| Submission declined on 30 November 2023 by Robert McClenon (talk). Thank you for your submission, but the subject of this article already exists in Wikipedia. You can find it and improve it at Arenga Pinnata instead.
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Comment: Just to add to the previous comments, this subject seems to be covered in the th.wiki article th:ตาว, where it is stated that one of the names of the plant is 'chok'. That article is already linked to the en.wiki article Arenga pinnata, which this draft claims a connection with. DoubleGrazing (talk) 08:33, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
- Comment: See comments of previous reviewer. If this is a subspecies, please provide trinomial name. Much of this is presumably true of the entire species. Robert McClenon (talk) 08:29, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
- Comment: The title of this draft either has been disambiguated or will need to be disambiguated for acceptance.If this draft is accepted, the disambiguation page will need to be edited. Either an entry will need to be added, or an entry will need to be revised. The disambiguation page for the primary name is Chok (disambiguation). Robert McClenon (talk) 08:26, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
- Comment: This looks notable but is it a species or something? I googled and couldn't find anything for "chok". If it's a species, it should have a scientific name. ~WikiOriginal-9~ (talk) 08:16, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
Chok edit
Chok (Thai: ชก, pronounced [t͡ɕʰók]) or Nao (Thai; เหนา, pronounced [něːw]) is in the Arecaceae family and a species of Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. In Thailand, there are three primary types of Arenga. Chok is the one found in Southern Thailand, mostly in Phang Nga, Krabi, and Surat Thani. Chok grows in the flat ground adjacent to rocky hills within the tropical rainforest near the Andaman Sea.[1][2]
Description edit
The overall appearance of Chok is similar to palm trees. A robust tree can reach a height of 20 - 25 meters (65-82ft), clusters are 2-3 meters (6.5-9.8ft), and the leaves are 2-3 meters (6.5-9.8ft) long. The fruit of Chok grows on the upper part of the tree's trunk, with an average of 5 clusters per tree. Within each cluster, there are 10-30 bunches, and each bunch yields approximately 100 fruits. The stems of the fruit clusters are separated from the flower stems[3]
Chok has a lifespan of around 25-30 years and can produce fruits only once in its lifetime and it will perish within 4 -5 years. Therefore, Thai people also call it by another name which is Ton Luk Kha Mae (Thai: ต้นลูกฆ่าแม่). It means a child kills its mother.[2]
Uses edit
Fruit edit
The fruit of Chok is also known as Luk Chok (Thai: ลูกชก). and Luk Nao (Thai: ลูกเหนา). A fruit has three seeds. The portion that will be turned into products is the seeds. The ripe fruit will be sliced, boiled, or roasted, and has its seeds extracted after harvest.[4]
The seeds can be used in many different recipes, such as sour soup, or eaten with pandan juice, syrup, or coconut milk. These seeds have a chewy and sweet flavor. Young seeds are soft and easy to chew. When the fruits are overripe, they will have a harder texture. [4]
Apart from the fruit, the boiled water obtained from boiling Chok's fruits can also be utilized as a natural dye for fabrics.
Fruit stalk edit
The fruit stalk of Chok is also known as Niu Chok (Thai: นิ้วชก). Chok’s fruit stalk carries around 100 fruits. It can be used as firewood as local people cut it into smaller sticks and use them as fuel. However, there are a few people who use it as part of furniture.[5]
Fruit shell edit
The fruit shells left after the seed extraction process can be transformed into fertilizer.
Young shoot edit
Chok’s young shoots are edible. Some people eat them with chili sauce. Some use them as cooking ingredients in dishes like soup.[6]
Sap edit
Sap is utilized to produce sugar. The sweetness of the sap is influenced by the tree's age and the type of soil it grows in. Higher soil humidity yields higher-quality sap. Sap extraction occurs between December and April annually.
The process of making sugar begins with collecting sap from the tree, which is then strained to eliminate wood particles. The sap is simmered in a pan for roughly three hours until it boils. After that, put the liquid in coconut shell dippers and stir to cool it, then pour it into round molds made of pandans, and leave it to dry. This sugar may make a variety of meals and beverages taste sweeter. Besides producing boiled sugar, some people also use it to make syrup and powdered sugar.[7][8][9]
Leaf and Leaf stalk edit
The leaf stalks of Chok are also known as Thang Nao (Thai: ทางเหนา). They can be used to make furniture, basketry, and brooms.
Chok’s leaves can be used to make a roof covering. Mature and large leaves are easier to cut out and they are suitable to make a thatch. To prolong the usability, the leaves must be soaked in water before using them to make the roof.
For the method to make a thatch with Chok leaf stalks, first, cut the leaf stalks into 1.3 - 1.5 meters long. Then separate them into 1-inch widths and make them thin and flat. Next, tie them together and soak them in salt water to protect them from insects. After that, stack Chok leaves in a row and sew them with the thin bamboo from top to bottom side. Finally, dry the thatch with sunlight.[10]
Fiber edit
Fiber is employed in the creation of thread, which can be utilized in varied ways, including weaving into ropes, brushes, accessories, baskets, furniture, and cloth. In the past, Chok’s fiber was used to create raincoats for miners called Jang Sui (Thai: จั่งซุ้ย).[11] However, the cloth made of Chok’s fiber has a rough texture, making it unsuitable for creating outfits.[12]
Trunk edit
Chok’s trunks are typically used for making tools and furniture. Moreover, there are weevils living inside the trunk. People who reach the hills to collect the fruits occasionally bring those weevils home to cook and eat.
Cultivation edit
Chok plants have two sexes which are male and female. The male tree has flowers but does not yield fruit, on the other hand, the female one has both fruit and flowers.[6] The plants grow very well on sloping terrain in a humid tropical forest with loam. Phang Nga Province of Thailand is one of the largest habitats of Chok.
Harvesting edit
Fruit Harvesting edit
Chok’s harvest period is around July to December. It requires at least 2 people to collect the fruits. One of them must be responsible for climbing trees and harvesting the fruits, while the other stays on the ground to pull the climbing rope. The tools required for collecting fruit are hemp ropes, an axe or machete, a slingshot, and a lead bullet with string.[3]
To access and collect the fruit, a worker can either climb a nearby tree that has a similar height or employ a slingshot to shoot ropes up and attach them to the branches. After that, the rope is tied to a thicker hemp rope and pulled up to hang on the branches.
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A worker ties one end of the hemp rope around their waist while others remain on the ground pulling the rope from the opposite side, enabling the climber to ascend to the top of the tree. Once reaching the top, the climber selects a fruit and tosses it down or transports it down with rope to the people below for examination to determine if it's suitable for harvesting. Overripe fruits are left untouched and allowed to fall naturally from the tree, serving as seeds for the next generation of trees.
If the fruit meets the required standards, the person at the top of the tree will use an axe or a machete to cut the fruit cluster’s stalks. These clusters are then transported down to the ground using another hemp rope. Once the entire cluster is brought down from the tree, each fruit bunch is separated from the others.
After the separation process is complete, All workers need to transport the bunches down from the mountain. They load them into a vehicle and either transport the fruit to a storage facility or cut them into smaller pieces and boil them before advancing with further processing.
Various methods are employed to climb and collect Chok fruits. In some regions, locals make use of a bamboo ladder with natural step-like protrusions, known as Phaong (Thai: พะอง). Harvesters use a vine to attach this bamboo ladder to the trunk, providing them with steps to climb up and reach the fruits.
Sap harvesting edit
The sap harvesting season is between December and April of every year. The harvesting process is known as Kwai Nao (Thai: ไกวเหนา) by the residents of Ban Khlong Bor Saen, Phang Nga. During this season, workers collect the sap twice a day, once in the morning and again in the evening[7][8]. From a single tree, workers typically obtain around 15-20 liters of fresh sap in each harvest.[13] The process consists of several phases.
Firstly, workers use slingshot to make the flowers fall, and then check the moisture content by rubbing them. Damp flowers are unsuitable, while those with starch are ready for sap extraction. Once the trees are confirmed ready, harvesters ascend to the flower stems, followed by removing the sheath and tying the stems with a vine rope. Next, workers strike the stem from the base to the tip, repeating this process roughly a hundred times each day.[13]
After the striking phase each day, the flower stems are swayed to soften them. Workers touch the surface to confirm their softness and then proceed to check the sap flow by cutting a small hole. If the sap is dripping out, the stem is cut wider and left for about 1-2 days. However, if the flowers have finished blooming and no sap is present, it indicates that the flower stem cannot facilitate sap extraction.[13] Ultimately, the flower clusters are cut from the stems to create the main access for sap to drip, with bamboo tubes or plastic buckets utilized to collect the dripping sap.[8][7]
Toxicity edit
The shell of the Chok fruit can cause intense itchiness. For those with allergies, their skin might become inflamed. To prevent these reactions, it is essential to boil the fruits before extracting the seeds. Workers who are involved in the handling process need to be very cautious.[2]
Cultural Beliefs edit
The cultural beliefs associated with Chok are prevalent in Ban Khlong Bor Saen, Phang Nga, as the trees are intertwined with the locals' lives and serve as a source of income for the villagers over generations.
During the Chok tree harvesting season, there is an old concept about clothing that is safety-oriented. Locals believe that female trees grow jealous of well-dressed men, so climbers usually avoid wearing tidy clothes or tops. However, this is related to an aspect of safety while climbing Chok trees. When poisonous ants come to the upper body, the worker can notice and remove them before being bitten, ensuring their safety during the harvesting process in the past.[13]
Another belief found in Ban Khlong Bor Saen and Bang Toei, Phang Nga revolves around the practice of singing and dancing during the sap tapping process. Locals believe that when the tree is surrounded by music, it yields abundantly and the sap quality is enhanced. While climbers harvest sap, some ground workers actively engage in singing and dancing.[6][13]
Moreover, some locals have specific classifications for the female Chok trees dividing them into three types, which are Nao saw (Thai: เหนาสาว), Nao Mae May (Thai: เหนาแม่ม่าย), and Nao Kae (Thai: เหนาแก่). The word “Nao” refers to the Chok tree while each subsequent word provides a different meaning that signifies the duration the tree has been tapped for sap.
Nao Saw (Thai: เหนาสาว) refers to Chok trees that have not been used to collect sap before. The term “Saw” (Thai: สาว) means young woman.
Nao Mae May (Thai: เหนาแม่หม้าย) refers to Chok trees that have been used to collect sap, with the process repeated around a year. The term “May mae” (Thai: แม่หม้าย) means widow.
Nao Kae (Thai: เหนาแก่) refers to Chok trees that have been used to collect sap continuously for three years or more including very old ones. The term “Kae” (Thai: แก่) means old.[7][13]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Malapim, K.; Wongsathit, U.- tain; Judprakob, C. J. (2022). "Botany in The Inscriptions of The Sˊrivijaya Kingdom, Talang Tuwo". Inscriptions Health Science Journal of Nakhon Ratchasima College. 1 (2): 33–34.
- ^ a b c KOEY. "ท้าให้ลอง "ลูกชก" ของดีเมืองพังงา". Nairobroo. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023.
- ^ a b Tantavanich, A. (2017). "ลูกชก ของดีเมืองพังงา หากินยาก ราคากิโลละ 120 บาท ลักษณะคล้ายลูกชิด". technologychaoban.
- ^ a b "ลูกชก ผลไม้โบราณ นานกว่าจะออกลูก". Kaset Organic. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022.
- ^ Panthong, P. (2023). "ก้านดอกชก". Onceinlife.
- ^ a b c Jivananthaprawat, B. (2013). "ลูกชก..ไม่ใช่ลูกชิด ของดี..เมืองพังงา". Thairath. Archived from the original on 25 September 2014.
- ^ a b c d Klomdet, S. (2022). "น้ำตาลชก น้ำตาลเหนา รสหวานลึกกลางเขาหิน". KRUA.CO. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "การทำน้ำตาลเหนา". M-culture.
- ^ Jariya, R.; Rachada, K. (2023). "ลูกชก". คลังทรัพยากรณ์การศึกษาแบบเปิด.
- ^ Phang-nga. "การเย็บตับจาก". M-culture.
- ^ "จั่งซุ้ย : เสื้อกันฝนชาวเหมือง". Navanurak.
- ^ Jitwarin, T.; Jitwarin, L.; Mekkaeo, B.; Nirattisai, B.; Nantachai, K.; Sriboonjit, P.; Sani, S. (2022). "THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOVEN FABRIC MIXED WITH SUGAR PALM (ARENGA PINNATA WERR) PEDUNCLE'S FIBER". VRU Research and Development Journal Science and Technology. 17 (3): 75–85.
- ^ a b c d e f Mekkaeo, B.; Jitwarin, T. (2023). "Ton Nao Lullaby: The Community Way and Belief of Ban Khlong Bor Saen Villagers". Journal of MCU Philosophy Review. 6 (1): 81–86.