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| Dano-Swedish War 1813-1814 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Napoleonic Wars, English Wars and the Dano-Swedish War | |||||||||
 Battle of Bornhöved by Per Krafft the Younger | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Sweden Russian Empire HanoverSupported by:  United Kingdom |
 Denmark-Norway | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Charles John Anders SkjöldebrandLudwig Wallmoden |
Frederik VI Frederik of Hesse | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
Russian–German Legion |
Danish auxiliary corps | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 43,000-65,000 men[1][2] | 10,200-12,500 men[3][4] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
The Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814) (Danish: Kampen om Norge)[5] was the last major conflict between Denmark and Sweden and would lead to the collapse of Denmark–Norway.
Background edit
Denmark and Sweden had already fought an inconclusive war. This was mostly because Sweden was tied up in the east in the Finnish War, where they lost Finland. Russian diplomats pointed to Norway as an “obvious territorial compensation”. Although Denmark and Russia had had an alliance, it was clear that Denmark needed Russia more than Russia needed Denmark.[6]
Denmark-Norway also saw the effects of the Napoleonic Wars. For the last 6 years, they had been at war with the United Kingdom. Denmark was eternally weakened by this and saw no other way than to strengthen its ties with Napoleon.[7]
Sweden had already tried to invade Norway in 1809 but was defeated because of the harsh weather conditions. So Sweden tried a new plan, to conquer Norway through its German duchies. This was done not only because of harsh Norwegian weather but also to try to establish a good relationship with the Norwegians. Denmark already knew of the Swedish plan, so the Danish crown prince decided to go to Norway. This was partially done to prepare him to take the throne, but also in part to secure the Norwegian's loyalty. [8]
Foreign support edit
Denmark was by 1812 still allies with Napoleon, and the Danish king Frederik VI had signed a secret defense agreement with France in a treaty at Fontainebleau, in which he put 10,000 soldiers at his disposal. The treaty was never honored, however.[9] Sweden could count on support from both Russia and Britain. Sweden and Russia signed a treaty at Saint Petersburg and Sweden and England signed one at Stockholm both of them supported the Swedish claim to Norway.[10]
France had begun retreating from Russia in 1812, and Russia was now on a march through Central Europe and thus wanted allies. Russia proposed that Denmark join the coalition. In compensation for Norway, Denmark would get the Hanseatic cities, the German north coast, and the Netherlands. This was mostly done because Austria had sought new allies to become the leading power in the coalition. Denmark rejected all these to keep its territorial integrity.[11][12]
War edit
The Swedish Crown Prince Charles John had left Sweden and assembled an army of 50,000 troops to invade Denmark over the Elbe through Holstein, and with that conquer the last ally of Napoleon. He faced a smaller force commanded by Prince Frederik of Hesse, that had taken defensive positions near Oldeslog.[13]
Before the Swedish Crown prince came, the Russian general Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn engaged in a battle with the Danes at Boden. The battle pushed the Danes back to Tonnendorf.[14] Prince Frederik of Hesse moved his troops to Segeberg on the way to Kiel. On the 7. December, Danish troops under Prince Frederik of Hesse fought the Swedish troops under Anders Fredrik Skjöldebrand. The battle ended inconclusively, and Danish troops managed to get to Kiel.[13]
While they were in Kiel, they got news about the North Army closing in on Rendsburg. Prince Frederik decided to meet the north army at Rendsburg, but on the way he met Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn at Sehested, with an army of about 10,000 men. The Danes won the Battle of Sehested and secured the way to Rendsburg. A ceasefire was signed Between the coalition and Denmark on the 15. December and lasted until the 29. December.[13]
Aftermath edit
It was first when Swedish troops reached Holstein that Frederik VI agreed to peace talks. Since the Swedish troops were in Kiel, then that was also where the peace negotiations would take place.[15]
In the negotiations between Denmark and Great Britain, it was decided that Denmark-Norway was to cede the island of Heligoland to the United Kingdom. In return, the United Kingdom would retreat from the occupied territories of Anholt, Danish India, and the Danish West Indies.[16] Denmark was also forced to join the Coalition and send an army of 10,000 troops to be under the command of Marshall Bernadotte, which they would receive a subsidy of 400,000 pounds for. [17]
In the negotiations between Denmark and Sweden, it was decided that Denmark would cede Norway (without its dependencies) to Sweden. In return, Denmark would gain Swedish Pomerania and Rügen – which they then traded with Prussia for the Duchy of Lauenburg in the Congress of Vienna – and an indemnity of 1 million rixdollars.[18]
References edit
- ^ Barton 1925, pp. 113–116.
- ^ https://www.chakoten.dk/wp-content/uploads/Danish-Infantry-of-the-Line-and-Light-Infantry-1803-1814.-The-Perry-Achievement-.pdf
- ^ "The Kingdom of Denmark".
- ^ https://www.chakoten.dk/wp-content/uploads/Danish-Infantry-of-the-Line-and-Light-Infantry-1803-1814.-The-Perry-Achievement-.pdf
- ^ Sørensen, Carl Theodor (1871). Kampen om Norge i årene 1813 og 1814. Bind 2: Et bidrag til de nordiske rigers krigshistorie (in Danish). Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 8728547985.
- ^ https://img.kb.dk/export/sites/kb_dk/en/nb/komponentgalleri/nb/713787158x1x.pdf
- ^ "Englænderkrigene - Læs om krigene i 1800-tallet - lex.dk". 4 September 2023.
- ^ https://unipress.dk/media/19773/9788775970759_den-dansk-norske-skilsmisse_smagsproeve.pdf
- ^ https://img.kb.dk/export/sites/kb_dk/en/nb/komponentgalleri/nb/713787158x1x.pdf
- ^ "Dansk udenrigspolitik 1812-1813 - e-tidsskrifter.dk".
- ^ "Dansk udenrigspolitik 1812-1813 - e-tidsskrifter.dk".
- ^ "Danmark-Norge og Napoleonskrigene".
- ^ a b c Gravensten, Eva (2014). DET BLINDE SKÆBNESPIL [THE BLINDE FATE GAME] (in Danish). pp. 337–338.
- ^ "Det kimer nu til julestrid -". 28 January 2010.
- ^ https://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=30100
- ^ "Freden i Kiel 14. Januar 1814".
- ^ Jenssen-Tusch (1852)
- ^ https://www.kongehuset.no/artikkel.html?tid=30100
Bibliography edit
- Barton, Sir D. Plunket (1925). Bernadotte: Prince and King 1810–1844. John Murray.
- Sørensen, Carl Theodor (1871). Kampen om Norge i årene 1813 og 1814. Bind 2: Et bidrag til de nordiske rigers krigshistorie (in Danish).