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Altai Governorate (Russian: Алтайская губерния) is an administrative-territorial unit of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, and RSFSR. It served as a springboard for the Bolshevik offensive on Siberia and the Far East. It was created by the Provisional Government decree "On the formation of 4 new districts in Tomsk Governorate and on its division into two governorates: Tomsk and Altai" dated 17 June [O.S. ] 1917, and on May 25 1925 the territory became part of the Siberian Krai. The administrative center is the city of Barnaul.
History
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On December 22, 1916, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire under the leadership of A. D. Protopopova prepared a project on the introduction of zemsky self-government in the Tobolsk and Tomsk provinces, with the simultaneous separation of the Altai Governorate from the latter.[1] As an independent administrative-territorial unit, the Altai province was separated from the Tomsk province by the decree of the Provisional Government "On the formation of 4 new districts in the Tomsk province and on its division into two provinces: Tomsk and Altai" dated 17 June [O.S. ] 1917. The Altai Governorate included: Barnaul, Biysk, Slavgorod, Kamensk and Zmeinogorsk districts[2][3][4].
After the 1917 revolution, the old organs of power were replaced by the Soviets of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers' Deputies, which 16 July [O.S. ] 1917 convened the 1st Provincial Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in Barnaul, which elected a provincial bureau of Soviets, the majority of which were representatives of the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries[5][6].
In June 1917, the Barnaul Bolsheviks created an independent organization RSDLP(b) headed by I. V. Prisyagin. In the districts, united organizations of the RSDLP continued to operate. In all the cities of the province in the summer of 1917, there were strong SR party organizations, based on an extensive network of consumer cooperatives. In Biysk, there was an influential organization of Cadets. The influence of the Bolsheviks grew: in the elections to the Barnaul City Duma on August 20 (September 2), 1917, the Bolsheviks received 18 seats out of 61, the Mensheviks - 16, the Cadets - 5.
During the days of the Kornilov uprising, soldiers of the 24th West Siberian Rifle Regiment removed the head of the Barnaul garrison and appointed the chairman of the military department of the Council D. G. Sulim in his place. On September 1 (14), 1917, the Bolshevik M. K. Tsaplin was elected chairman of the Barnaul Council, the workers' department of the Council was headed by N. D. Malyukov, the soldiers' department was headed by a supporter of the Bolsheviks M. K. Kazakov. By autumn, the trade union movement in the province was also controlled by the Bolsheviks: the Central Bureau, which headed 52 trade unions, was headed by I. V. Prisyagin. On September 18 (October 1), the 2nd Provincial Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution demanding the transfer of all power to the Soviets; the next day, the Provincial Executive Committee was formed. The formation of Red Guard detachments began (in Barnaul, up to 200 fighters under the command of A. A. Seleznev and N. D. Malyukov, in Biysk, up to 130 under the command of Z. Ya. Dvoynykh and F. N. Khudogonov). In early October 1917, food riots occurred in Barnaul, caused by rising food prices.
The 1st Provincial Party Conference of the Bolsheviks, held on October 2 (15), spoke out in favor of the transfer of power to the Soviets and directed the Bolshevik organizations of the region to prepare for an armed uprising. In mid-October 1917, after by-elections, the Bolsheviks achieved a majority in the Barnaul Council and its executive committee.
Information about the October armed uprising in Barnaul was received only on October 27 (November 9). From November 11 to 13, rallies in support of the transfer of power to the Soviets were held in the city. On November 1 (14), the Barnaul Soviet spoke out in favor of the transfer of power to the Soviets, and on November 6 (19), similar decisions were made by the Soviets of Kamen-na-Obi and Slavgorod. On December 3 (16), 1917, an emergency meeting of the Barnaul Bolsheviks decided to overthrow the power of the Provisional Government in the shortest possible time. The following day, the Military Revolutionary Committee was created, consisting of Tsaplin (chairman), Seleznev, Ustinovich, Kazakov, Malyukov and Karev, which dissolved the Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution, introduced a state of siege in the city, occupied the most important points and sent its commissars to the institutions of the city and province. On December 7 (20), Soviet power was established in Barnaul.
The transfer of power to the Soviets in the province was proclaimed by the 2nd Provincial Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies, held from February 9 to 16. In Gorny Altai, power was seized by nationalists, who created the Karakorum Mountain Administration in Ulale on February 21, 1918.
By the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of August 27, 1919, the Slavgorod district was transferred from the Omsk province.
In early June 1920, a rebellion against Soviet power took place in the Slavgorod district. The main events unfolded in the Rodinsky volost. The uprising was led by the former chairman of the Rodinsky volost executive committee Zakhar Ivanovich Rogovoy and his secretary Pyotr Konstantinovich Romanov. The rebellion was suppressed, Rogovoy and Romanov were shot.
By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 17, 1921, the Slavgorod district was transferred to the Omsk province.
Leaders
editFrom February to June 1918 and from July 1920 to May 1925, the province was led by the executive committee of the Altai provincial council of workers, peasants and soldiers (Red Army) deputies (provincial executive committee). Chairmen of the provincial executive committee[7]:
- February — June 1918 Tsaplin, Matvey Konstantinovich
- July 1920 — May 1921 Pakhomov, Pavel Leontievich
- June 1921 — March 1922 Polyudov, Evgeny Venediktovich
- March 1922 - September 1923 Gransberg, Khristofor Davidovich
- September 1923 - May 1924 Goldich, Lev Efimovich
- June 1924 - May 1925 Pozdnyshev, Alexander Nikitich.
Economy
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As of 1917, most of the population (92%) were engaged in agriculture. The province was a supplier of commercial grain, butter, and dairy products. 1/6 of the peasant households were kulak, they owned about 50% of arable land and about 40% of horses.
The industry was represented mainly by small enterprises processing agricultural raw materials.
Administrative-territorial structure
editInitially divided into 5 districts:
In 1918, the Kara-Korumsky (Gorno-Altaysky) Uyezd was formed.
In 1920, the Bukhtarma Uyezd was formed, and Slavgorodsky was transferred to the Omsk Governorate.
In 1921, the Bukhtarma Uyezd was transferred to the Semipalatinsk Governorate, and Kamensky was transferred to the Novo-Nikolaevskaya.
In 1922, the Zmeinogorsky Uyezd was renamed Rubtsovsky. In the same year, the Gorno-Altaysky Uyezd was transformed into the Oirat Autonomous Okrug and removed from the Altai Governorate. In 1924, all the counties were divided into districts.
On May 25, 1925, the province and counties were liquidated. Their territory became part of the new Siberian Region[3]
References
edit- ^ "The Problem of Zemsky Self-Government in the History of Siberia". Archived from the original on 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
- ^ "Resolution of the Provisional Government of June 17 (30), 1917 "On the formation of 4 new districts in the Tomsk Governorate and on its division into two provinces: Tomsk and Altai"". Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
- ^ a b Administrative and political structure of the USSR. Leningrad: State Publishing House. 1926. pp. 239–241.
- ^ Administrative and territorial division of Siberia. Novosibirsk: West Siberian cite book Publishing House. 1966. pp. 21–31.
- ^ "Altai Province at the Beginning of the Century". elzovka-bibl.ru. Archived from the original on 2019-06-22. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
- ^ Handcite book of administrative and territorial changes in Altai (1917—1980). Barnaul: Altai cite book Publishing House. 1987. pp. 8–15.
- ^ "Altai province". Archived from the original on 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
Literature
edit- The Great October Socialist Revolution: Encyclopedia. / Ed. by P. A. Golub, Yu. I. Korablyov, M. I. Kuznetsov, Yu. Yu. Figator. - 3rd ed. - Moscow: Sov. Encyclopedia. - pp. 37-38.
- Certificate of state registration of the database No. 2017620577 Russian Federation. Populated places of the Altai Governorate in 1924: No. 2017620325: declared. 17.04.2017: published. 05.06.2017 / D. V. Koldakov; applicant Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Altai State University". – EDN IFMFZZ. (The database contains data on the administrative-territorial composition of the Altai province, which was formed as a result of the administrative reform carried out in Siberia in 1924. The database contains information on the names of district volosts, the names of the settlements included in them, the number of households, the population in them, the distance to the district center in versts, the affiliation of settlements to abolished volosts, and also indicates their modern administrative-territorial reference)
