even improving productivity.
Innovations in Green Agricultural Chemistry.
editThe following are some of the innovations derived from green chemistry and applied to agriculture:
1. Bio-based Pesticides and Fertilizers
These are derived from renewable resources such as plant extracts, microorganisms, and naturally occurring minerals[7]. Bio-based pesticides offer pest control[8] with reduced toxicity to non-target organisms, while bio-fertilizers enhance soil fertility through natural processes.
2. Precision Agriculture
This technology-driven approach uses sensors, drones, and data analytics to optimize resource use and minimize environmental impact[9]. By precisely targeting inputs such as water, nutrients, and pesticides, farmers can reduce waste and minimize the risk of environmental contamination[10].
3. Green Solvents and Formulations
Green chemistry promotes the use of safer, more sustainable solvents and forumlations that reduce environmental persistence and toxicity[11][12][13]
4. Biodegradable Mulches and Films
Traditional plastic mulches and films used in agriculture contribute to plastic pollution[14]. Green chemistry offers biodegradable alternatives made from renewable materials such as starches, cellulose, and polylactic acid (PLA)[15]
Challenges and Opportunities
editDespite the potential benefits, the widespread adoption of green chemistry in agriculture faces challenges[16][17]. These challenges include, economic constraints, regulatory barriers, and the need for education and outreach. Transitioning from conventional to green chemistry-based approaches may require investment in research, development, and infrastructure.
However, the potential opportunities of green chemistry in agriculture should be explored[18], regardless of these challenges. Green chemistry in agriculture can mitigate environmental impacts, enhance resilience to climate change, improve soil health, and promote biodiversity.
Conclusion
editGreen chemistry is a potential approach to addressing the environmental and health challenges associated with traditional and/or conventional agricultural practices. The agricultural sector can transition towards more environmentally benign practices by embracing sustainability, innovation, and efficiency. Continued research, collaboration, and investment in green chemistry have the potential to transform agriculture and ensure food security for future generations while safeguarding the planet.
References
edit- ^ "12 Principles of Green Chemistry". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
- ^ Perlatti, Bruno; Forim, Moacir R.; Zuin, Vânia G. (2014-08-13). "Green chemistry, sustainable agriculture and processing systems: a Brazilian overview". Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 1 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s40538-014-0005-1. ISSN 2196-5641.
- ^ a b Chojnacka, Katarzyna (April 2024). "Sustainable chemistry in adaptive agriculture: A review". Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 46: 100898. Bibcode:2024COGSC..4600898C. doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2024.100898. ISSN 2452-2236.
- ^ Bhandari, Suneeta (2018-09-29). "Applications of Green Chemistry Principles in Agriculture". Green Chemistry & Technology Letters. 4 (2): 10–12. doi:10.18510/gctl.2018.422. ISSN 2455-3611.
- ^ "Basics of Green Chemistry". 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Green Chemistry". Green Chemistry.
- ^ Sojka, Marcin; Saeid, Agnieszka (2022-01-01), Chojnacka, Katarzyna; Saeid, Agnieszka (eds.), "Chapter 10 - Bio-based products for agriculture", Smart Agrochemicals for Sustainable Agriculture, Academic Press, pp. 279–310, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817036-6.00001-7, ISBN 978-0-12-817036-6, retrieved 2024-04-23
- ^ Dhuldhaj, Umesh Pravin; Singh, Rishikesh; Singh, Vipin Kumar (2023-01-01). "Pesticide contamination in agro-ecosystems: toxicity, impacts, and bio-based management strategies". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30 (4): 9243–9270. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24381-y. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 36456675.
- ^ Shafi, Uferah; Mumtaz, Rafia; García-Nieto, José; Hassan, Syed Ali; Zaidi, Syed Ali Raza; Iqbal, Naveed (January 2019). "Precision Agriculture Techniques and Practices: From Considerations to Applications". Sensors. 19 (17): 3796. Bibcode:2019Senso..19.3796S. doi:10.3390/s19173796. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 6749385. PMID 31480709.
- ^ Brisco, B.; Brown, R.J.; Hirose, T.; McNairn, H.; Staenz, K. (September 1998). "Precision Agriculture and the Role of Remote Sensing: A Review". Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing. 24 (3): 315–327. Bibcode:1998CaJRS..24..315B. doi:10.1080/07038992.1998.10855254. ISSN 0703-8992.
- ^ Höfer, Rainer (2009). Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1-84755-905-0.
- ^ Lewandowski, T. A. (2014-01-01), "Green Chemistry", in Wexler, Philip (ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 798–799, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.01020-4, ISBN 978-0-12-386455-0, retrieved 2024-04-23
- ^ Silva, Simone S.; Gomes, Joana M.; Reis, Rui L.; Kundu, Subhas C. (2021-05-17). "Green Solvents Combined with Bioactive Compounds as Delivery Systems: Present Status and Future Trends". ACS Applied Bio Materials. 4 (5): 4000–4013. doi:10.1021/acsabm.1c00013. ISSN 2576-6422. PMID 35006819.
- ^ "Plastic Pollution". UN Environment. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
- ^ Bandopadhyay, Sreejata; Martin-Closas, Lluis; Pelacho, Ana M.; DeBruyn, Jennifer M. (2018). "Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films: Impacts on Soil Microbial Communities and Ecosystem Functions". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 819. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00819. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5932902. PMID 29755440.
- ^ Boix-Fayos, Carolina; de Vente, Joris (April 2023). "Challenges and potential pathways towards sustainable agriculture within the European Green Deal". Agricultural Systems. 207: 103634. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103634. ISSN 0308-521X.
- ^ Singh, Garima; Kaur, Gurjit (2019), "Green Smart Agriculture System", Green and Smart Technologies for Smart Cities, CRC Press, pp. 147–164, doi:10.1201/9780429454837-7, ISBN 978-0-429-45483-7, retrieved 2024-04-23
- ^ Ncube, Amos; Mtetwa, Sandile; Bukhari, Mahak; Fiorentino, Gabriella; Passaro, Renato (January 2023). "Circular Economy and Green Chemistry: The Need for Radical Innovative Approaches in the Design for New Products". Energies. 16 (4): 1752. doi:10.3390/en16041752. ISSN 1996-1073.