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|  |
| Battle of Nisa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of The Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Mongol Empire |
 Khwarazmian Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Unknown Mongol Commander |
Jalal-ad-Din Khwarazmshah Timur Malik | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 700[3][4] | 300 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Most of the Mongol Detachment[4][5][6][1] | Less | ||||||
The Battle of Nisa was fought between sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire and the Mongols ruled by Genghis Khan in 1221 CE around Nisa, in present-day Turkmenistan. It is believed that the Khwarazmian army numbered only 300 warriors, while Mongols had close to 700. Although there is limited information regarding the battle, it is known that the encounter ended with a Khwarazmian victory.
Prelude edit
In 1219 Sultan Muhammad II of Khwarazm Received news about Subutai's large army approaching his borders, he assembled an army, and met Subutai and the Mongols. After a day of fighting the Mongols left for their Homeland. Genghis Khan decided to ignore this, but what he couldn't ignore was the Otrar Catastrophe where Inalchuq arrested a Mongol caravan, And the exuction of Mongols in Gurganj.[7] Because of this Genghis Khan would begin an Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. Genghis Khan's Generals Subutai, and Jebe quickly began invading the Empire, Otrar, Bukhara, and Samarkand, all fell to the Mongols. Genghis Khan sent Subutai, and Jebe to specifically pursue the Sultan Muhammad II of Khwarazm. Sultan Muhammad II of Khwarazm would run away to an island in the Caspian Sea, he would die there, and on his deathbed wished his son, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu to become Sultan.
Course of Events edit
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu rode to Gurganj, witch had been housing 90,000 soldiers, he found the city in turmoil.[2][5] The nobles of the City refused to show loyalty, the Nobles preferred Qutb ad-Din Uzlaq-Shah ibn Muhammad, who planned a Coup d'état against Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. He was warned about this, and was forced to leave.[4][8][3] He and Temur Malik took 300 loyal warrior's with them, they then crossed the Karakum Desert, and came across a Mongol garrison detachment in Nisa, Turkmenistan. The Mongol army consisted of 700 warriors,[9][10] and Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu ordered an attack on the garrison. The Mongol garrison was defeated and most of the army was killed,[3] and Toghachar's two brothers were both killed during the battle.[5][4] According to an-Nesevi a participant of the battle and, the secretary of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, said "This was the first Muslim Sword stained with Mongol blood."[4]
Aftermath of the Battle edit
The victory even if small inspired the people of Khorasan, and the whole Empire, to resist the Mongol invaders, as before no one of Central Asia dared raise a hand against them.[9] The morale of the Khwarazmian Empire grew as a whole, and Genghis Khan was forced to send an army led by his son in law Shigi Qutuqu to face Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu in battle. This battle would be known as The Battle of Parwan which would also result in a Khwarazmian victory.
- ^ a b Mclynn, Frank (2015). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82396-1. P.294
- ^ a b Barthold, Vasily (1968) [1900]. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (Second ed.). Gibb Memorial Trust. OCLC 4523164. P.432
- ^ a b c d Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) [1986]. Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov: 1097–1231 [A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka. ISBN 978-9943-357-21-1. P.123
- ^ a b c d e Ovez Gundogdyev Encyclopedic Dictionary “Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan” Under the general editorship of O.A. Gundogdyeva and R.G. Muradova
- ^ a b c "Some individuals and events mentioned in the chapter". www.xenophon-mil.org. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "The Last Khwarazmshah". 16 July 2023.
- ^ May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia". The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 9780748642373. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11.
- ^ "The Last Khwarazmshah". Medium. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ a b Ovez Gundogdyev Encyclopedic Dictionary “Historical and Cultural Heritage of Turkmenistan” Under the general editorship of O.A. Gundogdyeva and R.G. Muradova
- ^ Ovez Gundogdyev. Jelal Ad-din Menkburny//Historical and cultural heritage of Turkmenistan: encyclopedic dictionary/ Under the general editorship of O. A. Gundogdyev and R. G. Muradov. - Istanbul, 2000. - p.381