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History edit
North Africa edit
Egypt edit
Ramesses II developed and agreed to the Eternal Treaty with Ḫattušili III, as a peace treaty between ancient Egypt and ancient Hattusa, in 1259 BCE.[1] Some details from the ancient Egyptian record of the peace treaty include the following:[2]
The treaty5 which the great prince of Hatti, Hattusili, the strong, the son of Mursili, (6) the great chief of Hatti, the strong, the son of the son of Subbi[luliunra the great chief of Hatti, the str]ong, made upon a tablet of silver for Usimare-setpenre, the great ruler of Egypt, the strong, the son of Mentmare, the great ruler of Egypt, the strong, the son of the son of Menpehtire, (7) the great ruler of Egypt, the strong: the good treaty of peace and brotherhood, giving peace [and brotherhood(?)......between us by means of a treaty (?) of Hatti with Egypt]6 forever.
Now aforetime, since eternity, as regards the policy' of the great ruler of Egypt and the great chief of Hatti-the god did not permit hostility to be made between them, by means of a treaty. But in the (8) time of Muwattalli, the great chief of Hatti, my brother, he fought with [Ramesse-mi-Amnun], the great ruler of Egypt. But hereafter, beginning from this day, behold Hattusili, the great chief of Hatti, is [in ?] a treaty for making permanent the policy which Prē made and Sētekh made for the land of Egypt (9) with the land of Hatti, so as not to permit hostilities to be made between them forever4.
Behold, Hattusili, the great chief of Hatti, has made himself in a treaty' with Usimare-setpenre, the great ruler of Egypt, beginning with this day, to cause to be made good peace and good brotherhood between us forever; (10) and he is in brotherhood with me and at peace with me, and I am in brotherhood with him and at peace with him forever. And since Muwattalli, the great chief of Hatti, my brother, hastened after his fate2, and Hattusili took his seat as (11) great chief of Hatti on the throne of his father; behold I have become with Ramesse-mi-Amun, the great ruler of Egypt, we (?) being [together in ?] our peace and our brotherhood; and it is better than the peace and the brother hood of formerly, which was in the land3. Behold, I, being4 the great chief of Hatti, am with (12) [Ramesse-mi-Amun], the great ruler of Egypt, in good peace and good brotherhood. And the children of the children [of] the great chief of Hatti shall be (?)5 in brotherhood and at peace with the children of the children of Ramesse-mi-Amun, the great ruler of Egypt; they being in our policy of brotherhood and our policy (13) [of peace]. [And the land of Egypt ?]6 with the land Hatti [shall be ?] at peace and in brotherhood like us forever; and hostilities shall not be made between them forever.[2]
Tunisia edit
The fourth treaty between ancient Carthage and ancient Rome were established between 280 BCE and 278 BCE.[3] After war between ancient Carthage and ancient Rome in 241 BCE, Carthage was forced into a treaty that resulted in them exiting islands located between Africa and Italy and providing indemnity funds to Rome.[3] The account of this treaty’s content found in, The Histories, which was authored by Polybius, states:[3]
There shall be friendship between the Carthaginians and Romans on the following terms if approved by the Roman people. The Carthaginians are to evacuate the whole of Sicily and not make war on Hiero or bear arms against the Syracusans or the allies of the Syracusans. The Carthaginians are to give up to the Romans all prisoners without ransom. The Carthaginians are to pay the Romans by installments in twenty years two thousand two hundred Euboean talents.[3]
Central Africa edit
Republic of Congo edit
In 1880 CE, the King of Bateke signed the Brazza-Makoko treaty with Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza to relinquish all of the land of his kingdom over to the French, which later made way for the development of the Congo Free State of Leopold II of Belgium.[4]
References edit
- ^ Sürenhagen, Dietrich (October 2006). "Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses treaty". British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (6): 59. ISSN 2049-5021. OCLC 49957357.
- ^ a b Langdon, S.; Gardiner, Alan H. (July 1920). "The Treaty of Alliance between Ḫattušili, King of the Hittites, and the Pharaoh Ramesses II of Egypt" (PDF). The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6 (3): 186–188. doi:10.1177/030751332000600119. ISSN 0307-5133. OCLC 5546363959. S2CID 192395150.
- ^ a b c d DeMonto, Michael A. (4 May 2015). "Motives For Roman Imperialism In North Africa, 300 BCE To 100 CE" (PDF). San Diego State University. pp. 31, 33–34. OCLC 915192938. S2CID 162434651.
- ^ Fourie, Willem (12 May 2015). "Four concepts of Africa" (PDF). HTS Theological Studies. 71 (3): 4. doi:10.4102/hts.v71i3.2847. ISSN 2072-8050. OCLC 5910630916. S2CID 145283413.